超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定饲料中镇静剂类和β-受体激素类药物残留

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术,建立了饲料中8种镇静剂类和15种β-受体激素类药物残留的分析检测方法。样品采用乙腈-1%(体积分数)三氯乙酸水溶液(7∶3,v/v)提取,目标物通过阳离子固相萃取柱净化,经Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C_(18)色谱柱(100 mm×3.0 mm,1.8μm)分离,液相色谱-串联质谱进行检测,标准曲线内标法定量。结果表明:23种目标物在2.0~200.0μg/L内线性关系良好(r20.99)。在饲料样品基质中,目标化合物在5.0、10、50μg/kg 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为75.1%~102.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.3%~14.3%(n=6)。该方法净化效率高,适用范围广,可用于饲料中镇静剂类和β-受体激素类药物残留筛查和检测。     

液相色谱-质谱对预混饲料水解液中一碘酪氨酸与二碘酪氨酸的检测

一碘酪氨酸(MIT)和二碘酪氨酸(DIT)分别是碘化酪蛋白的特征水解产物之一[1],因此,通过检测饲料水解液中的MIT和DIT可判断饲料中是否含有碘化酪蛋白.碘化酪蛋白是一种拟甲状腺激素类药物[2],具有调节动物生长发育、促进产奶、降低体脂和促进鸟类换羽[3-4]等功能.碘化酪蛋白作为饲料添加剂使用始于20世纪40年代,但随着激素类药物作为饲料添加剂在我国的全面停止使用[5],碘化酪蛋白的检测受到行业广泛关注.碘化酪蛋白为非纯物质,在饲料中的用量低,其测定存在一定困难.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测饲料中7种精神类药物

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测饲料样品中7种精神类药物(硝西泮、奥沙西泮、氯丙嗪、异丙嗪、地西泮、奋乃静、硫利达嗪)的方法.通过对提取溶剂、净化等预处理条件及LC-MS/MS 分析条件的优化,可以同时检测饲料中7种违禁精神类药物.饲料样品经乙腈/水(9:1, V/V)提取后,过MCX固相萃取柱净化,氮吹至干,用1 mL乙腈/水(2:8, V/V)溶解后测定,采用SRM模式进行定性与定量分析.7种精神类药物在饲料中的回收率为53.9%～110.2%; 相对标准偏差为3.4%～18.4%;硝西泮、奥沙西泮、氯丙嗪、异丙嗪的检出限为1.0 ng/g;对地西泮、奋乃静、硫利达嗪的检出限为5.0 ng/g.结果表明,本方法可用于饲料中7种精神类药物的测定.     

分散微固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水样中3种氯霉素类和11种激素类药物残留

基于官能化聚苯乙烯/二乙烯苯填料(PEP),采用分散微固相萃取(DMSPE)前处理技术,结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS),建立了同时测定水样中3种氯霉素类和11种激素类药物残留的分析方法。通过对DMSPE中PEP用量、吸附时间、样品溶液pH、洗脱溶剂的种类和体积等参数进行优化,实现了对水样中3种氯霉素类和11种激素类药物残留的有效提取和净化。分析物经C_(18)色谱柱分离,以水-甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,质谱采用电喷雾电离多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。3种氯霉素类和11种激素类药物在各自线性范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.994;方法检出限为0.1～3.1 ng/L,定量限为0.2～10.4 ng/L、2、10、100 ng/L;4个加标水平的回收率在53.6%～90.4%范围,日内精密度为5.2%～16.9%。该方法快速、简便、灵敏,适用于水样中上述两类药物残留量的检测。     

液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定饲料中8种苯并咪唑类药物

建立了同时测定饲料中8种苯并咪唑类药物(噻苯咪唑、丙硫咪唑、硫苯咪唑、苯硫氧咪唑、氟苯咪唑、甲苯咪唑、丙氧苯唑和三氯苯唑)的液相色谱串联质谱分析方法。饲料样品用酸化乙腈直接提取,提取液用甲酸溶液稀释后进行分析。分析时用XBridgeTMC18色谱柱,以甲酸溶液-乙腈体系进行梯度洗脱,MRM方式测定,基质外标法定量。8种苯并咪唑类药物均在0.02~10.0 mg.L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)均不低于0.990,在饲料样品中的检出限为2.1~63.0μg.kg-1。饲料中苯并咪唑类药物在0.50、30、200 mg.kg-13种加标水平下的回收率为84%~104%,相对标准偏差均小于10.0%。方法分析单个样品约需30 min,该方法适合饲料中8种苯并咪唑类药物的同时分析。     

动物性食品中氯霉素类药物残留色谱和质谱检测技术研究进展

综述了氯霉素类药物在动物性食品中残留的色谱和质谱检测技术,分析了各种色谱和质谱检测技术的优缺点,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。以期为我国动物性食品中氯霉素类药物残留的色谱和质谱检测方法提供技术支持和理论依据。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速筛查马饲料中39种违禁药物

建立了同时快速筛查和确证马饲料中39种赛马违禁药物(包含抗心率失常类药物、抗惊厥类药物、止痉挛类药物、抗疟疾类药物、刺激剂、麻醉剂及大麻酚类药物)的液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品粉碎后分别经1 mmol/L HClO4溶液和酸化乙腈溶液提取,并通过混合型固相萃取柱净化。采用Agilent Zorbax SB(10.0 cm×2.1 mm i.d.,3.5 μm) 色谱柱,以0.4%甲酸水溶液和0.4%甲酸乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,正离子多反应监测(MRM) 模式下检测。方法对空白饲料3个加标水平下的平均回收率为58%~116%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~20.4%,各类药物线性良好(r2＞0.99)。方法检出限(S/N≥3)和定量下限(S/N≥10)分别为0.2~25.0 μg/kg和1.0~40.0 μg/kg,其中超过67%药物的检出限在2.5 μg/kg以下。实验结果表明,该方法分析时间短,灵敏度、精密度良好,适用于马饲料中上述几类药物的快速筛查和测定。     

液相色谱-质谱法测定饲料中阿维菌素类药物

建立了饲料中阿维菌素类药物(阿维菌素、多拉菌素、埃普菌素和伊维菌素)液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)检测法. 用乙腈提取样品中的药物, 加水稀释, 加三乙胺调节pH, 经C18固相萃取柱净化, LC-MS法测定. 结果表明, 方法平均回收率为91.3%～99.8%, RSD为2.9%～15% (n=4), 配合饲料、浓缩饲料和预混合饲料中的检出限均为10 μg/kg; 定量限均为20 μg/kg. 方法可用于饲料样品中阿维菌素类药物残留量的确证检测.     

基于色谱-质谱法的肉类食品中大环内酯类药物残留及其代谢产物分析方法研究进展

大环内酯类药物是食品安全检测关注的热点,该文论述了大环内酯类兽药分析检测的研究背景和现状,介绍了大环内酯类药物及其代谢产物在畜禽类动物体内的分布部位,并对国内外肉类食品中大环内酯类兽药残留的前处理方法及检测方法进行综述,同时对大环内酯类药物及其代谢产物残留分析的研究方向进行了展望。     

双抗夹心ELISA法测定水资源、食品及饲料中总甾体激素含量

基于睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(C.test)具有降解甾体类物质的特性,其细胞中3α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶/碳酰基还原酶(3α-HSD)是诱导酶,建立了以3α-HSD的测定总甾体激素含量的双抗夹心酶联免疫反应(ELISA)方法。实验结果表明,睾丸酮类甾体激素的量在0.5～600μg/g之间,与3α-HSD酶表达量具有明显线性关系。应用这种方法对多种水资源、饲料、肉食品进行了检测。检测结果表明,松花湖水中的睾丸酮类甾体激素含量为34.5μg/g,明显高于其它水系;被测饲料中睾丸酮类甾体激素含量均大于2μg/g;肉类样品的检测结果均低于检测下限。本方法与高效液相色谱法的测定结果相符。     

饲料中常见的兽药及其检测技术

根据治疗、预防疾病和促进动物生长的需要,兽药在饲料中得到广泛应用。阐述了饲料中常见兽药种类及其化学特性,兽药在饲料中的应用情况及其对人体的危害性。对饲料中兽药的检测技术及其进展进行了简要介绍。     

Determination of sulfur and chlorine in fodder by X-ray fluorescence spectral analysis and comparison with other analytical methods

Sulfur and chlorine are essential elements in the metabolic processes of ruminants, and correct planning strategy of ruminant nutrition should provide a sufficient content of S and Cl in the animal's body. S and Cl can be found in various types of animal fodder in the form of organic compounds and minerals. In this work, the Cl and S content in forage was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and its performance was then compared in parallel analyses by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and potentiometric methods. The results were compared and critically evaluated in order to assess the performance and capability of the XRF technique in analysis of animal fodder.     

不同基质中常见毒品检测方法研究进展

毒品犯罪已成为世界各国重点关注的突出问题。除了常见的传统毒品外,大量新型合成毒品从境外涌入国内市场,这些毒品又添加在不同的基质类型中,更加难以检测。基于此,对近年来国内外不同基质中常见毒品的前处理方法和检测技术展开了综述,展示了前处理方法的提取效率和不同检测技术的检测效果;对于仪器检测技术而言,给出了样品的定量限和检出限、线性关系、回收率等具体数据,并对检测方法做了总结和展望,以期对科研和实际办案提供一定参考。     

Current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring

The role of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques in routine therapeutic drug monitoring activity is becoming increasingly important. This paper reviews LC-MS methods published in the last few years for certain classes of drugs subject to therapeutic drug monitoring: immunosuppressants, antifungal drugs, antiretroviral drugs, antidepressants and antipsychotics. For each class of compounds, we focussed on the most interesting methods and evaluated the current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring.     

Trends in techniques for the extraction of drugs and pesticides from biological specimens prior to chromatographic separation and detection

The isolation of non-volatile organic poisons from biological specimens is often difficult and time consuming. This paper surveys the isolation of common drugs and pesticides from biological specimens, including serum, blood and tissue, and the effect of experimental variables on the recovery of compounds, with emphasis on recent trends in extraction techniques and new methods under development, particularly those applicable to forensic toxicology. Traditional liquid-liquid extraction techniques are increasingly being replaced by or used in combination with newer extraction techniques such as solid-phase and supercritical fluid extraction. The potential advantages and problems encountered when incorporating these new methodologies in the isolation of drugs and pesticides from biological matrices are discussed. Although early implementation of solid-phase extraction techniques in forensic toxicology has been hampered by a variety of problems, including extract quality, reproducibility and selectivity, improvements in sorbent quality and elution solvents continue to facilitate their replacement of traditional liquid-liquid extraction methods. Future developments in supercritical fluid extraction should allow this technique to develop in an extremely powerful quantitative tool for the isolation of drugs and pesticides either from solid-phase sorbents or from their endogenous matrices.     

Recent studies of the electrospray ionisation behaviour of selected drugs and their application in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

This review is concerned with recent studies of electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of selected small molecular mass drugs and their application in qualitative and quantitative analytical methods using the techniques liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS). The publications reviewed are taken from the Web of Knowledge database for the year 2006. The drugs have molecular mass less than 1000 Da and are chosen according to selected drug classifications in which they give ESI signals primarily as [M+H]+ ions. The drug classifications are antibiotics/antibacterials, steroids, anti-tumour drugs, erectile dysfunction agents, anti-epileptic drugs, antiasthmatic drugs, psychoactive drugs and miscellaneous drugs. Details are given on the fragmentations, where available, that these ionic species exhibit in-source and in ion trap, triple quadrupole and time-of-flight mass spectrometers. Analytical methods for the detection and determination of these small molecular mass drug molecules are also discussed, where appropriate, under the particular drug classifications. Analytical information on, for example, sample concentration techniques, separation conditions, recoveries from biological media and limits of detection/quantitation (LODs and LOQs) are provided.     

Electroanalysis of antitubercular drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids: A review

Tuberculosis remains a major global public health problem. Given the need for extensive analysis of antitubercular drugs, the development of sensitive, reliable and facile analytical methods to determine these compounds becomes necessary. Electrochemical techniques have inherent advantages over other well-established analytical methods, this review aiming to provide an updated overview of the latest trends (from 2006 till date) in the voltammetric determination of antitubercular drugs. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of these methods are critically discussed. The review reveals that in spite of using a variety of chemically modified electrodes to determine antitubercular drugs, there is still a dearth of applicability of the voltammetric methods to quantify these compounds in human body fluids, especially in blood plasma.     

Mit Chromatographie und Spektrometer: Forensische Toxikologie

Toxicology is a classic field of forensic medicine. Forensic toxicology includes the analysis of medical and illegal drugs and dangerous substances in order of courts, investigating authorities and hospitals. Fast and easy immunological techniques for assying drug familys or single drugs are available. The conventional methods for detection of drugs are generally instrumental procedures such as gas chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography and chromatography‐mass spectrometry.     

Soybean and Lupine Addition in Hen Nutrition—Influence on Egg Immunoreactivity

Modifying hen fodder is a common way of changing eggs composition today. However, there is no information on the effect of the source of protein in the fodder replacement on egg allergenicity. This research aimed to detect potential differences in the immunoreactivity and protein composition of eggs from hens fed with fodder containing legume. The aim of the first step of the study was to select the proper solvent for extracting allergenic proteins from hen eggs. Two of them (containing Tween 20 and Triton 100) were selected, based on protein profile and concentration analysis. Egg-white- and egg-yolk-proteins extracts prepared with them were checked for potential differences, using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and then the Western-blot method, using sera from children allergic to eggs and soy. Preliminary studies on the influence of fodder composition on the composition of egg proteins suggest that the addition of soy and lupine to fodder modifies the expression of egg proteins. The observed differences in the immunoreactivity of proteins contained in hen egg-white samples do not seem to be as significant as the appearance of protein with a molecular weight of ~13 kDa in the yolk of eggs obtained from soybean-fed hens. This protein may increase the immunoreactivity of eggs for children allergic solely to soy.     

Detection and determination of antimalarial drugs and their metabolites in body fluids

This review of methods for determining antimalarial drugs in biological fluids has focused on the various analytical techniques for the assay of chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, sulphadoxine, primaquine and some of their metabolites. The methods for determining antimalarials and their metabolites in biological samples have changed rapidly during the last eight to ten years with the increased use of chromatographic techniques. Chloroquine is still the most used antimalarial drug, and various methods of different complexity exist for the determination of chloroquine and its metabolites in biological fluids. The pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and other antimalarials have been updated using these new methods. The various analytical techniques have been discussed, from simple colorimetric methods of intermediate selectivity and sensitivity to highly sophisticated, selective and sensitive chromatographic methods applied in a modern analytical laboratory. Knowledge concerning the method for a particular study is determined by the type of application and the facilities, equipment and personnel available. Often is it useful to apply various methods when conducting a clinical study in malaria-endemic areas. Field-adapted methods for the analysis of urine samples can be applied at the study site for screening, and corresponding blood samples can be preserved for subsequent analysis in the laboratory. Selecting samples for laboratory analysis is based on clinical, parasitological and field-assay data. The wide array of methods available for chloroquine permit carefully tailored approaches to acquire the necessary analytical information in clinical field studies concerning the use of this drug. The development of additional field-adapted and field-interfaced methods for other commonly used antimalarials will provide similar flexibility in field studies of these drugs.