原子吸收光谱法测定过氧化氢-柠檬酸溶液中铁铬镍钴

研究了原子吸收光谱法测定压水堆主回路去污液过氧化氢-柠檬酸溶液中铁、铬、镍、钴的影响因素,选择了合适的测量条件,用合成样品进行了试验.结果表明.铁、钴、镍、铬含量在0.5～5mg·L~(-1)范围的回收率为100%±10%,相对标准偏差为6.0%～10%.     

有机酸浸出矿渣中低品位镍

为了回收矿渣中的镍,研究了还原剂、温度、有机酸种类及浓度、固液比等因素对矿渣中低品位镍浸出的影响,实验结果表明还原剂的加入与否对镍的浸出影响很小,镍浸出率随温度的升高而增大,草酸对镍的浸出效果最佳,有机酸的浓度越高,固液比越小,镍浸出率越大,但镍浸出速率随时间的增加逐渐变小,之后趋于平衡.另外,草酸优先浸出矿渣中的铁、铝.在170 r·min~(-1)、75℃、固液比1∶50,浸出时间3 d,1.0 mol·L~(-1)的草酸对镍的浸出率可达到70%以上.     

特选榨菜对铀污染土壤的修复评价

本文通过两种不同的加铀方式,加入不同种类及浓度的螯合剂,以及土壤改良剂(有机肥、微生物肥料、腐殖酸、尿素)的方法,研究了不同因素对特选榨菜修复铀污染土壤的影响。结果表明:在pH=5时把UO_2(NO_3)_2·6H_2O溶液喷洒入土壤,使土壤中铀污染浓度为100 mg·kg~(-1)时,特选榨菜地上部铀富集的浓度最大可以达到1103.42 mg·kg~(-1),根部为1909.49 mg·kg~(-1),去除率为7.81%;上述含铀土壤放置2年后制备成模拟铀污染的土壤,进而栽种特选榨菜进行修复,在100 mg·kg~(-1)铀污染浓度下,植物上部铀富集浓度最大为295.83 mg·kg~(-1),根部为268.42 mg·kg~(-1),年去除率为2.52%。用Tessier五步连续提取法测定两次修复土壤中铀的形态,发现模拟铀污染土壤比铀喷洒于土壤中有效态的铀(交换态和碳酸盐结合态)要低52.7%;加入柠檬酸、苹果酸等螯合剂以及有机肥、微生物肥料、腐殖酸、尿素等土壤改良剂,在模拟铀污染土壤修复时发现有机肥会降低植物上部对铀的富集;而柠檬酸和微生物肥会增强植物上部对铀的富集。     

活性碳纤维阴极电芬顿反应降解微囊藻毒素研究

以具有高比表面积的活性碳纤维作为阴极,通过电芬顿反应降解水中微囊藻毒素(MCRR,MCLR)的电化学方法系统考察了电流密度、pH值和Fe2+浓度等因素对微囊藻毒素降解效果的影响.实验结果表明,在Fe2+浓度为1.0mmol/L和电流密度为6.6mA/cm2条件下,电化学处理60min,MCRR(8.81mg/L)去除率为75%,MCLR(6.36mg/L)去除率为94%.证明过氧化氢可以通过电化学还原在活性碳纤维阴极表面高效产生,微囊藻毒素可被高效降解去除.     

碱性Al-H_2O_2半燃料电池Au/Ni阴极性能研究

以泡沫镍为基体,AuCl3为沉积液,应用快速自沉积法制备了泡沫镍负载的纳米Au/Ni电极.电化学方法测定AuCl3溶液的浓度和沉积时间对Au粒子的尺寸和分布以及以该电极作为Al-H2O2半燃料电池阴极对H2O2性能的影响.实验表明,泡沫镍经2mmol·L-1AuCl3溶液浸渍60s后,其表面完全被粒径小于100nm的Au粒子覆盖;以其为阴极的Al-H2O2半燃料电池,在0.4mol·L-1H2O2溶液中峰值功率达135mW·cm-2.     

影响MFC产电能力及污水净化的非生物因素研究

以厌氧污泥接种模拟生活污水, 构建双室无介体型微生物燃料电池(MFC). 以输出功率密度、库仑效率和COD_Cr(化学需氧量)去除率为评价指标, 采用正交设计考察4种非生物因素(即阴、阳极材料、底物和电子受体)对MFC产电及污水净化的影响. 在此基础上进一步探讨阴极离子浓度对电能输出的影响. 结果表明: 对MFC产能及污水净化的影响因素顺序为: 电子受体＞阳极＞阴极＞底物, 最优组合为碳毡-乳酸钠-不锈钢板-铁氰化钾＋溶解氧|向阴极液中投加NaCl可使产电能力显著增强, 最佳投加量为150 mmol•L^－1. 同时, 阴极室定期添加铁氰化钾可维持电流稳定. 试验中, 葡萄糖型、乳酸钠型以及混合型底物模拟污水的COD_Cr均得到有效去除, 平均去除率达85.2%, 显示了研究的MFC具有很强的产电和污水净化能力.     

膨润土-硅藻土复合陶粒制备及去除Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

以膨润土,硅藻土和竹粉为原料,通过埋烧法制备膨润土-硅藻土复合陶粒,通过XRD和IR分析了陶粒的组成特征,研究了pH,陶粒添加量,铬液初始浓度,时间和温度等条件对吸附率的影响,并进行了动力学分析,对实际废水处理进行了初步探讨。结果表明:烧结的陶粒具有吸附Cr(VI)离子能力,吸附最佳条件是pH值为1,复合陶粒用量2g,100mLCr(VI)浓度为100mg·L~(-1)的含铬溶液吸附时间为10h,去除率可达99.52%,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型。对某实际废水进行处理后,吸附率为99.37%,效果明显。     

双极室联合处理啤酒废水的微生物燃料电池

构建了双极室连续流联合处理废水的微生物燃料电池(MFC), 该MFC阳极室的出水直接用于阴极室的进水, 利用阴极室的好氧微生物进一步降解有机物. 以啤酒废水作底物, 研究了该MFC的产电性能和废水处理效果. 结果表明, 采用双极室连续流MFC可以大大提高废水的处理效果, 对啤酒废水化学需氧量(COD)的总去除率可达92.2%~95.1%, 其中阳极室中COD去除率为47.6%~56.5%. MFC的开路电压为0.451 V, 最大输出功率为2.89 W/m³. 实验中抑制MFC性能的主要因素是阴极的极化损失, 通过降低进入阴极室溶液的COD浓度、采用优质的阴极材料和加大阴极室内的曝气量等方法进一步优化电池的性能.     

电动修复土壤中重金属污染的改良方法

介绍了治理土壤重金属污染的电动修复技术的一些进展,包括:通过控制电解过程中的极化、土壤pH值、控制土壤温度来对电动修复技术方法进行改良。     

亲和层析固定相的制备及应用研究

以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,氨基三乙酸(NTA)为配基,制备固载金属离子的亲和吸附剂,试验了交联剂浓度、配基浓度、偶联温度及时间对配体固载量的影响,最佳条件为戊二醛浓度0.55%、NTA浓度0.4mol·L-1、偶联温度65℃、偶联时间10h。层析分离纯化豆类脲酶,锌柱和镍柱的酶回收率分别为88.5%和80.4%,纯化倍数分别为3.7和6.1,实验结果表明镍柱对脲酶有较高的分离纯化选择性。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Effect of the Method of Modification of Zeolite X on Selectivity of Catalytic Methylation of Toluene

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry - The effect of the method of modification of catalysts based on zeolite X by cesium and magnesium cations (ion exchange and impregnation) on the selectivity...