杂多酸盐催化剂中反荷离子对V^4＋离子影响的ESR研究

用ＥＳＲ方法研究了异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸杂多酸盐催化剂中过渡金属离子Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｖ＾４＋的状态，将卷积差方法应用于ＥＳＲ谱增强了过渡金属离子的分辨率，从复杂和重叠谱中检测配位到杂多阴离子上的Ｖ＾４＋波谱参数计算了α＾２和Ｋ值，讨论了反荷离子Ｃｕ＾２＋及各种碱金属对Ｖ＾４＋上电子云密度、未成对电子离域性及Ｖ－Ｏ键性质的影响。     

异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸用杂多酸盐催化剂

采用共沉淀法制备了用于异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的高活性、多组分杂多酸盐催化剂．用３１Ｐ－ＭＡＳＮＭＲ，ＸＲＤ和ＩＲ等手段对所合成的杂多酸盐催化剂进行了系统的表征．结果表明，催化剂为以Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构钼磷酸盐为骨架的杂多酸盐．其中第一主族元素及Ｓｂ和Ｃｕ占据抗衡离子位置，Ｍｏ和Ｖ占据配位原子位置，Ｐ和Ａｓ占据中心原子位置．考察了催化剂对异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的催化性能．其中含Ｃｓ的杂多酸盐使目的产物甲基丙烯酸的收率最高     

Cs_yP_（1．33）－kMo_（12）SblCu_mV_nAs_kO_x催化剂的研究

以共沉淀方法制备了杂多酸盐催化剂ＣｓｙＰ１．３３－ｋＭｏ１２ＳｂｌＣｕｍＶｎＡｓｋＯｘ．利用ＩＲ及ＳＥＭ研究了催化剂的结构，ＤＳＣ研究了催化剂的稳定性，ＥＳＲ研究了催化剂的氧化还原性，及ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ研究了催化剂的酸性．同时考察了催化剂对异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的催化性能，并与催化剂的氧化还原性进行了关联．发现Ｃｓ１．５Ｐ１．１３Ｍｏ１２Ｓｂ０．２５Ｃｕ０．２５Ｖ０．２５Ａｓ０．２０Ｏｘ催化剂使异丁醛氧化的目的产物甲基丙烯酸收率最高，达７０．１％．     

二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇铜基催化剂表面组成的研究

本文分别采用ＸＲＤ、ＥＳＲ、ＸＰＳ和ＸＡＥＳ等技术对于二氧化碳加氢低压合成甲醇用ＣｕＯ，ＣｕＯ－ＺｎＯ，ＣｕＯ－ＺｎＯ－Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３，ＣｕＯ－ＺｎＯ－ＺｒＯ＿２催化剂在不同条件下表面Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｌ、Ｚｒ的存在价态进行了深入分析。实验发现催化剂在还原前Ｃｕ以Ｃｕ￣２＋存在，在还原后和反应状态下以Ｃｕ￣０存在；Ｚｎ在还原后和反应状态下有部分被还原为Ｚｎ￣（２－δ）（０＜δ＜２），Ｚｒ和Ａｌ仍保持其还原前价态。催化剂的表面化学组成为：Ｃｕ￣０／Ｚｎ（２－δ）￣＋／Ｚｒ￣４＋／Ａｌ￣３＋／Ｏ￣２－。     

CuO在ZrO2上的分散状态及其对催化性能的影响

用ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ和ＴＰＤ－ＭＳ等手段表征了浸渍法制备的ＣｕＯ／ＺｒＯ２催化剂，发现ＺｒＯ２上高度分散的氧化铜具有显著的易被还原和再氧化的特性，从而催化剂具有高的ＣＯ氧化活性。     

添加Ag对Cu／γ－Al_2O_3催化剂

运用ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ及苯和丙酮氧化活性测定等方法研究了Ｃｕ／γ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３和Ｃｕ－Ａｇ／γ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３催化剂的还原性能和对有机物的催化活性。结果表明：不同金属负载量的Ｃｕ／γ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３催化剂的还原性能有明显差异，反映出催化剂表面存在着不同种类的铜物种。Ａｇ的添加使催化剂的ＴＰＲ峰位发生明显位移，提高了催化剂对有机物的催化氧化活性。同时还发现，热处理温度对催化剂中铜物种的存在形式、催化还原特性及催化活性有明显影响．Ａｇ在一定程度上提高了催化剂的热稳定性。     

添加Ag对Cu／γ—Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

运用ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ及苯和丙酮氧化活性测定等方面研究了Ｃｕ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｃｕ－Ａｇ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的还原性能和有机物的催化活性，结果表明，不同金属负载量的Ｃｕ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的还原性能有明显差异，反映出催化剂表面存在着不同种类的铜物种，Ａｇ的添加使催化剂的ＴＰＲ峰位发生明显位移，提高了催化剂对有机物的催人活性，同时发现，热处理温度牟催伦剂中铜物种的存在形式、催化还原特性及催化     

Cu－ZSM－5分子筛表面铜离子的价态研究

以吸附ＣＯ红外光谱结合ＴＰＲ谱详细表征了经真空自还原及用不同还原剂还原的ＣｕＺＳＭ－５分子筛样品，考察了表面铜离子的价态分布情况及其影响因素。得知铜在Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５表面是分步还原的。用不同方法进行氧化和还原时的难易程度不同。研究了用不同方法进行氧化还原时铜的价态转变条件和铜离子在不同价态间氧化还原循环的可逆性。Ｃｕ２＋与Ｃｕ＋间的氧化还原循环完全可逆，而Ｃｕ０与Ｃｕ＋间的氧化还原循环不完全可逆。Ｃｕ０氧化为Ｃｕ＋比Ｃｕ＋氧化为Ｃｕ２＋容易进行，探讨了Ｃｕ＋在Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５分子筛中不同位置的分布情况及铜在不同条件下的氧化还原机理。     

CO2加H2合成甲醇Cu—Zn—O催化剂表面化学态研究

应用ＸＲＤ、ＥＳＲ、ＵＲＤＳ、ＸＰＳ及ＸＡＥＳ等手段研究了ＣＯ２加Ｈ２合成甲醇Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ｏ催化剂在还原后和反应状态下的表面化学状态。结果表明，在还原及反应状态下，催化剂表面仅能检测到ＣＵ＾０，而未发现稳定的Ｃｕ＾２＋和Ｃｕ＾＋存在；ＺｎＯ被 部分还原产生低价锌Ｚｎ＾（２－δ）＋（０＜δ＜２）。关联活性测试结果认为：Ｃｕ＾ｏ／Ｚｎ＾（２－δ）＋Ｏ构成ＣＯ２加Ｈ２合成甲醇反应的活性中心。     

希土元素1:12系列杂多配合物的氧化还原性和稳定性质研究

本文用极谱，循环伏安和紫外吸收光谱方法研究了２１种含钨１：１２系列稀土元素杂多配合物ＬｎＰＷ１２Ｏ４０、ＬｎＨＳｉＷ１２Ｏ４０和ＬｎＨＧｅＷ１２Ｏ４０（Ｌｎ＝Ｌａ，Ｃｅ，Ｐｒ，Ｎｄ，Ｓｍ，Ｅｕ，Ｇｄ）的氧化还原性质和溶液稳定性，讨论了抗衡离子、介质和酸度等因素对杂多阴离子氧化还原性的影响，对三种不同中心原子的杂多阴离子氧化还原顺序进行了比较，探讨了极谱半波电位与ｐＨ的关系，提出了氧化还原机理。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.