异丁醛一步制甲基丙烯酸催化剂的改进

以丙烯羰基合成丁辛醇的副产物异丁醛(IBD)为原料制甲基丙烯酸(MAA)是最经济的工艺路线。我们在异丁酸氧化脱氢制MAA杂多酸催化剂研究的基础上曾开展了IBD一步氧化制MAA的研究,得到IBD转化率100％,MAA单收63％,甲基丙烯醛(MAL)单收10％的结果。本文进一步改进了催化剂,取得了新的进展。     

异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的杂多酸盐催化剂的氧化还原性

异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的杂多酸盐催化剂的氧化还原性＊贾继飞吴通好＊＊于剑锋王国甲杨宏茂姜玉子郑莹光（吉林大学化学系，长春１３００２３）关键词异丁醛，一步氧化，甲基丙烯酸，杂多钼磷酸盐，氧化还原性异丁醛（ＩＢＡＬ）一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸（ＭＡＡ）是最...     

异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸用杂多酸盐催化剂

采用共沉淀法制备了用于异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的高活性、多组分杂多酸盐催化剂．用３１Ｐ－ＭＡＳＮＭＲ，ＸＲＤ和ＩＲ等手段对所合成的杂多酸盐催化剂进行了系统的表征．结果表明，催化剂为以Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构钼磷酸盐为骨架的杂多酸盐．其中第一主族元素及Ｓｂ和Ｃｕ占据抗衡离子位置，Ｍｏ和Ｖ占据配位原子位置，Ｐ和Ａｓ占据中心原子位置．考察了催化剂对异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的催化性能．其中含Ｃｓ的杂多酸盐使目的产物甲基丙烯酸的收率最高     

异丁酸氧化脱氢的铁系催化剂的活性机理

用Mossbauer和ESR表征了异丁酸氧化脱氢制取甲基丙烯酸的Pb-FePO_4催化剂 ,同质异能位移和四极分裂值表明,该系催化剂中三价铁占据两种不等效位 Fe~(3+)(A)和 Fe~(3+)(B),当Fe~(3+)(A)接触异丁酸和H时被还原成Fe~(2+)(A)和Fe~(2+)(B),其中还原位Fe~(2+)(A)在反应中很快被O_2重新氧化,Fe~(3+)(A)是活性位,异丁酸在此位上脱氢而生成甲基丙烯酸,上述实验结果证明,在异丁酸氧化脱氢生成甲基丙烯酸反应中,Pb-FePO_4催化剂以氧化还原循环机理维持催化活性。     

杂多钼酸盐中心原子(P,As)对催化氧化性能的影响

合成了具有不同中心原子Keggin阴离子结构的杂多钼酸盐M₃(XMo₁₂O₄₀)(M=K⁺,NH₄⁺,X=P,As)。利用FTIR、TPD、ESR和CV等手段考查了各化合物的氧化还原性质和酸性。比较两种不同中心原子的杂多钼酸盐,其中砷为中心原子的更容易被还原及有较低的酸强度,这类催化剂对异丁醛氧化脱氢活性较低,而对异丁醛氧化为甲基丙烯酸有较高的选择性,中心原子对活性和选择性的影响分别与它们氧化还原电位的升高关联,也与更易给出轿式氧有关。     

Cs_yP_（1．33）－kMo_（12）SblCu_mV_nAs_kO_x催化剂的研究

以共沉淀方法制备了杂多酸盐催化剂ＣｓｙＰ１．３３－ｋＭｏ１２ＳｂｌＣｕｍＶｎＡｓｋＯｘ．利用ＩＲ及ＳＥＭ研究了催化剂的结构，ＤＳＣ研究了催化剂的稳定性，ＥＳＲ研究了催化剂的氧化还原性，及ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ研究了催化剂的酸性．同时考察了催化剂对异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的催化性能，并与催化剂的氧化还原性进行了关联．发现Ｃｓ１．５Ｐ１．１３Ｍｏ１２Ｓｂ０．２５Ｃｕ０．２５Ｖ０．２５Ａｓ０．２０Ｏｘ催化剂使异丁醛氧化的目的产物甲基丙烯酸收率最高，达７０．１％．     

含不同碱金属杂多酸盐催化剂氧化还原性的ESR研究

用ＥＳＲ法研究了异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸过程中所用杂多酸盐催化剂的氧化－还原特性，得到含不同碱金属杂多酸盐催化剂的还原－再氧化处理后的ＥＳＲ谱，讨论了不同碱金属对催化剂氧化还原特性的影响，比较了催化剂中过渡金属离子Ｃｕ，Ｖ，Ｍｏ的氧还原能力，分析了Ｃｕ＾＋易氧化性能对催化反应速度的影响。     

不同反荷离子的Keggin结构钼磷酸盐的热稳定性及其对异丁醛催化氧化活性的影响

用共沉淀法制备了以Keggin结构为骨架的不同反荷离子钼磷酸盐,利用FTIR、XRD等手段进行了表征。结果表明,Li、Na、K、Cs分别作为反荷离子时的杂多酸盐的热稳定性依次增强,并考察了催化剂对异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的催化活性,其中Cs盐的催化活性最优。     

钒取代三元钼杂多化合物对异丁酸氧化脱氢的催化作用

研究了钒取代钼杂多化合物对异丁酸氧化脱氢生成甲基丙烯酸的催化行为。用ＩＲ、ＤＴＡ方法研究了钒对催化剂稳定性、酸性的影响。ＥＳＲ和循环伏安法研究结果表明，钒不仅改变了催化剂的物化性质，而且参与了反应，成为新的催化活性中心。     

不同反荷离子的Keggin结构钼磷酸盐的热稳定性及其对异丁…

用共沉淀法制了以Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构为骨架的不同反荷离子钼磷酸盐，利用ＦＴＩＲ、ＸＲＤ等手段进行了表征。结果表明，Ｌｉ，Ｎａ，Ｋ，Ｃｓ分别作为反荷离子时的杂多酸盐的热稳定性依次增强，并考察了催化剂对异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的催化活性，其中Ｃｓ盐的催化活性最优。     

2-甲硫基-4-羟基-5-嘧啶甲酸乙酯的工艺优化

以S-甲基异硫脲半硫酸盐和乙氧基亚甲基丙二酸二乙酯为主要原料,乙醇为溶剂,合成出2-甲硫基-4-羟基-5-嘧啶甲酸乙酯,研究了2-甲硫基-4-羟基-5-嘧啶甲酸乙酯的工艺优化,考察了投料比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对产率的影响。 获得较好的反应条件:n(C₂H₆N₂S·1/2H₂SO₄):n(C₁₀H₁₆O₅):n(NaOH)=1.2:1:1.8,在室温下缓慢滴加NaOH溶液,搅拌反应6 h,酸化得白色固体产物,产率为81.1%。产物结构经熔点测定仪、¹H NMR、ESI-MS、FT-IR等技术手段得到验证。     

高分子载体Lewis酸催化剂:聚苯乙烯、三氯化铝/四氯化钛复合物

聚苯乙烯交联白球与等摩尔的AlCL₃和TiCl₄混合物在CS₂中反应,可制得一种十分稳定的高分子-双金属盐复合物。此复合物含氧量为11.4％,Al/Ti=2/1。它在丙酮水溶液中显强酸性,且约在2小时接近平衡酸度值。紫外及红外分析证实了聚苯乙烯与AlCl₃/DiCl₄之间复合物的形成。     

用双波长分光光度法测定稀土和钪在其混合物中的含量

氨基C酸偶氮氯膦曾用于稀土胶溶络合物体系[1]。该显色剂在醋酸介质中与各稀土元素及钪形成稳定的络合物。这两种络合物的吸收光谱有明显的差异,利用这些差异,我们应用双波长分光光度法直接分别测定了稀土和钪在其混合物中的含量。方法简便、快速。     

Simple and Sensitive Determination of Aromatic Acids in Coconut Water by g-C3N4@SiO2Based Solid-phase Extraction and HPLC-UV Analysis

In this study, graphitic carbon nitride deposited silica(g-C₃N₄@SiO₂) was prepared by simple pyrolysis of melamine on silica and then used as a solid-phase extraction(SPE) sorbent for the extraction of four representative aromatic acids including benzoic acid(BA), salicylic acid(SA), indolyl-3-butyricacid(IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) in coconut water(CW) samples. g-C₃N₄@SiO₂ exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity for the four aromatic acids, which are in the concentration range of 500-558.8 μg/g. The four aromatic acids could be directly captured by g-C₃N₄@SiO₂ from CW samples within 5 min. Thus, a rapid, simple and effective method for the analysis of four aromatic acids in CW samples was developed by coupling g-C₃N₄@SiO₂-based SPE with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet(HPLC-UV) detection. The linearity of the developed method was in the range of 20-1000 ng/mL and its limit of detection was in the range of 1.9-5.7 ng/mL, which were signi-ficantly lower than those of the reported similar methods. The intra-day and inter-day precisions(based on the relative standard deviation, n=3) of the four aromatic acids were under 9.5% and 10.4%, respectively. The developed method was applied to determining the four aromatic acids in real CW samples and the spiked recoveries varied from 81.1% to 121.8%.     

燃烧与催化气化灰中铝溶出行为的研究

实验对比了燃烧灰与负载Na_2CO_3催化气化灰中Al的溶出行为,考察了Na_2CO_3负载量(0-15%,质量分数)和温度(600-1 000℃)对催化气化灰中主要矿物组成与Al溶出行为的影响。同时,采用XRD分析了燃烧灰、催化气化灰以及酸浸残渣的主要组成。结果表明,燃烧灰的主要组成为莫来石,而催化气化灰的主要组成为硅铝酸钠((Na_2O)_(0.33)NaAlSiO_4)。6 mol/L硫酸、60℃和30 min浸取条件下,燃烧灰的浸出率只有40%,而Na_2CO_3负载量为10%的催化气化灰的浸出率达到88%。催化气化灰更易于回收灰中的Al。     

氯化稀土催化ε-己内酯开环聚合

Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone catalyzed by rare earth chloride dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide and adding a small amount of propylene oxide was studied.The optimum conditions for the ring-opening polymerization of CL are as follows.In the bulk polymerization: n(DMF)/n(LaCl₃)=10,n(PO)/n(LaCl₃)=20,aging temperature: 30 ℃,aging time: 1 h,c(CL)=7.91×10^-3 mol/L,c(LaCl₃)=1.58×10^-5 mol/L,the polymerization carried out at 30 ℃ for 1 h,yield=83.3%,M_ν=1.93×10⁴.In the solution polymerization: n(DMF)/n(LaCl₃)=10,n(PO)/n(LaCl₃)=20,aging temperature: 30 ℃,aging time: 1 h,toluene as the solvent,c(CL)=4.22×10^-3 mol/L,c(LaCl₃)=8.43×10^-6 mol/L,the polymerization was carried out at 30 ℃ for 2 h,yield=62.9%,M_ν=1.21×10⁴.     

Another example of carborane based trianionic ligand: Syntheses and catalytic activities of cyclohexylamino tailed ortho-carboranyl zirconium and titanium dicarbollides

In situ reaction of Li[closo-1-Ph-1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₀] with 7-azabicyclo [4.1.0] heptane results in the formation of the disubstituted carborane, closo-1-Ph-2-(2′-aminocyclohexyl)-1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₀ (1), in 63% yield. Decapitation of (1) with potassium hydroxide in refluxing ethanol produces the cage-opened nido-carborane, K[nido-7-Ph-8-(2′-aminocyclohexyl)-7,8-C₂B₉H₁₀]⁻ (2), in 80% yield. Deprotonation of the above monoanion with two equivalents of n-butyllithium followed by reaction with anhydrous MCl₄ · 2THF (M = Zr, Ti) provides d⁰-half-sandwich metallocarboranes, closo-1-M(Cl)-2-Ph-3-(2′-σ-(H)N-cyclohexyl)-2,3-η⁵-C₂B₉H₉ (3 M = Zr; 4 M = Ti) in 53% and 42% yields, respectively. The reaction of Li[closo-1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₁] with 7-azabicyclo [4.1.0] heptane in THF affords closo-1-(2′-aminocyclohexyl)-1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₀ (5) in 59% yield. Immobilization of the carboranyl amino ligand (1) to an organic support, Merrifield’s peptide resin (1%), has been achieved by the reaction of the sodium salt of (5) with polystyryl chloride in THF to produce closo-1-(2′-aminocyclohexyl)-2-polystyryl-1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₀ (6) in 87% yield. Further reaction of the dianion derived from (6) with anhydrous ZrCl₄ · 2THF led to the formation of the organic polystyryl supported d⁰-half-sandwich metallocarborane, closo-1-Zr(Cl)-2-(2′-σ-(H)N-cyclohexyl)-3-polystyryl-2,3-η⁵-C₂B₉H₉ (7), in 38% yield. These new compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, NMR, and IR spectra. Polymerizations of both ethylene and vinyl chloride with (3) and (7) have been performed in toluene using MMAO-7 (13% ISOPAR-E) as the co-catalyst. Molecular weights up to 32.8 × 10³ (M_w/M_n = 1.8) and 9.5 × 10³ (M_w/M_n = 2.1) were obtained for PE and PVC, respectively.     

PHOTOLYSIS OF SUBSTITUTED NAPHTHALENES ON SiO2 AND Al2O3

Abstract— Photolysis of naphthalene on the surface of SiO₂ under an atmosphere of air produces phthalic acid as the only major photoproduct, accounting for 49%o of the consumed naphthalene. Photolysis on Al₂O₃ also produces phthalic acid, in 31% yield. Photolysis of 1 -methylnaphthalene on SiO₂ proceeds under similar conditions to produce 2-acetylbenzoic acid (35%) as the major photoproduct with the production of a small amount of I-naphthaldchyde (6%). 1-Cyanonaphthalene does not photooxidize under similar conditions. The presence of oxygen is necessary for the photodecomposition of naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene to proceed. Superoxide formed from the photolysis of naphthalene at the SiO₂/air interface is readily observed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the absence of naphthalene no superoxide is observed. A mechanism involving electron transfer from the S₁ state of the naphthalene to O₂ is proposed on the basis of these observations and related literature precedent.     

多元醇一步法制备高碳烃液体燃料的研究

在较温和的条件下,山梨醇和木糖醇被氢碘酸还原转化为高碳烃液体燃料。产物采用GC-MS和FT-IR进行定量分析与表征,并对高碳烃产品的理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,以山梨醇为原料制备的高碳烃产物主要是包括C12H16、C12H18、C12H20、C12H22和C18H26在内的烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃等化合物,烃类的总产率可达85.1%。以木糖醇为原料的反应过程与山梨醇相似,但所得高碳烃是以C10和C15为主的烃类化合物,产率为62.8%。实验还以质量分数为50%的山梨醇和50%的木糖醇混合物为原料制备了高碳烃,结果发现,产物中除C10、C12、C15和C18烃外,还有一定量的C11烃生成,高碳烃产率为65.4%。反应产物经碱化、旋转蒸发和减压蒸馏后分离得到纯度较高的高碳烃,其含水量低于0.2%,常温下运动黏度为3.15~3.17 mm2/s,密度为0.830~0.840 g/mL,含氧量为1.8%~2.1%,热值高于43 MJ/kg。高碳烃的生成是由于多元醇被还原过程中C-I键的极性反转和分子间C-C键的偶联导致。     

ESTIMATION OF ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION AMONG TWO PHOTOSYSTEMS USING PARALLEL MEASUREMENTS OF FLUORESCENCE LIFETIMES AND TRANSIENTS AT 77 K

Abstract— A single-sample method for estimating energy distribution and redistribution among the two photosystems using fluorescence lifetimes and transients at 77 K is presented. In this method,α(the fraction of photons absorbed by photosystem I, PSI) is F_1(α)/(F_1(α)+ (τ_{F 1(M)}/τ_{F 2(M)}).F_2(M)) where, F_1(α) is the fluorescence intensity from PSI excited by photons initially absorbed by the latter, τ_{F 1(M)} and τ_{F 2(M)} are the maximum lifetimes of fluorescence from chlorophyll- a in PSI (1) and II (2), and, F_2(M) is the maximum fluorescence intensity from PSII (P level). Analysis of the intensities and lifetimes of wavelength resolved fluorescence of thylakoids (pH 7.0), with and without cations, leads to the following conclusions: The addition of 10 m M Na⁺ to cation-depleted thylakoids (pH 7.0) increases α by ˜ 10%, while the subsequent addition of 10 m M Mg²⁺ leads to three principal concomitant changes (in the order of importance): a 50% decrease in PSII to PSI energy transfer, a 20% increase in other radiation-less losses, and a 10% decrease in α.