纳米TiO2低温水解法的晶型控制合成及其表面织构的研究

分别以TiCl₄，Ti(NO₃)₄和Ti(SO₄)₂为前驱体，在低温和强酸性条件下，通过水解反应可控地合成了具有不同晶相组成，且比表面积较高的纳米TiO₂，并用XRD，TEM和N₂^-吸附脱附技术对其晶相、粒径大小、形貌及比表面积进行了表征。结果表明，钛离子在有Cl^-、NO₃^-存在的酸性溶液中水解，水解温度≤80 ℃，可以生成结晶良好的具有细小晶粒尺寸和较高比表面积的金红石型纳米TiO₂粉体，水解温度>80 ℃，反而有锐钛矿型TiO₂生成，而在有SO₄^2-存在的酸性溶液中，TiO₂样品的晶相组成不随水解温度的变化而改变，均为锐钛矿型，其比表面积可达300 m²·g^-1。     

氧化石墨烯/聚吡咯插层复合材料的制备和电化学电容性能

以FeCl₃-甲基橙(MO)为模板, 通过化学原位聚合法成功制备出氧化石墨烯/聚吡咯(GO/PPy)插层复合材料. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等测试技术对复合材料进行物性表征. 此外, 利用循环伏安、恒电流充放电和交流阻抗测试方法对复合材料在两种不同水系电解液(1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄和1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄)中的电化学性能进行了研究. 结果显示: 氧化石墨烯和聚吡咯表现出各自优势并发挥协同作用, 使得GO/PPy插层复合材料在中性和酸性电解液中都显示出可观的比电容. 电流密度为0.5 A·g^-1时, GO/PPy 插层复合材料在Na₂SO₄和H₂SO₄电解液中的比电容分别为449.1 和619.0 F·g^-1, 明显高于纯PPy的比电容. 经过800 次循环稳定性测试后, 两种不同电解液中, 复合材料初始容量的保持率分别为92%和62%. 其中酸性电解液体系中初始容量更大, 而中性溶液中具有更稳定的循环性能.     

双酸位SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2固载离子液体催化剂的构筑及性能

采用一步共缩合-水热法合成酸性载体SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SiO₂,化学法接枝酸性离子液体磺酸功能化咪唑硫酸氢盐（[Ps-im]HSO₄）,构筑拥有Brönsted与Lewis双酸位的离子液体固载型催化剂SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SiO₂-IL。采用X射线衍射、傅里叶红外、N₂吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱、热重以及透射电镜对催化剂的结构进行表征,结果表明：锆原子和酸性结构SO₄^2-被成功引入纯硅材料,所合成的载体具有一定酸性;离子液体成功固载于酸性介孔材料SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SiO₂,且固载后的催化剂保持其介孔结构。以大豆油和甲醇的酯交换反应为探针,考察了SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SiO₂-IL催化剂的催化性能。在反应温度为150℃、反应时间为4 h、催化剂量5%（w/w）、醇油物质的量之比为24：1的反应条件下,生物柴油的收率超过92%,且回收利用5次后,生物柴油的收率仍达86%。     

二（2-乙基己基）二硫代磷酸溶剂萃取铊的热动力学

在Tl₂SO₄＋Na₂SO₄＋二（2-乙基己基）二硫代磷酸＋n-C₈H₁₈＋水体系中， 测定了0.1－2.0 mol•kg^－1离子强度范围内Tl^＋ 的平衡摩尔浓度。水相中电解质Na₂SO₄ 控制溶液离子强度， 有机相中萃取剂取278.15 K至303.15 K范围内的恒定摩尔浓度。通过外推法和多项式近似得到了不同温度下的标准萃取常数K⁰，计算了萃取过程的热动力学量。     

铝离子对α-酮戊二酸的催化脱羧作用

为了研究铝(Ⅲ)与生命体中重要的有机分子α-酮戊二酸的作用机制,我们采用了电位滴定、核磁共振、拉曼光谱和分子力学计算对酸性溶液中的反应体系的配位作用和互变异构进行了分析, 并采用电喷雾质谱以及固体和溶液核磁共振谱表征了浓溶液反应体系中的沉淀,来说明铝(Ⅲ)对α-酮戊二酸的催化脱羧反应过程。得到如下实验结论:(1)配位作用:铝(Ⅲ)与α-酮戊二酸在酸性溶液中配位形成1∶1[AlLH²⁺,AlL⁺,AlLH_-1]和1∶2[AlL₂]-,AlL₂]H_-2]^3-]的单核形态以及2∶1[Al₂]L⁴⁺]的双核形态。(2)互变异构:在酸性溶液中Al³⁺通过配位作用促进α-酮戊二酸烯醇化,生成易于脱羧的β、γ-不饱和酸的结构。(3)催化脱羧:由于铝(Ⅲ)的电子沉降作用,使β、γ-不饱和酸更易脱羧,如果是1∶2的形态,则脱羧生成沉淀。     

H2SO4处理的Nb2O5/γ -Al2O3催化剂表面酸性与催化性能研究

用Hammett指示剂法、红外光谱（IR）、示差扫描量热-热重法（DSC-TG）和微型催化反应装置等研究了H₂SO₄处理的负载型Nb₂O₅/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表面酸性和催化异丁烯（IB）与异丁醛（IBA）反应生成2，5-二甲基-2，4-己二烯（DMHD）的催化性能。结果表明随所用H₂SO₄浓度增加，Nb₂O₅/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表面酸性增强，B酸量增加，L酸量先增加后下降。经H₂SO₄处理的Nb₂O₅/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的催化活性明显增加，但当H₂SO₄浓度超过0.05 mol·L^-1时催化活性又急剧下降，这可能是因为在H₂SO₄处理的催化剂表面形成的强酸中心上，产物分子进一步转化为积炭且封闭催化剂活性表面，导致催化活性下降。     

利用超额拉曼光谱研究硝酸镁水溶液中的离子对

利用超额拉曼光谱研究了室温下硝酸镁(Mg(NO₃)₂)溶液的离子缔合情况. 测量了该溶液羟基(－OH)伸 缩振动谱段和NO₃^-全对称伸缩振动谱段的拉曼光谱, 利用超额拉曼光谱及光谱拟合分析了这些光谱数据. － OH伸缩振动谱段的超额拉曼光谱显示, 低浓度(<2.3 mol·kg^-1)下阴离子第一水合层的水分子含量随溶液浓度 的升高呈线性关系增加, 在较高浓度时(>2.3 mol·kg^-1), 该含量变化偏离了线性关系, 这是因为Mg(NO₃)₂溶液 在高浓度时存在直接接触离子对导致的. 同样的转折点浓度也在对NO₃^- 全对称伸缩振动谱段的分析中被观测 到. 除了直接接触离子对, 还观测到三种溶剂分隔型离子对. 对该谱段下所有浓度的拉曼光谱和超额光谱进行 同时拟合, 给出了不同浓度下各种离子对的相对含量, 结果显示在0.23-4.86 mol·kg^-1浓度范围内都有溶剂分 隔型离子对和直接接触型离子对. 当Mg(NO₃)₂浓度低于2.3 mol·kg^-1时, 所有离子对的相对含量随浓度增加呈 现直线上升, 在高于这个浓度后直接接触离子对的相对含量急剧增加, 一种溶剂分隔型离子对的相对含量增加 变缓, 另一种溶剂分隔型离子对的相对含量逐渐减少, 还有一种溶剂分隔型离子对相对含量的增加趋势保持不 变, 在Mg(NO₃)₂浓度大于3.5 mol·kg^-1后, 其相对含量不再发生明显变化.     

Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2-Co/rGO磁性光催化剂的合成及其光催化活性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和水热法（HTM）合成了Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TiO₂-Co/rGO复合纳米粒子（磁性光催化剂）,通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及其能量分散光谱和UV-vis漫反射光谱对产物进行了表征分析.研究了Co掺杂量、溶液pH值、亚甲基蓝（MB）溶液初始浓度以及干扰离子（例如Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-）等因素对MB降解的影响,并对磁性光催化剂的可重复使用性进行了分析.正常实验条件下（pH=7,[MB]=10 mg/L,磁性光催化剂用量=0.1 g/50 mL）,150 min内MB最大去除率达到98.24%.干扰离子影响MB降解次序为CO₃^2- < Cl^- < SO₄^2-,磁性光催化剂重复使用7次MB光降解率仅下降7.07%,新型磁性光催化剂具有良好的MB降解性能和较高的重复使用性能.     

Ti基表面NiO修饰纳米TiO2电极材料的制备及电催化活性

在无水乙醇和乙酰丙酮混合溶液中，电解Ti、Ni金属制得电极材料前驱体NiTi_m(OR)_3m+1(acac)_m+1。将其直接水解、干燥后在550 ℃煅烧2 h，制得纳米NiO/TiO₂粉体。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子透射显微镜(TEM)测试表明，前驱体中含有乙酰丙酮基[acac^-]，颗粒平均尺寸为20 nm。通过电合成与沉积得到高活性的纳米NiO/TiO₂修饰电极，采用循环伏安和循环方波伏安研究NiO/TiO₂电极在H₂SO₄溶液中的氧化还原行为以及还原草酸的电催化活性。结果表明，NiO/TiO₂电极在1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄溶液中有两对氧化还原峰E_pc1=-0.61 V，E_pc2=-1.05 V(vs SCE)，掺杂Ni电极的放电电流明显增大，达75 mA·cm^-2。间接电还原草酸为乙醛酸，收率和电流效率分别达93%和96%。     

Cu/SO42-/La2O3-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其对C3H6选择还原NO的催化性能

以Al₂O₃为基质，添加ZrO₂和La₂O₃，制成La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体，然后采用SO₄^2-进行改性，再负载上Cu²⁺，制备了铜基SO₄^2-改性的复合载体催化剂(Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃)。考察了它在富氧条件下对丙烯选择还原NO的催化性能，并借助XRD、SEM、TG、Py-IR、NH₃-TPD、FTIR和TPR等方法研究了Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃的结构和性能的关系。结果表明，ZrO₂的加入主要有利于提高催化剂的低温活性；La₂O₃的加入则主要有利于提高催化剂的热稳定性和还原性能；SO₄^2-能够与Zr形成螯合双配位结构，大幅度促使催化剂表面酸量增加并且酸性增强；因此，有效地提高了Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃在富氧条件下对丙烯选择还原NO的催化活性和水热稳定性。在无水条件下，Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃能使NO的最大转化率高达84.3%，即使在275 ℃ 10%水蒸气存在的情况下，仍能使NO的转化率高达81.2%。     

Apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid and sulfur dioxide from 303 to 623 K and a pressure of 28 MPa

Heat capacities of aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid from 0.1 to 0.8 mol- kg^-1 and sulfur dioxide from 0.2 to 0.9 mol-kg^-1 have been measured with a flow heat-capacity calorimeter from 303 to 623 K and a pressure of 28 MPa. At the lowest molality single-solute solutions as well as mixtures of either H₃PO₄ or SO₂ with HC1 were measured to repress dissociation. Calculated apparent molar heat capacities were corrected for dissociation reactions and the chemical relaxation effect. Experimental results for mixtures were analyzed using Young’s rule. Standard state partial molar heat capacities of H₃PO₄(aq) and SO₂(aq) were obtained by extrapolation to infinite dilution. A few measurements of the densities of aqueous H₃PO₄ and SO₂ were made at 25°C and a pressure of 28 MPa.     

Photoredox‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Alkenes with Thiourea Dioxide: Construction of Alkyl Sulfones or Sulfonamides

Sulfonylation of alkenes through photoredox‐catalyzed functionalization of alkenes with thiourea dioxide under visible‐light irradiation is achieved. The reaction of alkenes, thiourea dioxide and electrophiles provides a green and efficient access to alkyl sulfones and sulfonamides. A broad reaction scope is presented with good functional group compatibility and excellent regioselectivity. A plausible mechanism involving a radical addition process with sulfur dioxide radical anion (SO₂^‐) derived from the oxidation of sulfur dioxide anion (SO₂^2–) is proposed, which is supported by fluorescence quenching experiments.     

Study on Apparent Kinetics of the Reaction between Sulfuric and Hydriodic Acids in the Iodine–Sulfur Process

The iodine–sulfur (IS) thermochemical process for hydrogen production is one of the most promising approaches in using high‐temperature process heat supplied by a nuclear reactor. This process includes three reactions that form a closed cycle: the Bunsen reaction, in which iodine, water, and sulfur dioxide react to form sulfuric acid and hydriodic acid (HI); HI decomposition; and sulfuric acid decomposition. However, the side reactions between H₂SO₄ and HI may disturb the operation of the IS closed cycle. For optimal process conditions, the reaction kinetics between H₂SO₄ and HI should be examined. In this work, a preliminary kinetic study was conducted. Using the initial reaction rate method, the kinetic parameters of the reaction between sulfuric acid and HI, such as the apparent reaction orders and rate constant were determined. For I^?, the apparent reaction order was approximately 1.77, whereas the orders for H⁺ and SO₄^2? were 7.78 and 1.29, respectively. The apparent rate constant at 85 ± 1°C was approximately 2.949 × 10^?11 min^?1 (mol/L)^?9.84. The H⁺ concentration had more significant influence on the reaction rate than those of SO₄^2? and I^?. Such basic data provide useful information for related process design and further kinetics study.     

Multibubble sonoluminescence of Tb3+ ion in aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide

The intensity and spectra of multibubble sonoluminescence of TbCl₃ solutions in water-DMSO mixtures saturated with air and argon are studied. The spectra represent the superposition of the characteristic glow of Tb³⁺ ions and the continuum of emission of electronically excited products of solvent sonolysis (with H₂O*, OH*, and SO₂* as main emitters). Abnormal action of DMSO and sulfur dioxide on the characteristic luminescence of Tb³⁺ ions during sonolysis of aqueous solutions is revealed. These additives enhance the sonoluminescence of water to different extent, quench the sonoluminescence of Tb³⁺, and differently influence the photoluminescence quantum yield of this ion (DMSO acts as activator, whereas SO₂ acts as quencher). Sulfur dioxide quenches the sonoluminescence of Tb3+ much more efficiently than the photoluminescence of Tb³⁺. The abnormal effect of DMSO on sonoluminescence is most probably due to the quenching action of sulfur dioxide formed during sonolysis of DMSO on Tb³⁺* ions in cavitation bubbles.     

Ultraviolet laser photoacoustic spectrometric determination of sulfur dioxide in mixtures containing larger amounts of nitrogen dioxide

Concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the nl l^?1 range are quantitatively measured in gaseous mixtures containing a large excess of nitrogen dioxide by using ultraviolet laser photoacoustic spectrometry. Mixtures containing SO₂ as a minority component are prepared by gas permeation methods. Photoacoustic spectra with 0.5 cm^?1 resolution in the 299.7–303.1 nm region are presented and are used to identify the spectral signatures of each component needed for selective detection. A procedure for the determination of both SO₂ and NO₂ is presented with major emphasis on the sensitivity and dynamic range of SO₂ detection. Concentrations of SO₂ as low as 1.45 nl l^?1 are detected in the presence of 901 nl l^?1 NO₂ in nitrogen at 1 atm total pressure. The effect of adding water vapor (from 17 to 66% relative humidity) is described.     

Raman spectroscopy of a sulfur dioxide visual sensor: The origin of the two colors in the solid sample

The vibrational spectroscopic characterization of a sulfur dioxide visual sensor was carried out using a Raman microscope system. It was observed the formation of two distinct complexes, that were characterized by the position and relative intensities of the bands assigned to the symmetric stretching, ν_s(SO₂), of the linked SO₂ molecules. In fact, in the yellowish orange complex, that corresponds to the 1:1 stoichiometry, only one band is observed, assigned to ν_s(SO₂) at ca. 1080 cm^?1 and, in the deep red complex, that corresponds to the 1:2 complex, at ca. 1070 and 1090 cm^?1 are observed. The variation of the relative intensities of the bands assigned to ν_s(SO₂) present in the Ni(II)·SO₂ complex, in different points of the sample, shows clearly the requirement of the Raman microscope in the vibrational characterization of this kind of molecular sensor.     

Kinetics of the Reduction of Cupric Ion in Ammonia Solution by Sulfur Dioxide

The reduction of cupric ion in ammonia solution by aqueous sulfur dioxide was studied. Each run was carried out at constant initial cupric concentration, stirred rate and total mixed gas flow rate. The effect of temperature, partial pressure of sulfur dioxide in gas phase and cupric ion concentration of the solution was investigated. The reaction of Cu³⁺+SO₂(aq.)→Cu⁺+SO₄^2? was carried out by bubbling mixed gas (SO₂/N₂) through the aqueous ammonia complex of copper (II). The color change for the system was from deep blue, green, yellow to white. The pH values in the system changed from 10 to 4. The product of the reaction was identified by the analyses of IR spectrum and X-ray diffraction, having the formula of 7Cu₂SO₃· 2CuSO₃·3(NH₄)₂SO₃·24H₂O. The kinetic model of the reduction was proposed as: –d[Cu²⁺]/dt = k exp(–E/RT)[Cu²⁺]α[SO₂%] According to the experiments, the parameters were determined as: α=1.64±0.03, þ=1.20, E=13.7 Kcal/mol and k = (1.77±0.20)×10¹⁰ (g-equ./?)^?0.64min^?2.     

Membrane electrodialysis process for recovery of sulfur dioxide from power plant stack gases

A new regenerative process for recovery of sulfur dioxide from stack gases by sodiumbased solution scrubbing is described. The spent solution from the scrubber, consisting mostly of bisulfite, is converted through the use of a novel low-energy membrane electrodialysis technique to a basic solution of sulfite/hydroxide suitable for reuse in the SO₂ absorbers, and a solution of sulfurous acid from which concentrated SO₂ is easily regenerated. p]This electrodialysis process, based on bipolar membrane technology, requires only a fraction of the energy required in conventional electrolysis. Engineering estimates indicate that this membrane/SO₂ process has a significant economical advantage over other gas desulfurization processes. In addition, this process has internal flexibility to operate under various conditions without the requirement of significant equipment modification.     

Mechanistic study on the atmospheric formation of acid rain base on the sulfur dioxide

The reaction pathways of acid rain formation from reaction of sulfur dioxide vapor and water vapor on the singlet potential energy surface have been investigated theoretically. The calculated results show that the reactants are initially associated with the adduct SO₂–H₂O through a barrier less process. Subsequently, via a variety of transformations of isomer SO₂–H₂O, three kinds of products H₂SO₃, SO₃ + H₂, and H₂O₂ + ³SO are obtained. The cleavage and formation of the chemical bonds in the reaction pathways have been discussed using the structural parameters. Also, by means of the transition states and their connected intermediates or products at the CCSD(T)//B3LYP level, mechanism of H₂O + SO₂ reaction on the singlet potential energy surface are plotted. The calculation results show that the most suitable reaction pathways are the formation of H₂SO₃. Finally, the rate constants have been calculated only for these suitable pathways by the RRKM and TST theories at temperature range of 250–2500 K.     

Phosphonobetaine/sulfur dioxide copolymer by Butler’s cyclopolymerization process

The zwitterionic monomer, ethyl 3-(N,N-diallylammonio)propanephosphonate and sulfur dioxide were cyclocopolymerized in DMSO using azobisisobutyronitrile or ammonium persulfate as initiators to afford a pH-responsive polyphosphonobetaine/SO₂ (PPB/SO₂) copolymer. The polymers, on treatment with HCl and NaOH, gave the aqueous solutions of the corresponding cationic polyphosphononic acid (CPP) and anionic polyphosphonate (APP). The solution properties of the PPB having two pH-responsive functionalities were investigated in detail by potentiometric and viscometric techniques. Basicity constants of the amine and phosphonate groups in APP were found to be “apparent” and as such follow the modified Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. The incorporation of SO₂ moiety has resulted in the decrease of basicity constant of the nitrogens in the copolymer by staggering ?2 units of log K in compare to that of the corresponding homopolymer. The basicity difference is expected to have an effect on the chelating properties of the polymers. In contrast to many polycarbo- and -sulfobetaines, the PPB was all found to be soluble in salt-free water as well as in salt (including Ca²⁺ and Li⁺)-added solutions. The PPB demonstrated ‘antipolyelectrolyte’ viscosity behavior and found to have higher viscosity values in LiCl than in NaCl or NaI.