关于ABS树脂热失重数据的计算

在解析TG曲线时,常用的方法有积分法和微分法,但反应级数需要通过预先假定和尝试确定.本文以ABS树脂热解反应为对象,采用三次样条插值函数求得热解反应速率,利用二元线性回归经一次计算,同时求得ABS树脂热解反应表观活化能E,视频因子A以及反应级数n,并把所得结果与积分法和微分法作了比较,确定了各自方法所适用的转化率区间.本文还考察了不同升温速率对热解动力学参数的影响.     

物理化学中关于n级反应及其半衰期的讨论

相对于积分法和微分法,由半衰期法确定反应级数的方法具有更高的可靠性和普适性。但教科书上由n级反应推导半衰期的过程却较为模糊。本文通过四种不同的方法详细探讨了n级反应及其半衰期的推导过程,有利于学生加深对n级反应及其半衰期推导过程的认识。     

关于反应级数的确定方法

研究化学反应动力学 ,一般首先从实验数据确定其反应级数 ,这不仅是因为反应级数体现浓度对反应速率的影响程度 ,而且是推测反应机理的最重要依据。大多物理化学教材中 ,详细讨论了形式为 - ｄｃｄｔ=ｋｃｎ 类型速率方程的反应级数的确定方法 ,主要有 3种 :积分法 ,微分法和半衰期法。本文将从实用性和准确性的角度予以讨论 ,并提出一个合适的和方便的方法。　　 (1 )关于微分法。将速率方程取对数 :ｌｎ - ｄｃｄｔ =ｎｌｎｃ +ｌｎｋ ,则ｌｎ - ｄｃｄｔ ～ｌｎｃ为线性关系 ,其斜率为ｎ。求ｎ的具体步骤为 :作ｃ～ｔ曲线 ;在曲线上取若…     

阳极电沉积Co-Ni混合氧化物在碱性介质中的电催化析氧性能

 利用电化学阳极共沉积技术,从含不同Co2+/Ni2+比的NaOH溶液中,在Ni基体上制备了Co-Ni混合氧化物. 利用X射线衍射分析了混合氧化物的物相结构,并通过循环伏安法、稳态Tafel曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了混合氧化物作为析氧阳极材料的电催化活性. 结果表明,从n(Co2+)/n(Ni2+)=1的电解液中沉积所得的Co-Ni混合氧化物主要为尖晶石结构NiCo2O4相,并具有最高的析氧催化活性. 析氧反应在Co-Ni混合氧化物电极上表现出两个明显的Tafel区域: 在低电势区Tafel曲线斜率为40~48 mV/(°),对OH-的反应级数为2.0; 在高电势区Tafel曲线斜率为110~120 mV/(°),对OH-的反应级数为1.0. 在恒定电势E=0.60 V时,Co-Ni混合氧化物上析氧反应的电化学标准活化焓为37.4~51.7 kJ/mol. 通过对析氧历程的分析,提出了在不同电势范围内Co-Ni混合氧化物上析氧反应的动力学方程,并较好地解释了实验结果.     

n级反应的热动力学对比进度法

在化学反应的热动力学研究中,根据一次实验的热谱曲线来确定一个未知反应的级数,是一项很有理论和实际意义的工作.本文建立了n级反应的热动力学对比进度法.应用此法可判定反应级数和计算速率常数,并用实验及文献数据验证了本文方法的正确性.     

硫酸铈水合物的热分解行为及动力学研究

利用TG—DTA和DSC手段研究了Ce(SO_4)_2·4H_2O的热分解行为。由TG—DTA曲线经Freeman法求出了热分解反应的活化能及反应级数,由DSC曲线测定了分解反应的脱水焓及分解焓值。通过化学分析、X射线物相分析及磁矩测量等方法表征了分解产物。     

液相法苯选择加氢制环己烯催化反应动力学方程

 测定了Ru－M－B／ZrO2催化剂上选择加氢制环己烯反应过程中苯、环己烯及环己烷浓度随时间变化的c～t曲线，获得了苯选择加氢制环己烯反应中各步反应的级数和速率常数等动力学参数．结果给出，苯转化的反应级数对苯为1，对氢低压下为2，高压下为0；环己烯继续加氢生成环己烷的反应级数对环己烯为0，对氢低压下为2，高压下为0．在此基础上建立了苯选择加氢制环己烯各步反应的动力学方程，并对动力学方程进行了验证．     

热动力学特征对比参量法及其应用研究

基于简单级数反应的积分和微分热动力学方程，建立了热动力学特征对比参量 法的数学模型，提出了一种由特征时间参量计算特征对比参量的方法，通过几种不 同级数模型反应的热动力学研究证明了方法的正确性，并利用该法研究了过氧化氢 在磷酸盐缓冲液中氧化对苯醌反应的动力学特征，实验结果表明该反应动力学方程 可以表示为：dC(醌)/dt=kC(醌)C(H_2O_2)~0.5C(H~+)~(-0.5)     

Re/Pt/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2/蜂窝整体催化剂上低温水煤气变换反应动力学研究

采用微分反应器,研究了新型Re/Pt/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2/蜂窝催化剂上低温水煤气变换反应的动力学行为。利用非线性最小二乘法处理正交设计的实验数据,获得了动力学方程的模型参数。所得的结果符合幂函数型动力学方程,经F检验和相关指数检验,实验值和模拟计算值符合较好。在该催化剂上水煤气变换反应的活化能为70kJ/mol,与文献中报道的数值相吻合。该催化剂上反应速率对CO、H2O、H2和CO2的反应级数分别为0.09、0.88、-0.54和-0.11,与传统的Cu基低变催化剂上的反应级数相差较大。这表明,低温水煤气变换反应在两种催化剂上遵循不同的反应机理。     

关于反应级数的讨论

用微分法对n级反应的速率方程v=kc^n进行了讨论。在一定浓度下，当1＋nlnc〈0时，dv/dc是n的减函数；当1＋nlnc〉o时，dv/dc是n的增函数；dv/vdc总是n的增函数。在一定反应级数时，当0〈n〈1时，dv/dc是c的减函数；当n〈0或n〉1时，dv/dc是c的增函数；当n〈0时，dv/vdc是c的增函数；当n〉0时，dv/vdc是c的减函数。     

1,3,5-三硝基-六氢化-1,3,5-三嗪-2(1H)-酮(Keto-RDX)新法合成、晶体结构和热性能研究

研究了1,3,5-三硝基-六氢化-1,3,5-三嗪-2(1H)-酮(Keto-RDX)的合成新方法,以乌洛托品和硝基胍为原料,通过Mannich反应得到2-硝亚胺基-六氢化-1,3,5-三嗪盐酸盐(NIHT·HCl),用HNO3/AC2O硝化可得Keto-RDX,并采用核磁共振、红外、质谱以及元素分析等进行了结构表征.培养了Keto-RDX单晶,晶体结构解析表明:晶体属于正交晶系,空间群Pnma,晶胞参数a=1.0057(17)nm,b=1.3483(2)nm,c=0.5982(10)nm,V=0.8112(2)nm3,Z=4,Dc=1.933 g/cm3,μ=0.188 mm-1,F(000)=480.差示扫描量热(DSC)法和热失重(TG/DTG)法分析表明,Keto-RDX分解峰温为211.4℃(DSC),在185.00～202.79℃为固相分解阶段,峰温为198.61℃,质量损失为21.45%,在202.79～230.00℃为液相分解阶段,质量损失为77.83%,峰温为213.78℃,热稳定性较RDX差.     

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Corn Cob Impregnated With Zinc Chloride for Preparation of Activated Carbon

The thermochemical decomposition of agricultural by-product corn cob impregnated with ZnCl₂, as a precursor material for producing the activated carbons, was investigated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis at the heating rate of 5 and 10°C min^–1 under a controlled atmosphere of nitrogen (60 ml min^–1). The appearance of a peak in the differential thermogravimetric plot (DTG) in the temperature range of 400–600°C is significantly related to the extent of impregnation. The DTG curve of the sample impregnated with the optimal impregnation ratio of 175% (i.e., the ratio of ZnCl₂ mass of 87.5 g in the 200 cm³ of water to corn cobmass of 50 g), which yields an optimal BET surface area of the activated carbon and displays a DTG peak at about 500°C. This may be partially due to the intense chemical activation and results in the formation of a porous structure in the activated solid residue. This observation is also in close agreement with previous results at optimal pyrolysis temperatures of 500°C and with similar experimental conditions. In order to support the results in the TG-DTG analysis, the development of pore structure of the resulting activated carbons thus obtained by previous studies was also examined and explained using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Capillary electrophoresis separation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and related species with phosphate-based buffers

This study focused on optimizing phosphate-based buffers and other capillary electrophoresis (CE) parameters for separating and characterizing high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42), emmer (Triticum dicoccum, AABB, 2n = 4x = 28) and Aegilops tauschii (DD, 2n = 2x = 14). The fast and high-resolution separation of HMW-GS was achieved using 0.1 M phosphate-glycine buffer (pH 2.5, containing 20% acetonitrile and 0.05% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) at 12.5 kV and 40 degrees C with 25 microm inside diameter (ID)x27 cm uncoated fused-silica capillary. In general, one sample separation can be analyzed in 15 min. The good run-to-run repeatable separation of HMW-GS could be obtained with a relative standard deviation of less than 1% when capillaries were rinsed with 1 M phosphoric acid for 2 min, followed by separation buffer for 2 min after each separation. The HMW-GS from some bread wheat cultivars as well as tetraploid and diploid accessions was separated by the CE method described above, and all subunits detected were well characterized and readily identified. Some HMW-GS showed reversed mobilities and elution order compared to the methods of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and SDS-CE. Particularly, most of the HMW-GS analyzed with the CE buffer used were separated into multiple peaks, generally a high peak plus a minor peak. CE appears to be capable of separating and characterizing HMW-GS with fast and high-resolution features, therefore it is expected to be useful for specific germplasm screening and desirable HMW-GS identification in wheat quality improvement.     

三水和硝酸N,N,N"'-四[(1'-苄基-2'-苯并咪唑)甲基]-1,2- 环已二胺合Zn(Ⅱ)的晶体结构和非等温热分解反应动力学

本文报道标题Zn(Ⅱ)配合物:[Zn(NBOCTB)](NO~3)~2.3H~2O的制备,晶体结构及热分解动力学,该晶体属三斜晶系,空间群PI,a=1.4146(2),B=1.5407(3),c=1.8518(4)nm;α=62.09(2).β=72.46(2),68.60(1)°. 并对配合物第一和第二步热分解反应进行了非等温动力学研究.运用Achar法与Coats-Redfern 法对非等温动力学数据进行分析,推断第一步脱水过程为成核生长机理,其动力学方程为d α/dt=Ae^-^E^/^R^T.3/2(1-α).[-ln(1-α) ] ^1^/^3; 动力学补偿效应表达式lnA= 0.3739E- 3. 321. 第二步分解过程为二级化学反应, 其动力学方程为:dα/dt=Ae^E^/^r^t(1-α)^2;动力学补偿效应表达式为lnA=0.2100E-3.690.     

城市污水污泥燃烧特性和动力学特性分析

采用热重分析仪对城市污水污泥进行热重实验,通过TG(热重)、DTG(微分热重)和DSC(差示扫描量热)曲线的分析对比,获得污水污泥热解和燃烧不同阶段的特性。低于250℃,燃烧与热解的热重曲线基本吻合,说明在此之前,失重速率主要受控于有机物的分解以及析出,燃烧过程对失重影响不明显。燃烧DTG曲线呈现“W”峰型,第一个失重速率峰与热解DTG曲线基本对应,高于410℃,燃烧DTG曲线出现显著的加速。采用Coats-Redfern 积分法,假设不同的反应模型进行拟合,推断出污泥燃烧过程中两个DTG峰体现出不同的反应机理。借鉴煤燃烧机理分析认为,污泥燃烧反应初期挥发分的燃烧受控于化学反应速率,随着温度的不断提高,剩余挥发分的燃尽和固定碳的燃烧总反应速率逐渐受扩散因素控制。基于分析所得污泥燃烧机理,采用四个独立的平行反应模型模拟污泥的燃烧过程,拟合曲线与实验数据吻合良好。     

Non-isothermal studies of adduct molecules of metallic halides with oxo-compounds in solid state.IV

Non-isothermal studies of some adduct molecules of metallic halides with di-isopropyl ether as the type MX₂(DIPE), in solid state, were carried out with a derivatograph, where M Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) or Cu(II), XCl^? or Br^?. DIPE  di-isopropyl ether and y = 0.2–1. These adduct molecules lost di-isopropyl ether in single or multiple steps upon heating. Thermally stable intermediate products were isolated and characterised by elemental analysis and IR spectral measurement. The activation energy for each step of decomposition of the adduct was evaluated from the analysis of TG, DTG and DTA curves of the respective derivatogram. The enthalpy change was evaluated from the DTA peak area and the order of reaction was found to be unity for each step of decomposition. Thermal parameters for the above adducts were compared with the adducts of other oxo-compounds like dioxan, tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.     

Ion chromatography determination of trace level bromate by large volume injection with conductivity and spectrophotometric detection after post column derivatisation

Bromate is a well known by-product produced by the ozonisation of drinking water; the allowed concentration for human consumption has to be regulated to the low microg l(-1) range. A direct injection, ion chromatographic method was developed using a tetraborate eluent with serially connected conductivity and spectrophotometric detection. Bromate was detected after post-column reaction with fuchsin at 520 nm. Sample capacity was investigated by injecting large volumes (up to 6 ml) using a high total hardness and chloride tap water. Linear correlation of bromate response with volumes from 1 ml to 6 ml was demonstrated, the main limitation being the overlapping of the chloride peak with bromate. Up to 1.5 ml sample can be injected without any pre-treatment. With more than 1.5 ml injection volume, a sample pre-treatment with a cartridge in Ag and H form, followed by a 10 min degassing in an ultrasonic bath, was needed. This method was validated by analysing secondary reference materials and real samples from a drinking water treatment plant. The method was linear from the limit of quantification to 20 microg l(-1). Reproducibilities in tap water were 18% (5 microg l(-1), n=12) and 21% (1 microg l(-1), n=4) respectively for 1.5 and 6 ml injection volumes with conductivity detection, and 17% at 0.5 microg l(-1) (n=9) with spectrophotometric detection. Calculated detection limits were 0.5 microg l(-1) (6 ml) ahd 2 microg l(-1) (1.5 ml) for conductivity detection and 0.3 microg l(-1) (1.5 ml) for spectrophotometric detection.     

单扫描极谱法测定注射液及血清中维生素K1

建立了维生素K1的极谱测定方法.在0.05 mol·L-1 NH4Cl-NH3(pH 8.58)缓冲溶液中,维生素K1可产生一极谱还原峰,峰电位Ep为-0.39 V ;其二阶微分峰峰电流ip″与维生素K1的浓度在1.1×10-7 ～2.2×10-5 mol·L-1范围内呈线性关系,相关系数r=0.998 6(n= 9 );方法的检出限为4.0×10-8 mol·L-1.13次平行测定2.2×10-5 mol·L-1维生素K1还原波二阶导数峰峰电流ip″的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.83%.本法可直接用于注射液及血清中维生素K1含量的测定.     

Neutron-activation analysis of manganese in polysulphide materials

A fast non-destructive neutron-activation analysis method has been developed for manganese in polysulphide adhesives. Samples are irradiated for 20 min at a thermal flux of 2 x 10(10) n cm(-2) sec(-1). The net activity in the 0.845-MeV gamma peak of (56)Mn produced by the (n, gamma) reaction in the sample is compared with the activity obtained from a weighed amount of pure manganese irradiated at the same time. Samples containing 2-3% of manganese have been analysed with a relative standard deviation of 2.9%.     

Sorptive and thermal properties of red clay in relation to Cr(VI)

The results of Cr(VI) adsorption on the red clay modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide are given. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) is determined based on the Langmuir–Freundlich model and exhibits the adsorption capacity of 0.0005 mol/g in relation to Cr(VI). The study of the pH effect showed that the optimal pH range corresponding to the Cr(VI) adsorption maximum on this clay is 2–6.5. Thermal analysis of the modified adsorbent, i.e., Na/HDTMA-clay, shows two DTG peaks at 58–61 and 241 °C. The first one is a consequence of dehydration of the modified clay sample. The other DTG peak results from evaporation and pyrolysis of HDTMA adsorbed on the clay. In the case of Na/HDTMA-Cr-clay three peaks appear at: 64, 232, and 340 °C. The third DTG peak is related to the oxidation of surfactant. Moreover, the raw mineral shows the peak at 543 °C attributed to the clay dehydroxylation.