噻吩在不同负载磷化钨催化剂上的加氢脱硫

采用程序升温和高纯氢气还原无定型磷钨酸盐与载体γ-Al2O3机械混合物的方法，制备了活性组分为磷化钨、负载量分别为20％、25％、30％和35％的新型磷化钨催化剂，并对其噻吩加氢脱硫反应活性进行考察。实验结果表明，负载磷化钨催化剂的噻吩加氢脱硫率明显高于非负载磷化钨催化剂；不同负载磷化钨催化剂还原反应均为放热反应，且发生还原反应生成活性组分磷化钨的最低温度大于610℃，对于噻吩加氢脱硫反应，WP1活性较高，WP4活性较低，在340℃时分别为85．23％和67．93％，催化剂WP1具有较好的稳定性。     

β-Mo2N0.78/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其噻吩加氢脱硫活性的研究

以γ-Al2O3为载体，钼酸铵为氧化钼前驱体，采用在N2-H2气氛下的程序升温还原氮化反应，制备β-Mo2N0.78/γ-Al2O3催化剂，以噻吩为模型化合物，考察了该催化剂的加氢脱硫反应性能，以及反应温度、氢还原预处理和钴、镍助剂的引入等因素对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明，在320 ℃～400 ℃之间，随着反应温度的升高，催化剂的活性逐渐增加；预还原则降低了催化剂的活性；添加钴、镍均在一定负载量范围内可以改善β-Mo2N0.78/γ-Al2O3催化剂的加氢脱硫活性，但镍对催化剂活性的影响要小于钴。     

载体对Ni_2P催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

使用TiO2、Al2O3以及TiO2-Al2O3复合载体考察了载体对磷化镍催化剂活性相和加氢脱氮性能的影响。不同钛铝原子比的TiO2-Al2O3复合载体采用原位-溶胶凝胶法制备,负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H2原位还原法制备。以喹啉为模型化合物在固定床反应器上对催化剂的加氢脱氮性能进行评价,采用XRD、N2吸附、TEM和H2-TPR等技术对催化剂和载体进行了表征。结果表明,制成的复合载体基本保留了最初引入的γ-Al2O3的孔特征,分散在γ-Al2O3表面的TiO2以锐钛矿晶型存在。不同载体对催化剂的H2还原行为有显著影响,所形成的活性物种也不相同。Al2O3中引入TiO2可以减弱P物种和Al2O3之间的相互作用,有利于Ni2P活性相的生成和催化活性的提高。当Ti/Al的原子比为1∶8时,Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂比Ni2P/TiO2、Ni2P/Al2O3催化剂具有更高的加氢脱氮活性。     

硫化态PtMo/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性位的低温CO-FTIR方法表征及噻吩HDS活性的研究

目前, 负载型钼(钨)基双组元过渡金属硫化物[Co(Ni)Mo(W)/γ-Al2O3]被广泛应用于石油馏分油的加氢脱硫(HDS)和加氢脱氮(HDN)反应过程[1～3]. 许多研究结果表明, 硫化态Co(Ni)Mo(W)/γ-Al2O3催化剂的活性相组元钴(镍)、钼(钨)及硫形成具有二维六方点阵结构的Co(Ni)-Mo(W)-S相(slab). 其中钴(镍)和钼(钨)的主要催化功能依次是活化H2和锚定杂原子有机底物[3～5].     

一种新型加氢精制磷化钨催化剂的研究

采用偏钨酸铵{(NH4)2W4O13·18H2O}与磷酸氢二铵{(NH4)2HPO4}溶解、蒸发、焙烧和程序升温还原的方法,制备了无负载WP催化剂.利用XRD和BET对合成样品进行表征,采用TG/DTA方法对催化剂前体的氢还原过程进行考察.以制备的磷化钨为活性组分,Al2O3为稀释剂,在空速为4h-1、氢油比为1000、反应压力为3.0MPa、不同反应温度的条件下,对吡啶加氢脱氮、噻吩加氢脱硫和模型化合物为二苯并噻吩(含3000ppm硫)、喹啉(含2000ppm磷)和环己烷(溶剂)加氢脱硫(HDS)和加氢脱氮(HDN)反应活性进行测定,结果表明:无负载WP催化剂有相当的活性,其对大分子脱氮、脱硫活性明显优于对小分子脱氮、脱硫活性.     

TiO_2-Al_2O_3载体的制备方法对其负载的磷化镍催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

采用共沉淀法和原位溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,其负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H2原位还原法制备.通过N2吸附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、程序升温还原(TPR),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)表征技术对催化剂进行了表征,并通过喹啉的加氢脱氮反应评价了催化剂的加氢脱氮性能.结果表明,原位溶胶-凝胶法制成的复合载体基本保留了原有的γ-Al2O3的孔特征,具有较大的比表面积和较宽的孔分布,TiO2主要以表面富集的形式分散在管状的γ-Al2O3表面,其负载的磷化镍催化剂还原后所形成的活性相为Ni2P和Ni12P5;而共沉淀法制成的复合载体比表面积较小,孔径分布更加集中,TiO2趋于在块状的Al2O3表面均匀分散,其负载的磷化镍催化剂具有更好的可还原性,还原后所形成的活性相为Ni2P.不同的载体制备方法和不同的钛铝比对催化剂加氢脱氮性能影响较大,当n(Ti)/n(Al)=1/8时,共沉淀法载体负载的催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱氮性能,在340℃,3 MPa,氢油体积比500,液时空速3 h-1的反应条件下,喹啉的脱氮率可以达到91.3%.     

Co/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢──反应性能的考察

研究了γ－Al2O3负载的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢反应．反应结果表明,以CoCl2作为前驱物的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂的选择性要高于以Co（NO3）2作为前驱物的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂,而活性则正好相反．当钴的负载量小于9％时,随着钴负载量的增加,催化剂的活性和选择性随之增加,当钴的负载量大于9％时,随着钴负载量的增加,Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂的活性略有增加,而生成肉桂醇的选择性变化也很小,认为9％的钴负载量是催化剂反应活性和选择性的一个阈值．在所选定的范围内,反应温度和压力对肉桂醛加氢的选择性几乎没有影响．     

氮、磷、碳化物比较研究初探

环保法规的日益严格使得研究者越来越重视新型加氢脱硫、脱氮催化剂的开发。国内外学者在对负载型Mo—Co、Mo—Ni和W—Ni等传统硫化物催化剂进行不断改进的同时，新型催化材料尤其是具有贵金属性质的过渡金属间充化合物一氮化物、碳化物和磷化物的研究也受到很大的关注。人们在探索不同的载体或者是不同的助剂对单金属间充化合物-氮化物、碳化物或磷化物催化剂活性组分的表面状态和结构以及其深度加氢脱硫脱氮性能的影响，而对同一载体负载的氮、磷、碳化物催化剂缺乏横向的比较。本研究制备了以γ-Al2O3为载体的负载型氮化钼、磷化钼和碳化钼催化剂，比较了它们的孔结构、比表面积，并初步分析了钼的质量分数为19％，氮化、磷化和碳化温度均为650℃时三类催化剂的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能。     

WP/γ-Al2O3催化剂负载方式对噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响

以γ-Al2O3为载体，分别采用机械混合法、共浸渍法、分步浸渍法和程序升温、高纯氢气还原无定型磷钨酸盐的方法，制备了活性组分为磷化钨，负载量为20%的WP/γ-Al2O3催化剂。考察了不同方法制备的催化剂对噻吩加氢脱硫（HDS）反应的催化活性。结果表明：不同负载方式对催化剂结构有一定影响，对噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响在低温时较明显。采用机械混合方式，先混合后还原方法制备的催化剂其HDS活性比先还原后混合方法制备的催化剂高；采用共浸渍和分步浸渍方式，通过焙烧所形成的催化剂其HDS活性分别比不经焙烧所形成的催化剂高或接近；浸渍焙烧所形成的催化剂其HDS活性远远高于机械混合法制备的催化剂。     

NiMoP/γ-Al2O3催化剂在器内再生时性质的变化

柴油;加氢脱硫;加氢脱氮;原位再生;NiMoP/γ-Al2O3催化剂在器内再生时性质的变化     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。