毛细管电泳——基因突变及多态性分析新方法

着重介绍基因突变及多态性分析方法以及毛细管在电泳在该领域中的应用。主要包括单链构象多态性分析,变性梯度及温度梯度电泳,杂合子分析,限制性片段多态性分析,等位基因特异性扩增,核酸杂交,引物扩展及小卫星和微卫星分析。     

全血改进线性指数聚合酶链式反应用于焦磷酸测序检测基因多态性

焦磷酸测序是目前基因多态性检测的主要方法之一,但是其前期的样本制备工作较为繁琐,限制了其在临床检测中的应用。为了简化焦磷酸测序的流程,本研究根据不对称PCR原理,改进了线性指数聚合酶链式反应(LATE-PCR)的引物设计方法,增加过量引物的长度和浓度,并结合全血直接扩增技术,建立了基于普通r Taq聚合酶和高p H缓冲液(Hp H Buffer)的全血改进LATE-PCR(Improved LATE-PCR,im LATE-PCR)方法。考察了方法的最优扩增体系、血液抗凝剂对其影响以及全血模板量。采用单管、一步法直接扩增出单链测序模板,成功地对24例临床血样的乙醇脱氢酶基因多态性进行了检测,检测结果可用于指导临床个体化用药。24例样本的基因型分别为ADH1B位点AA纯合6例、AG杂合14例、GG纯合4例;ADH1C位点GG纯合20例、AG杂合4例、AA纯合0例。     

荧光偏振技术分析全血XPD基因单核苷酸多态性的研究

将荧光偏振与非对称基因扩增技术联用,建立了可用于检测全血XPD基因单核苷酸多态性的新方法。用不等量(1∶5)的XPD基因上、下游引物对含单核苷酸多态性位点的目的片段进行非对称扩增,再用两种单核苷酸多态性序列特异的荧光标记探针对扩增产物进行检测。由于扩增得到的单链片段能够与各自不同的荧光标记探针特异结合,使荧光标记分子的分子量增加,偏振值(FP)增高。通过检测增高的FP值,可确定目的片段单核苷酸多态性。采用本方法对98例全血的XPD基因第751位密码子进行了单核苷酸多态性分析,并与传统的荧光偏振检测方法进行了比较,取得满意结果。     

微流控芯片快速鉴定黄山松DNA多态性片段

黄山松是中国山区特有的优质针叶松,有关其遗传图谱的建立一直受到人们的关注,然而迄今为止,运用分子标记法来建立其遗传图谱尚未见报道．随机引物扩增DNA多态性标记(简称RAPD)可快速提供联锁信息,尤其适用于建立针叶树类的基因图谱,通常采用平板凝胶电泳对多态性的     

法医学中脱氧核糖核酸片段长度多态性的毛细管电泳分析

在法医学中,常利用脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)片段的长度多态性进行个人识别和亲缘关系鉴定,主要分析以4个核苷酸为重复单位的短串联重复序列(shorttandemrepeats,STR)位点。其片段长度集中在100～400bp。目前在法医学中主要使用无胶筛分 光栅 CCD(chargecoupleddevice)成像进行DNA片段长度多态性的分析。1　实验部分1.1　仪器与试剂　　ABI310基因分析仪、ProfilerPlusPCRAmplificationKit(PCR扩增试剂盒)、去离子甲酰胺、Rox 500内标(包含100,139,150,160,200,250,300,340,350,400bp等片段)、POP 4型高分子化合物溶液及相应电泳缓…     

基于磁性颗粒微阵列与双色荧光杂交的单核苷酸多态性分型方法研究

基于磁性颗粒微阵列与双色荧光杂交,建立了单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleoitide polymorphism,SNP)分型方法。将利用不对称扩增得到的含有待检测位点生物素标记的单链PCR产物固定在链亲和素修饰的金磁纳米颗粒(Gold magnetic nanoparticles,GMNPs)表面;将ssDNA-GMNPs混合物点样在底部固定有磁铁的载玻片上构建磁性颗粒微阵列,然后在基因框中与双色荧光探针杂交;杂交完全后,充分洗涤,通过扫描获得分型结果。通过优化不对称PCR的扩增条件,直接扩增出产量较高的单链DNA作为靶序列用于分型。利用本方法对24个样本MTHFR基因的C677T位点多态性进行了检测。实验证明,本方法步骤简单,易实现自动化操作、非常适用于分子诊断与法医鉴定。     

230例广东汉族人肿瘤坏死因子A-308基因多态性的检测

为建立一种简便、准确、实用的人肿瘤坏死因子A-308基因突变频率的检测方法,了解广东汉族人肿瘤坏死因子A-308基因的分布特点,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)特异性扩增正常人肿瘤坏死因子A-308基因序列,扩增产物用限制性内切酶NcoⅠ酶切,琼脂糖凝胶电泳后,观察酶切位点的限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)图谱,并结合文献进行了不同种族间的分析比较。结果表明,230例广东籍汉族人中,TNF-α1/1、TNF-α1/2、TNF-α2/2表型频率分别为:0.886 9、0.108 7、0.004 4,TNF-α1、TNF-α2基因频率分别为:0.941 3、0.058 7。该法简便、快速、准确,适合于一般实验室检测及大规模的人群调查,肿瘤坏死因子A-308基因多态性在不同种族间分布存在着明显的差异。     

一种基于磁性纳米粒子PCR的高通量SNP分型方法

利用磁性纳米粒子PCR扩增(MNPs-PCR)和等位基因特异性双色荧光探针(Cy3, Cy5)杂交, 建立了一种单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分型的新方法. 应用该方法对9个样本MTHFR基因的C677T多态进行检测, 野生和突变型样本正错配信号比大于9.0, 杂合型正错配信号比接近1.0, 分型结果经测序验证. 此方法无须产物纯化、浓缩, 扫描分型结果快速、直观, 是一种操作简单、快速、高通量、高灵敏度的分型方法.     

实时荧光聚合酶链式反应偶联高特异性核酸侵入反应检测单核苷酸多态性

建立了实时荧光聚合酶链式反应( PCR)偶联高特性核酸侵入反应检测单核苷酸多态性( SNP)的方法。优化了体系中flap核酸内切酶1(FEN1酶)和野生型检测探针等用量,确定了最佳反应条件,即FEN1酶用量为1.5 U,野生型检测探针用量为0.125μmol/L,0.5μmol/L Invader突变型检测探针,各0.25μmol/L通用野生型( VIC)和突变型( FAM)荧光共振转移发卡探针,显著降低了野生型样本和突变型样本背景信号,避免了背景信号对检测结果分型的干扰。采用本方法对编码乙醛脱氢酶2( ALDH2)基因ALDH2*2位点21例样本、细胞色素P4502C19基因CYP2C19*2和CYP2C19*3位点各19例样本进行分型检测,结果表明, AL-DH2*2位点GG纯合10例,GA杂合8例,AA纯合3例;CYP2C19*2位点GG纯合9例,GA杂合8例,AA纯合2例;CYP2C19*3位点GG纯合18例,GA杂合1例。使用焦磷酸测序进行验证,两种方法检测结果一致。本方法特异性好、操作简便、耗时短、成本低,可实现对SNP单管闭管无污染的分型检测。     

毛细管电泳法检测肺癌p53基因第七外显子的突变

p53基因点突变在肺癌的发生过程中起重要作用,检测基因点突变的方法学研究将有助于临床准确诊断肺癌.本实验用PCR扩增包含249位密码子的肺癌及癌旁正常组织p53基因第七外显子,扩增样品分别经96 ℃变性和HaeⅢ酶切处理,以CE-SSCP、CE-RFLP、PAGE-SSCP和PAGE-RFLP对其突变情况进行检测,并从上样量、时间、检出限和检出率4个方面进行比较.PAGE凝胶浓度为15%;CE筛分介质PEO浓度3.0%,pH 8.2,电压15 kV,温度15 ℃,λex=488 nm,λem=520 nm荧光检测.检出率由高到低分别为:CE-SSCP>PAGE-SSCP>CE-RFLP>PAGE-RFLP.CE-SSCP可作为大规模肺癌早期诊断的简便可靠的方法.     

毛细管电泳DNA片段多态性分析

对毛细管筛分电泳在ＤＮＡ片段多态性分析中的应用作了较为详细的论述,还对ＤＮＡ片段多态性研究的意义和作用进行了讨论。     

毛细管电泳-限制性片段长度多态性快速检测胃癌组织中P53基因点突变的方法

为建立毛细管电泳快速高效检测小于70bp双链DNA的方法。对毛细管电泳过程中的各参数进行了考察,最终得到最佳分离体系(筛分介质浓度8%,添加剂甘露醇浓度8%,pH6.5,温度15℃,电场强度275V/cm),并将该体系用于临床59例胃癌患者肿瘤组织基因248位、249位密码子点突变情况的检测,30min之内同时检测了两个密码子位点的突变情况,实现了35bp和40bpDNA片段的基线分离,且分离度较高(1.642),初步建立了快速、高分辨诊断胃癌的方法。     

Use of an electrochemically labeled nucleotide terminator for known point mutation analysis

A novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay utilizing an electrochemically tagged chain terminator is described. The system employs the single-base extension (SBE) technique coupled to capillary gel electrophoresis with end-column electrochemical detection. A redox-labeled chain terminator, ferrocene-acycloATP, is used in the SBE reaction. When the mutation site corresponds to the labeled chain terminator, the extension product is rendered electroactive. The reaction mixture is subsequently separated by capillary gel electrophoresis and the extension product detected at the separation anode with sinusoidal voltammetry. This work demonstrates the first known SNP assay utilizing redox-active chain terminators coupled to electrochemical detection. The methodology presented could lead to a fast, simple, and cost-effective SNP scoring system.     

毛细管电泳与MFOLD软件研究单链脱氧核糖核酸分离二级结构

从Gene Bank数据库中下载质粒基因序列,用DNAssist软件分析并最终建立了单点碱基突变模型,并以此为研究对象对单链DNA分离机理进行研究探讨。采用高效毛细管电泳-激光诱导荧光检测(CE-LIF)方法,以线性聚丙烯酸胺为筛分介质对模型进行分离分析,并与MFOLD软件所预测的单链二级结构进行对照分析。分离条件为:线性聚丙烯酸胺浓度为6%,负极进样,13kV分离,温度为19℃,λem=488nm、λex=520nm。结果发现毛细管电泳实际分析结果有4个单链峰,而MFOLD软件预测的只有3种二级结构,预测的准确度为75%,MFOLD软件虽然有局限性,但预测DNA二级结构仍有一定的参考价值。     

Non‐hybridization single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping assay through direct discrimination of single base mutation by capillary electrophoretic separation of single‐stranded DNA

The significant demands for single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping assays have grown. Most common assays are based on the recognition of the target sequence by the hybridization with its specific probe having the complementary sequence of the target. Herein, a simple, label‐free, and economical non‐hybridization assay was developed for single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping, based on the direct discrimination of single base mutation by simple capillary electrophoresis separation for single‐stranded DNA in an acidic electrophoretic buffer solution containing urea. Capillary electrophoresis separation of single‐base sequential isomers of DNA was achieved due to charge differences resulting from the different protonation properties of the DNA bases. Single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping were achieved by discriminating the electropherogram pattern change, that is, peak number in the electropherogram, obtained by the proposed method. The successful practical application of the proposed method was demonstrated through single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping on a known gene region of 84‐mer, in which guanine to adenine single‐base mutation is commonly observed, using a human hair sample in combination with genomic DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction amplification, DNA purification from polymerase chain reaction products, and capillary electrophoresis separation.     

单链构象多态性-毛细管电泳分析中样品纯化研究

聚合酶链反应(PCR)样品中的Cl^-、引物等小分子对单链构象多态性一毛细管电泳分析有重要影响。本文用毛细管电泳一间接紫外法测定了PCR样品中的Cl^-浓度,并对乙醇沉淀法和试剂盒纯化法用于PCR样品的纯化效果进行比较,在此基础上研究了Cl^-浓度、引物及其二聚体在SSCP-CE分析中的影响。结果表明,它们主要影响DNA进样量而对分离效率影响不大。     

High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism typing by fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis with capillary electrophoresis

In this study, we performed high-throughput and precise single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP) analysis. A system composed of a multicapillary DNA analyzer, a newly developed sieving matrix, four different colors of fluorescent labels, and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enabled low-cost and highly reliable SNP typing. Moreover, this system enabled the estimation of SNP allele frequencies using pooled DNA samples, which should be beneficial for large-scale association studies. Thus, fluorescent CE-SSCP analysis is a useful method for large-scale SNP typing.     

Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of candidate genes for reliable identification of alleles by capillary array electrophoresis

We investigated the reliability of capillary array electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (CAE-SSCP) to determine if it can be used to identify novel alleles of candidate genes in a germplasm collection. Both strands of three different size fragments (160, 245 and 437 bp) that differed by one or more nucleotides in sequence were analyzed at four different temperatures (18 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 35 degrees C). Mixtures of amplified fragments of either the intron interrupting the C-terminal WRKY domain of the Tc10 locus or the NBS domain of the TcRGH1 locus of Theobroma cacao were electroinjected into all 16 capillaries of an ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer and analyzed three times at each temperature. Multiplexing of samples of different size range is possible, as intermediate and large fragments were analyzed simultaneously in these experiments. A statistical analysis of the means of the fragment mobilities demonstrated that single-stranded conformers of the fragments could be reliably identified by their mobility at all temperatures and size classes. The order of elution of fragments was not consistent over strands or temperatures for the intermediate and large fragments. If samples are only run once at a single temperature, small fragments could be identified from a single strand at a single temperature. A combination of data from both strands of a single run was needed to identify correctly all four of the intermediate fragments and no combination of data from strands or temperatures would allow the correct identification of two large fragments that differed by only a single single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from a single run. Thus, to adequately assess alleles at a candidate gene locus using SSCP on a capillary array, fragments should be < or =250 bp, samples should be analyzed at two different temperatures between 18 degrees C and 30 degrees C to reduce the variability introduced by the capillaries, data should be combined from both strands and both temperatures, and undenatured double-stranded (ds)DNA molecular weight standards, such as ROX 2500, should be included as internal standards.     

Cycling gradient capillary electrophoresis: a low-cost tool for high-throughput analysis of genetic variations

In the present work, we introduce a new type of DNA variation detection. This method represents a transfer of melting gel technique onto multicapillary electrophoresis DNA sequencing instrument with further improvements to achieve maximum sample throughput while maintaining a high performance. The main improvement comes from application of cycling (revolving) temporal temperature gradient in place of a single-sweep gradient, commonly used in similar gel-based techniques. This improvement enables utilization of multiple-injection technique, in which multiple samples are injected into the same capillary (or sets of capillaries) separated by predefined time intervals of partial electrophoresis. The periodic oscillation of the temperature results in identical separation conditions of all samples injected in such series. Using this novel approach, we demonstrate a dramatic increase in separation throughput by turning a standard commercial 96-capillary array instrument into a semicontinuous flow mutation detection system capable to screen over 15 000 samples in 24 h of operation on a single 96-capillary commercial instrument. This represents a 10-fold increase in sample throughput over the current comparable technology.