Methanol conversion on metal-incorporated SAPO-34s (MeAPSO-34s)

The influence on metal incorporation into the framework of SAPO-34 (MeAPSO-34) on methanol conversion was investigated in this study. Used MeAPSO-34s (SAPO-34, FeAPSO-34, CoAPSO-34, and NiAPSO-34) were acquired by the rapid crystallization method. In characteristics, it was identified that these catalysts had a uniformly regular form with a sharp distribution in particle size. The performances on methanol conversion for these catalysts were different according to the properties of metals. As a result, the methanol conversion was enhanced on the metal-incorporated catalyst compared with the non-metal catalyst. In reaction at 450°C for 1 h, the order of increasing in ethylene selectivity was followed as next; Ni->Co->Fe->non-metal-incorporated SAPO-34. On the other hand, the selectivity for all the samples decreased with an increase in reaction time, however, the reduced rate was very slow on CoAPSO-34 compared with the other catalysts. In addition as a surprising result, the CoAPSO-34 catalyst exhibited a minor methanation.     

晶种存在形态对所合成的SAPO-34分子筛性质及其甲醇转化催化性能的影响

采用常规水热合成法、添加粉末晶种和添加含有分子筛前驱体的液相晶种等方法制备了低硅铝比的SAPO-34分子筛。采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR及TPD等表征手段研究了合成方法对晶体结构、形貌、晶粒粒径及酸性的影响。并在固定床上对比了其甲醇转化制烯烃的催化性能差异。结果表明,晶种存在形态对分子筛的结晶度影响不大,但影响了硅在骨架中的分布、晶粒粒径和酸性等。与添加粉末晶种相比,采用含有分子筛前驱体的液相晶种法更有利于减小分子筛晶粒粒径,降低分子筛酸性,提高低碳烯烃选择性。     

Synthesis of Low Silica SAPO-34 by In Situ Pretreatment and Its Catalytic Performance in the Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) Reaction

A series of low-silica SAPO-34 molecular sieves with a tunable silica content were synthesized through a facile in situ pretreatment strategy under different pretreatment condition. The effects of the pretreatment condition on the crystal phases, chemical composition, morphology and acidity of SAPO-34 were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, N₂ adsorption-desorption, NH₃-TPD and ²⁹Si MAS NMR. The obtained low-silica SAPO-34 exhibits higher catalytic performance in the MTO reaction than conventional SAPO-34 due to the moderate acidity and larger surface areas. Sample S4 with a Si content of Si/(Si+Al+P)=0.053 showed the prolonged catalytic lifetime of 204 min and remarkably improved selectivity for ethylene and propylene reaching up to 86.58 %, which was 34 % and 4.16 % higher than the reference sample.     

不同加铝方式对SAPO-34分子筛合成及MTO催化性能的影响

在水热合成体系中,以三乙胺(TEA)和四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为混合模板剂,考察了在初始凝胶形成过程中铝源的加入方式对合成SAPO-34分子筛及甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能的影响;通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氮气等温吸附脱附(BET)、²⁹Si固体核磁(²⁹Si MAS NMR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等方法对合成产物进行物性表征,并研究了其在甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,随着首先加铝量的增加,粒径有逐渐变小的趋势,且逐渐出现板层状形貌的SAPO-34分子筛;同时,产物分子筛骨架中Si(4Al)配位结构的数量增加,强酸比例在逐渐增大,且酸密度增加;随着强酸比例和酸密度的提高,SAPO-34分子筛在MTO催化反应中的寿命逐渐延长,丙烯选择性逐渐增大而乙烯选择性逐渐减小。     

不同加铝方式对SAPO-34分子筛合成及MTO催化性能的影响

在水热合成体系中,以三乙胺(TEA)和四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为混合模板剂,考察了在初始凝胶形成过程中铝源的加入方式对合成SAPO-34分子筛及甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能的影响;通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氮气等温吸附脱附(BET)、~(29)Si固体核磁(~(29)Si MAS NMR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等方法对合成产物进行物性表征,并研究了其在甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,随着首先加铝量的增加,粒径有逐渐变小的趋势,且逐渐出现板层状形貌的SAPO-34分子筛;同时,产物分子筛骨架中Si(4Al)配位结构的数量增加,强酸比例在逐渐增大,且酸密度增加;随着强酸比例和酸密度的提高,SAPO-34分子筛在MTO催化反应中的寿命逐渐延长,丙烯选择性逐渐增大而乙烯选择性逐渐减小。     

不同模板剂合成SAPO-34分子筛的表征与热分解过程研究

采用XRD、 SEM、 FT-IR、 TG-DTA等表征手段,对分别以正磷酸、拟薄水铝石和硅溶胶为磷源、铝源和硅源,用五种模板剂合成的SAPO-34分子筛进行了表征.不同模板剂合成的SAPO-34分子筛在晶粒粒度分布上有相当大的差异.通过TEAOH-Et3N或者TEAOH-Morpholine复合模板剂法可以有效地调节晶粒粒度.不同模板剂合成的SAPO-34分子筛的红外骨架振动相似;而模板剂分子与分子筛骨架的作用方式有区别.模板剂种类对SAPO-34分子筛骨架热稳定性没有影响,但对其热分解的行为有影响.     

骨架富含Si(4Al)结构的SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其对甲醇制烯烃反应的催化性能

通过在初始凝胶中加入HF合成了骨架富含Si(4Al)配位结构的SAPO-34分子筛. 使用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线荧光和核磁共振等表征手段研究了初始凝胶中HF的加入对合成SAPO-34分子筛的晶体结构、晶体形貌、元素组成以及骨架硅配位环境的影响. 结果表明,在初始凝胶中加入F离子后,合成的SAPO-34分子筛的晶体结构更加规整;随着初始凝胶中F离子含量的提高,合成的SAPO-34分子筛晶体骨架中Si(4Al)配位结构的数量增多, Si(nAl)(n=3～0)配位结构的数量减少. 将合成的SAPO-34分子筛催化剂用于甲醇制烯烃反应,结果显示, SAPO-34分子筛骨架中富含Si(4Al)配位结构可以有效提高反应产物中乙烯的选择性,同时能够延长催化剂的寿命.     

酸处理可控制备多级孔SAPO-34及其甲醇制烯烃性能

甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)技术既可实施石油替代路线,又能解决低碳烯烃不足的问题,因而具有重要意义.在MTO技术中,SAPO-34分子筛因其高水热稳定性、适宜的微孔结构和酸强度而展现了优异的MTO性能.但SAPO-34分子筛孔道较小,易形成积碳物种而覆盖活性中心,导致分子筛催化剂失活快,反应流程复杂.延长SAPO-34催化剂的单程寿命可减少其再生频率,降低能耗并节约成本.在微孔SAPO-34分子筛中引入介孔或大孔孔道来组成多级孔道结构,可大大促进反应物及产物分子在孔道内的扩散,从而降低积碳速率,延长催化剂寿命.目前,文献中主要采用直接合成路线制备多级孔SAPO-34分子筛,该过程所用的二级模板剂价格较贵,且合成步骤复杂.而采用后处理方法,即先合成SAPO-34分子筛母体,再进行酸碱后处理来制备多级孔SAPO-34分子筛是非常有前景的技术路线.本文首先通过水热合成法制备了立方形貌SAPO-34分子筛,再采用不同种类的酸溶液(硝酸、草酸及丁二酸)对其进行后处理,制备了具有良好相对结晶度的多级孔SAPO-34,考察了酸种类对所得多级孔SAPO-34结构及其MTO性能的影响.研究发现,经硝酸和草酸处理后的样品在特定晶面上出现了蝴蝶状孔道,形成了由微孔、介孔(40–50 nm)和大孔(400–500 nm)组成的多级孔分子筛;其比表面积高达876 m2/g,孔容为0.36 cm3/g,该多级孔道大幅改善了MTO过程中的分子扩散性能.酸后处理过程并没有影响分子筛的化学环境及酸中心强度,却降低了分子筛的强酸中心数量并增加了弱酸中心数量.在多级孔结构及酸中心的协同作用下,其MTO性能得到了大幅度提升:经硝酸和草酸处理后所得多级孔SAPO-34,其MTO寿命(400°C,1 atm,甲醇空速1 h–1)分别由母体的210 min增至360和390 min,低碳烯烃的总选择性由母体的90%提高至92%–94%,并可根据孔道大小调整产物组成,使乙烯选择性在37.4%–51.5%内调变.对比发现,MTO过程中多级孔SAPO-34上的积碳量由母体的15%提高到18%,但积碳速率却由0.071降至0.046 g/min.失活多级孔SAPO-34内的积碳物种主要为较大的分子,其中芘及芘取代物的含量高达73%,而母体SAPO-34中芘及芘取代物的含量则降低至49%.这是因为多级孔SAPO-34内部更大的孔道空间可容纳更多的大分子积碳物种所致.丁二酸处理后的样品未产生多级孔道,却使部分微孔受损且增加了强酸中心数量,导致其更易失活,MTO寿命也降至100 min.选择合适种类的酸溶液进行后处理可控制备多级孔SAPO-34,可大幅改善其MTO性能.     

SAPO-18/SAPO-34共晶分子筛的合成及表征

以三乙胺(TEA)和N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)为双模板剂经恒温水热晶化法合成了SAPO-18(AEI结构)与SAPO-34(CHA结构)两相共生的SAPO分子筛. 考察了DIEA用量、 硅铝比及晶化时间等因素的影响, 并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等手段对所得样品的晶相、 形貌和酸性进行了表征. 结果表明, 当n(DIEA)/n(Al₂O₃)=0.2, n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)=0.6, 晶化时间为4 d时, 得到形貌规整, 结晶度高且AEI/CHA结构比为74:26的共生相SAPO分子筛. 随着晶化时间的延长, SAPO-18在AEI/CHA共生相中所占比例逐渐上升, 表明SAPO-5, SAPO-34和SAPO-18三者中SAPO-18的热力学稳定性最高. 二甲醚制烯烃(DTO)催化性能测试结果表明, AEI/CHA共晶结构比为74/26的共生相分子筛具有较高的催化活性和双烯(C₂⁼+C₃⁼)选择性(84.29%), 同时积碳生成速率较慢.     

Preparation of modified Ce-SAPO-34 catalysts and their catalytic performances of methanol to olefins

The modified Ce-SAPO-34 catalysts were prepared with three methods, i.e., the liquid ion exchange with air calcination, impregnation with air calcination and impregnation with steam calcination methods. The catalytic performances of the catalysts for methanol to olefins were investigated. The properties of the catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET, XRF, FT-IR and NH₃-TPD. The results indicated that compared to the SAPO-34 catalyst the catalyst prepared with the impregnation and air calcination prolonged the lifetime by 40 min and improved the selectivity to ethylene by 5% (mol) and the catalyst prepared with the impregnation and steam calcination showed the best modification effect, prolonging the lifetime by 70 min and improving the ethylene selectivity by 10% (mol). The catalyst prepared with the liquid ion exchange showed similar behaviour as the SAPO-34 catalyst. It was verified that the porous structure and surface acidity of these catalysts determined their catalytic behaviors.     

SAPO-34晶粒形貌对甲醇转化制低碳烯烃反应的影响

分别采用微波和水热法合成了具有片状及立方结构的SAPO-34分子筛.结果发现,片状SAPO-34分子筛晶粒厚度为130nm,比表面积为593m²/g;立方结构SAPO-34分子筛粒径为1.5-2.5μm,比表面积为708m²/g.二者具有数量相近的强酸中心,后者的弱酸位数量略少.甲醇制烯烃反应结果表明,在450℃和1.0h^-1的反应条件下,片状SAPO-34分子筛的催化寿命可达380min,乙烯选择性最高为51.77%,乙烯、丙烯及丁烯的总选择性最高为90.20%;而立方结构SAPO-34的催化寿命仅为212min,乙烯选择性最高为49.84%,乙烯、丙烯及丁烯的总选择性最高只有86.81%.这可能源于片状晶粒的扩散路径较短,抑制了低碳烯烃的进一步转化及积碳的生成,因此具有较高的低碳烯烃选择性及较长的寿命.     

An effective route to improve the catalytic performance of SAPO-34 in the methanol-to-olefin reaction

An effective route to improve the catalytic performance of SAPO-34 in the methanol-to-olefin reaction by simple oxalic acid treatment was investigated.The samples were characterized by XRD,SEM,N2 adsorption-desorption,XRF,TG,29Si MAS NMR and NH3-TPD techniques.The results indicated that the external surface acidity of SAPO-34 was finely tuned by oxalic acid treatment,and the selectivity to C2H4 on SAPO-34 and the catalyst lifetime in the methanol-to-olefin reaction were greatly improved.     

Synthesis and catalytic performance on methanol conversion of NiAPSO-34 crystals (II): catalytic performance under various reaction conditions

This work has been focused on the catalytic performance for methanol conversion of NiAPSO-34 catalysts which had been synthesized by various preparation methods. The deposited coke during the hydrocarbon transformation was analyzed by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) method. For a catalyst with small acid sites and sharp particle size distribution, the catalytic activity and selectivity to ethylene increased compared with other catalysts. It could be confirmed that the catalysts having different acidic densities on external surface and internal surface represented different catalytic activities. Furthermore, it was elucidated that amount of coke formation was strongly related to acidic density on the external crystal surface. On the other hand, catalytic performances under various reaction conditions were exhibited variously and the deposited coke amount was also various. In particular, a surprising result was that the catalytic performance was not changed on the revived catalyst by thermal treatment at 600°C for 3 h.     

晶化温度对SAPO-34结构稳定性的影响

用二乙胺结构导向剂, 分别在473和573 K水热晶化得到两种SAPO-34分子筛材料. SEM和XRD结果表明, 晶化温度升高, SAPO-34晶粒增大, 结晶度提高, 比表面积和孔径增大. 升高晶化温度, 提高了样品的最高焙烧和水蒸汽热处理承受温度.     

The template-assisted zinc ion incorporation in SAPO-34 and the enhanced ethylene selectivity in MTO reaction

The SAPO-34 catalyst was fine-tuned with zinc cations through a straightforward template-assisted ion incorporation(TII) process, without the necessary template pre-removal and the preparation of NH_4-SAPO-34 intermediate, which is more facile, efficient and cost-effective than the conventional ion exchange process. The template-assisted zinc cations incorporated SAPO-34 catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, N_2 adsorption-desorption, XPS, SEM, EDX,~1H NMR, respectively. Enhanced selectivity to ethylene and ratio of ethylene to propylene in MTO reaction are observed over the zinc cations modified SAPO-34 catalysts, due to the facilitated formation of lower methylbenzenes that favour the ethylene generation, as well as the increased diffusion hindrance originated from the zinc cations incorporation and the facilitated generation of aromatics compound.     

糖类对SAPO-34分子筛的结构以及MTO性能的影响

以廉价的木糖、蔗糖、淀粉和葡甘聚糖为硬模板剂成功合成出含多级孔道的SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD、BET、SEM、TEM、ICP和NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床上,研究了糖类硬模板剂对SAPO-34分子筛的结构以及MTO性能的影响。结果表明,糖类硬模板剂能够提升SAPO-34分子筛的比表面积、微孔和介孔体积。与常规SAPO-34分子筛相比,多级孔道SAPO-34分子筛的双烯选择性和寿命均高。介孔体积最大、酸量最少、酸性最弱的SAPO-34-z分子筛的寿命最长（130 min）,高出常规SAPO-34分子筛（100 min）30%,分子筛寿命从长到短顺序为SAPO-34-z > SAPO-34-h > SAPO-34-d > SAPO-34-m > SAPO-34 > SAPO-34-p。含多级孔道的SAPO-34分子筛的双烯选择性均高于常规SAPO-34分子筛。     

SAPO-34分子筛催化丁烯转化制丙烯的研究

通过水热法合成SAPO-34分子筛,将其制成催化剂用于催化丁烯转化制取丙烯,考察了反应温度、空速和铝磷比等对催化性能的影响;还比较了SAPO-34分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化该反应的差异.结果表明,在实验范围内,反应温度升高会使得丁烯的转化率明显增高,且丙烯选择性提高;而空速增加,则丁烯的转化率和丙烯选择性降低;铝磷比越大,对丙烯的选择性越差.在有效的反应时间内,SAPO-34分子筛催化效果好于ZSM-5分子筛,但单程寿命较ZSM-5分子筛短.     

制备条件对SAPO—34分子筛结构及MTO活性的影响

用水热法合成ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛,ＸＲＤ分析和微反评价表明,改变物料配比可能形成纯净的ＳＡＰＯ－５分子筛、ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛、ＳＡＰＯ－５和ＳＡＰＯ－３４混晶或无定形物质,不同产品的ＭＴＯ催化性能也不相同;不同的模板剂虽然能够诱发ＳＡＰＯ－３４晶核的产生,合成纯的ＳＡＰＯ－３４晶体,但用不同模板剂合成的分子筛在晶体结构及催化活性方面存在明显的差别,以三乙胺（Ｅｔ３Ｎ）为模板剂合成的ＳＡＰＯ－３４催化性能及晶体稳定性优于以二乙胺（ＤＲＡ）为模板剂合成的ＳＡＰＯ－３４;焙烧过程对晶体完美程度有很明显的影响,而且也可能改变晶胞尺寸,使晶体ＸＲＤ衍射峰位发生移动     

Cu/SAPO-34催化剂的NH_3-SCO活性及抗水热性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同铜含量的Cu/SAPO-34催化剂,考察了该系列催化剂上NH_3选择性催化氧化反应性能(NH_3-SCO)。实验结果表明,10%-Cu/SAPO-34催化剂在300℃温度下具有100%的NH_3去除率,且其氮气选择性大于90%。与此同时,通过XRD、BET、UV-vis、H_2-TPR和XPS等表征分析结果表明,高度分散的CuO是Cu/SAPO-34催化剂的主要活性组分。对10%-Cu/SAPO-34催化剂进行水热处理后,催化剂低温活性明显提高,催化剂的N_2选择性在325℃急剧下降。这是由于水热处理导致一定数量的铜物种发生迁移并且形成了更稳定的铜物种引起。SAPO-34的骨架结构遭到一定程度的破坏。     

两步晶化法合成纳米SAPO-34分子筛及其催化性能

分别以拟薄水铝石、硅溶胶和磷酸为铝源、硅源和磷源,四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,采用两步水热晶化法合成出粒径为200～300 nm的纳米级SAPO-34分子筛.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、29Si 、27Al、31P MAS NMR、SEM、BET和NH3-TPD等手段对合成的SAPO-34分子筛进行...