以TiO2多孔微球为载体的CuO/TiO2催化剂的制备、表征及CO氧化催化性能

利用高分子反相悬浮聚合技术结合溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米TiO2晶粒组成的多孔微球. 以TiO2多孔微球为载体, 利用浸渍法制备了CuO/TiO2催化剂, 用示差扫描量热法、热重分析、X 射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对TiO2多孔微球和催化剂进行了表征, 并对其进行了CO催化氧化性能的评价. 结果表明, 于500 ℃焙烧的TiO2多孔微球基本为锐钛矿型结构, 其粒径为19.5 nm. XPS结果表明, 催化剂中载体和活性组分存在相互作用, Cu除了以Cu2+的形式存在外, 还以部分Cu+和Cu0的形式存在. CO催化氧化研究结果表明, 催化剂的催化活性与浸渍液的浓度和催化剂的焙烧温度有关. 用0.5 mol/L Cu(NO3)2·3H2O溶液浸渍得到的催化剂和于200 ℃焙烧得到的催化剂具有较好的催化活性.     

V2O5-CeO2/TiO2催化剂上低温氨选择性催化还原NO的性能

考察了V2O5-CeO2/TiO2催化剂中V、Ce活性组分的担载量和焙烧温度对催化剂低温催化还原NO活性的影响及其在单独SO2、H2O和两者共存气氛下的抗毒化性能。结果表明,焙烧温度400℃下制备的5V30Ce/TiO2催化剂具有良好的低温催化还原NO活性,空速为10000h-1,165℃时NO转化率达99.2%;500℃以下低焙烧温度时,添加的Ce不与V相互作用,在催化剂表面主要以CeO2形式存在,有利于增大催化剂比表面积,增强V2O5在催化剂上的分散度,提高催化活性。而在500℃以上较高焙烧温度下,Ce与V会形成CeVO4,对活性提高不利。催化剂具有良好的低温抗水中毒性能,但受SO2毒化作用明显,其在SO2、H2O共存气氛下中毒程度较单独SO2下浅。     

B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应研究Ⅱ.焙烧温度的影响

采用XRD、FT-IR和NH3-TPD等方法，研究了载体预焙烧温度和催化剂活化焙烧温度对B2O3/TIO2-ZRO2催化剂的结构、酸性和催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应性能的影响。结果表明，在383-773K范围内，载体预烧温度对催化剂性能的影响不大，但经973K高温预焙烧后，由于生成了ZrTiO4晶相，使其与H3BO3的相互作用减弱，从而导致催化剂的酸性和反应性能降低，提高催化剂活化焙烧温度，有利于B2O3与TiO2-ZrO2的相互作用，生成更多的Beckmann重排反应所需的中等强度酸中心，使催化剂的活性和选择性提高；但活化焙烧温度过高，会使催化剂中大量的B2O3晶粒析出，引起酸中心数量和催化活性的明显下降。     

焙烧温度对甲硫醇催化剂K_2WO_4/Al_2O_3结构和性能的影响

研究了焙烧温度对溶胶-凝胶法制备的甲硫醇催化剂K2WO4/Al2O3的表面结构和催化性能的影响.表征结果显示,K2WO4在Al2O3上分散得较好,在450和550oC焙烧的催化剂颗粒大小均匀,无明显团聚现象.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积减小,表面钨物种与Al2O3的相互作用减弱,与碱物种的相互作用增强,酸碱强度降低.K2WO4/Al2O3表面不含质子酸.催化剂活性与其比表面积及表面的共轭酸碱对密切相关.评价结果表明,在550oC焙烧而制得的催化剂活性最高.     

氧化态Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂的结构与反应性能研究Ⅰ. 活性及体相、表相结构表征

采用等量浸渍法, 制得500、 600、 750和950 ℃焙烧的Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂; 考察了它们对CO氧化和乙烯选择还原NO的反应性能; 用XRD和XPS方法表征了催化剂的体相与表相结构. 活性测试结果表明, 随焙烧温度升高, 样品对CO的氧化活性呈下降趋势; 对乙烯选择还原NO反应, 活性先上升, 而后又有所下降(当焙烧温度高于750 ℃时). 从硝酸钴制得的样品, 其氧化活性要高于从醋酸钴制得的样品, 但对乙烯选择还原NO, 后者的活性更好. 结构表征结果表明, 催化剂中钴物种的存在形式与原料盐类及焙烧温度密切相关. 在Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂中主要存在两种钴相, 即Co3O4和非化学计量的CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相, 前者为完全氧化活性中心, 后者是NO选择还原的活性中心. 在相同焙烧温度下, 以醋酸钴为原料时, 更容易形成CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相. 随着焙烧温度提高, 活性组分与载体的相互作用加强, Co3O4相逐步向CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相转化, 这可能是样品氧化活性下降和选择还原活性升高的主要原因. 在更高焙烧温度下, 随着CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相颗粒度的增加和晶形改变, 以及钴离子由表相向体相的迁移, 使样品比表面积下降, 表面氧空位及活性位减少, 从而导致样品对乙烯选择还原NO的活性下降.     

V2O5-WO3/TiO2-ZrO2脱硝催化剂中 ZrO2和 WO3的促进作用：催化性能、形态及反应机理

商业选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂成分主要有 V2O5, WO3和 TiO2,但适用温度窗口较窄(300?400℃),使得实际操作过程中活性较低.目前,过渡金属广泛应用于催化剂制备中以提高其催化活性.相比于纯 TiO2和 ZrO2载体, TiO2-ZrO2具有较高的热稳定性以及较多的酸位,虽然有关 TiO2-ZrO2为载体的催化剂研究较多,但未与商业催化剂进行对比研究.而针对 NH3-SCR脱硝机理的实验研究也存在一些争议,主要原因归为以下两方面：(1)多数催化剂不同会直接导致催化剂的活性酸位不同;(2)不同 NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂的起活温度不同.同时, NH3和 NO在反应温度的吸附情况仍需要进一步研究.因此,有必要深入探究 NH3-SCR脱硝机理,以解决现行研究中存在的问题.本文首先采用共沉淀法制备摩尔比为1：1的 TiO2-ZrO2固溶体,并分步浸渍不同质量比的 WO3和1%V2O5,最终得到一系列1%V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2.然后通过 X射线衍射(XRD)和比表面积测试(BET)、程序升温还原(TPR)、原位漫反射红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)研究了 WO3和 ZrO2对催化性能的影响以及 V2O5-WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂的反应机理. N2物理吸附结果表明, WO3的添加使得催化剂孔结构的热稳定性有所提高,同时随着 WO3含量增加催化剂的比表面积逐渐减小,但仍高于 V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂; ZrO2对催化剂比表面积增大效果比较明显.结合 XRD结果表明, WO3能促进金属氧化物在载体上的分散;相比于 V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂, ZrO2有利于活性组分的分散负载.比较系列 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2的氨吸附情况,发现 WO3的添加增加了 Br?nsted酸的稳定性,其中以9%WO3的效果最显著.催化剂氨吸附中间物种(–NH2)的发现,证实了 WO3添加促进了 NH3的活化,有利于脱硝反应的进行. SCR反应结果显示, V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂在300–450oC时 NOx转化效率最优,并发现 O2的存在促进了 NOx的转化.采用in situ DRIFTS研究了 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂脱硝机理,300和350oC时 NH3, NO, NO + O2吸附情况表明,在真实的反应温度下,脱硝过程中的活性中心为 Lewis酸中心, Br?nsted酸中心的 NH4+极易从催化剂表面脱附,无法吸附在催化剂表面,且与 NH3相比, NO只能以 NO2的形式弱吸附在催化剂表面.因此,该催化剂遵循 Eley-Ridel脱硝机理.而 V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有相对较高的脱硝效率,因此用来着重研究 NH3-SCR机理.在 NH3吸附过程中, NH3(1204,1602,3156,3264,3347 cm?1)和活性中产物 NH2(1550 cm?1)在催化剂表面的吸附(恒温300oC)是稳定的;随后通入 NO + O2时, NH3吸附过程中的所有吸收峰(包括 NH2)均逐渐减小(NH3吸附态与 NO结合后分解为 N2和 H2O),同时出现 H2O的振动峰,这证明了 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂的脱硝反应过程.各类气体吸附情况表明, NO在商业催化剂的吸附状态与 V2O5-x%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂相同;但 NH3吸附结果表明, Br?nsted酸中心和 Lewis酸中心都是催化剂的活性中心; NO + O2的通入使得催化剂表面的 NH3和 NH4+都逐渐消失.这两种催化剂脱硝反应过程差异主要在于催化剂表面活性中心的不同,导致了不同的 NOx脱除路径.通过in situ DRIFTS比较 O2的存在对脱硝反应产生的不同影响来确定 O2的作用.两类催化剂上 O2均参与了 H2O的形成,促进了催化反应的完成;当 O2不存在时, NO的还原受到了极大地抑制,同时也未出现 H2O;两者的脱硝效率大大降低. H2-TPR和 NH3-TPR结果进一步证实 O2的作用主要是氧化 NO及参与催化过程 H2O的形成.     

焙烧及还原温度对对硝基苯酚加氢合成对氨基苯酚Ni/TiO2催化剂性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/TiO2催化剂,考察了焙烧和还原温度对其结构及催化对硝基苯酚加氢合成对氨基苯酚反应性能的影响,利用X射线衍射、程序升温还原及H2化学吸附等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,923 K以下焙烧制备的催化剂中镍物种主要以与载体相互作用不同的NiO形式存在,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂中NiO与TiO2间的相互作用增强.经723 K还原后,随焙烧温度升高,催化剂的H2化学吸附量减小,而923 K焙烧的催化剂具有较佳的加氢反应性能,这与金属镍和TiOx(x<2)的协同作用有关.对于923 K焙烧的催化剂,当还原温度较低时,NiO还原不完全,金属镍与TiOx的相互作用较弱,催化剂活性较低;当还原温度过高时,镍晶粒发生烧结,并且催化剂的镍活性表面因镍与TiOx的相互作用增强而减小,从而导致催化剂活性降低,适宜的还原温度为673 K.当Ni/TiO2催化剂具有适宜的镍活性表面及适宜的金属镍与TiOx相互作用时,金属镍与TiOx的协同对-NO2的加氢活化最为有利.     

柠檬酸凝胶法合成Ni-ZrO_2催化剂及其低温浆态床甲烷化性能研究

采用柠檬酸凝胶法制备不同温度焙烧的Ni-ZrO_2催化剂,考察了催化剂的表面性质和结构对低温浆态床CO甲烷化性能的影响.结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积和孔容逐渐减小,金属Ni分散度先增加后减小,Ni晶粒先减小后增大.450℃焙烧的Ni-ZrO_2催化剂金属Ni分散度最高、Ni物种与载体ZrO_2的相互作用最强、对反应物CO分子的吸附作用适中且脱附量大,在260℃、1.0 MPa和H_2/CO摩尔比为3的条件下,CO转化率达到61.6%,且催化活性稳定,750℃焙烧的催化剂反应后金属Ni团聚且晶粒长大,导致催化剂失活.     

高分散CuO/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中铜物种的精细结构表征

采用化学吸附-水解法制备了系列CuO/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂，运用XANES、EXAFS、XRD和H2-TPR等方法对催化剂的结构进行了表征，探讨了不同焙烧温度对催化剂中高分散Cu物种的微观局域结构、分散状态和存在形式的影响，并与样品的CO氧化性能关联。结果表明，500 ℃焙烧样品中Cu物种主要以高分散的CuO微晶形式存在，与载体及CeO₂的作用相对较弱；当焙烧温度提高至650 ℃，存在3种铜物种，即与Al相似文献   

焙烧温度对低温水煤气变换Au/Fe2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用改性沉积-沉淀法制备了系列低温水煤气变换Au/Fe2O3催化剂, 发现经300 ℃焙烧的样品具有较好的催化活性和稳定性. 并运用N2物理吸附、原位X 射线粉末衍射(in situ XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术, 探讨焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响机制, 同时对样品的失活原因进行了分析. 结果表明, 催化剂性能与焙烧温度引起的金和载体氧化铁的相互作用以及载体还原性质的变化密切相关. XPS表征结果说明, 尽管反应后在催化剂表面有碳酸盐或类碳酸盐物种生成, 但半定量分析表明这些物种的形成不是催化剂失活的主要原因;根据在低温水煤气变换反应过程中Au/Fe2O3催化剂的比表面积明显下降, 载体的结晶度也明显提高, 推断Au/Fe2O3催化剂载体的结构性质的变化才是其失活的主要原因.     

Synthesis and characterization of inorganic solid electrolytes of Li2O-SiO2-P2O5 and Li2O-TiO2-SiO2-P2O5 systems

The lithium-ion-conducting inorganic solid electrolytes in the oxide systems Li₂O-SiO₂-P₂O₅ and Li₂O-TiO₂-SiO₂-P₂O₅ were prepared by the solid-state reaction, and the electrolyte pellet made by cold-pressing method had diameter of 13 mm and was about 1 mm thick. Phase identification and surface morphology of the products were carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Ionic conductivity of the pellets was investigated through ac impedance. The results show that the adding of other cations can improve the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte, and the sintering temperature and duration can influence the ionic conductivity. The maximum ionic conductivity in the samples is 9.9 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm in the Li₂O-TiO₂-SiO₂-P₂O₅ system. Original Russian Text ? W. Li, M. Wang, Z.H. Li, X.F. Shang, H. Wang, Y.W. Wang, Y.B. Xu, 2007, published in Elektrokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 1341–1345.     

Li2O-TiO2-SiO2-P2O5和Li2O-TiO2-Al2O3-P2O5体系锂离子固体电解质的制备及性能研究

一些具有NASICON型网格结构的固体电解质具有高的电导率和好的稳定性,NASICON的意思是Na Super Ionic Conductor[1]。当NaZr2(PO4)3中P5 被Si4 部分取代时便可以得到具有NASICON结构的Na1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系,其具有高的钠离子电导率。然而有相同结构的Li1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系的离子电导率却很低,这是因为Li 半径太小,而NASICON三维网格结构的离子通道太大,两者不匹配而使电导率下降[2]。但当LiZr2(PO4)3中Zr4 被离子半径小些的Ti4 取代,所得LiTi2(PO4)3的通道就与Li 半径相匹配,适合于锂离子的迁移,从而使其电导率…     

Direct formation of cyclobutenylphosphonates from 1-alkynylphosphonates and Cp2ZrCl2/2EtMgCl/2CuCl

Zirconacycles 2 prepared from 1-alkynylphosphonates 1, zirconocene dichloride, and 2 equiv of EtMgCl are smoothly converted into cyclobutenylphosphonates 3 when treated with two equiv of CuCl in 65-81% isolated yield. The reaction is specific and general only for zirconacyclopentenyl phosphonates.     

Condensation of CF2Br2, CF2BrCl and BrCF2CF2Br with enamines and ynamines

BrCF₂X (X : Cl, Br, BrCF₂) react wth enamines and ynamines. A radical chain mechanism is proposed. Halogen (Br or Cl) - fluorine exchange of α halodifluoromethylketones to α trifluoromethylketones using Bu₄⁺N, F^?, 3H₂O is examined.     

TiO2/UV/O2和TiO2/UV/N2体系降解水中对氯硝基苯

以商用TiO₂P25为催化剂,分别在TiO₂/UV/O₂和TiO₂/UV/N₂两种体系下进行降解对氯硝基苯(pCNB)试验.采用ESR对两种体系下光催化反应形成的·OH进行测定,利用LC-MS对两种体系下反应形成的中间产物进行了定性和定量分析,最后对pCNB降解过程中氯和硝基的存在形式进行了研究.结果表明:TiO₂/UV/O₂体系的催化降解效果要明显优于TiO₂/UV/N₂体系;两种反应体系都有·OH产生,并且TiO₂/UV/O₂体系产生的·OH的量多于TiO₂/UV/N₂体系产生的·OH的量;TiO₂/UV/O₂体系形成的中间产物的种类要多于TiO₂/UV/N₂体系形成的,苯环上的氢、氯、硝基均可被·OH取代形成对硝基酚(pNP)、5-氯-2-硝基酚(5-C-2-PN)等酚类物质;两种体系下均有Cl^-和NO₂^-存在,其中Cl^-生成势与pCNB的去除势一致,只有TiO₂/UV/O₂体系中存在NO₃^-.     

Measurement and interpretation of the integrated infrared intensities of C2H2 and C2D2

The absolute IR intensities of acetylene and perdeuterio acetylene have been measured using the Wilson-Wells-Penner-Weber method. The intensity data have been analyzed in terms of dipole moment derivatives, bond charge parameters and atomic polar tensors. The experimentally determined intensity parameters have been compared with the corresponding values obtained from ab initio calculations.     

Transport and optical properties of heavily hole-doped semiconductors BaCu2Se2 and BaCu2Te2

Experimental and theoretical studies of the electronic and optical properties of orthorhombic BaCu₂Se₂ and BaCu₂Te₂ are reported. Experimental data include the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and lattice constants for , and optical transmission and diffuse reflectance data at room temperature. Nominally stoichiometric, polycrystalline samples form with hole concentrations inferred from Hall measurements of 2×10¹⁸ and 5×10¹⁹ cm⁻³ near room temperature for the selenide and telluride, respectively. The corresponding mobilities are near 15 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ for both materials. Optical measurements reveal a transition near 1.8 eV in BaCu₂Se₂, while no similar feature was observed for BaCu₂Te₂. First principles calculations indicate both materials are direct or nearly direct gap semiconductors with calculated gaps near 1.0 eV and 1.3 eV for the telluride and selenide, respectively, and predict weak absorption below about 2 eV. Transport properties calculated from the electronic structure are also presented.     

An ab initio MO study on structures and energetics of CH2Si2, CH2Si2, and CH2Si2

The geometric structures and isomeric stabilities of various stationary points in CH₂Si₂ neutral, cation and anion are investigated at the coupled-cluster singles, doubles (triples) (CCSD(T)) level of theory. For the geometrical survey, the basis sets used are of the cc-pVTZ for the neutral and cation. The final energies are calculated by the use of the CCSD(T) level of theory with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set at their optimized geometries. To the competitive two-anion isomers, the aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets are applied. The global minimum (N-1) of the CH₂Si₂ neutral has a quite different framework from those of the C₃H₂ (cyclopropenylidene) and Si₃H₂ (trisilacyclopropenylidene) neutrals. No competitive low-lying isomers are found in the CH₂Si₂ neutral. The attractive conformer (C-1) is predicted for the most stable cation, where its framework is quite different from that of the neutral N-1. Both H atoms are connected to the same C atom, but each C–H bond length is different from each other. Two competitive anion isomers with positive (real) electron affinities are predicted. The framework of the most stable anion A-1 is quite similar to that of the cation C-1, whereas both H atoms are equally connected to the same C atom. The framework of the anion isomer A-2 is the same as that in the neutral N-1. The vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials from the most stable neutral N-1 are 9.02 and 8.71 eV, respectively. The adiabatic electron affinity of the lowest lying isomer N-1 is only 0.43 eV and the vertical electron detachment energy form the global minimum anion (A-1) is 2.02 eV. The multi-centered Si–H–Si bonds are found in the neutral, cation, and anion.     

Removal of NO in NO/N2, NO/N2/O2, NO/CH4/N2, and NO/CH4/O2/N2 systems by flowing microwave discharges

In this paper, continuing previous work, we report on experiments carried out to investigate the removal of NO from simulated flue gas in nonthermal plasmas. The plasma-induced decomposition of small concentrations of NO in N2 used as the carrier gas and O2 and CH4 as minority components has been studied in a surface wave discharge induced with a surfatron launcher. The reaction products and efficiency have been monitored by mass spectrometry as a function of the composition of the mixture. NO is effectively decomposed into N2 and O2 even in the presence of O2, provided always that enough CH4 is also present in the mixture. Other majority products of the plasma reactions under these conditions are NH3, CO, and H2. In the absence of O2, decomposition of NO also occurs, although in that case HCN accompanies the other reaction products as a majority component. The plasma for the different reaction mixtures has been characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. Intermediate excited species of NO*, C*, CN*, NH*, and CH* have been monitored depending on the gas mixture. The type of species detected and their evolution with the gas composition are in agreement with the reaction products detected in each case. The observations by mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy are in agreement with the kinetic reaction models available in literature for simple plasma reactions in simple reaction mixtures.     

Fluorine sites in glasses and transparent glass-ceramics of the system Na2O/K2O/Al2O3/SiO2/BaF2

The transparent glass-ceramics obtained in the silicate system Na₂O/K₂O/SiO₂/BaF₂ show homogeneously dispersed BaF₂ nano crystals with a narrow size distribution. The X-ray diffraction and the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were applied to glasses and the respective glass-ceramics in order to clarify the crystallization mechanism and the role of fluorine during crystallization. With an increasing annealing time, the concentration and also the number of crystals remain approximately constant. With an increasing annealing temperature, the crystalline fraction increases until a saturation limit is reached, while the number of crystals decreases and the size of the crystals increases. Fluoride in the glassy network occurs as Al-F-Ba, Al-F-Na and also as Ba-F structures. The latter are transformed into crystalline BaF₂ and fluoride is removed from the Al-F-Ba/Na bonds. However, some fluorine is still present in the glassy phase after the crystallization.