热改质过程中渣油结构及其重组分溶剂化变化规律研究

以委内瑞拉减压渣油为原料,采用微型反应釜,研究了其在410℃、2.0 MPa氮气初压下,不同反应停留时间的热改质过程生成油的化学结构组成及其重组分溶剂化变化规律。通过1H-NM R技术研究了热改质过程生成油中沥青质和重胶质不同化学位移归属氢的转化路径;并结合改进的Brown-Ladner法分析了热改质过程生成油中沥青质和重胶质的平均分子结构参数变化;采用蒸汽压渗透法考察了热改质过程生成油中沥青质和重胶质在甲苯溶液中所形成的复合超分子结构的平均相对分子质量。结果表明,随着热改质程度的加深,沥青质和重胶质的H/C原子比减小,供氢能力逐渐下降,沥青质和重胶质的芳香环共轭程度和fA在体系生焦后(45 min)显著提高;沥青质的聚集趋势相关值在热改质15 min前变化不大,15 min后显著增强,而重胶质在整个热改质过程中,其聚集趋势相关值的增势较为缓和;沥青质和重胶质的聚集趋势相关值差异逐渐增大,15 min时增加了1.5%、25 min时增加了50.8%、45 min时增加了142.3%,表明沥青质和重胶质的结构差异越来越明显;重胶质溶剂化沥青质的能力逐步减弱,体系的溶剂化参数从0时的32.9%逐步降到15 min时的29.5%、25 min时的14.1%和45 min时的9.6%;热改质生成油的斑点实验等级逐渐增加,体系的胶体稳定性逐渐降低。     

大港常压渣油临氮与临氢热反应过程中胶体稳定性变化研究

对比了大港常压渣油临氮和临氢热反应过程中的胶体稳定性变化。结果表明,随着反应时间的延长,在热反应生焦诱导期内,渣油样品的胶体稳定性迅速下降;开始生焦后,胶体稳定性缓慢下降。从组分组成和组分性质角度,对大港常压渣油样品在热反应过程中胶体稳定性变化原因进行了分析。结果表明,随着反应时间的延长,沥青质含量先上升、后下降,在生焦诱导期结束时达到最大值,与体系胶体稳定性的变化特征相一致。随着热反应的进行,饱和分和轻芳烃组分的含量在上升,重芳烃、轻胶质、中胶质、重胶质含量下降,临氮热反应过程中轻胶质、中胶质、重胶质含量的下降更为显著。对渣油样品各组分的数均相对分子质量和平均偶极矩进行了研究。结果表明,随着热反应的进行,轻、中、重胶质组分的数均相对分子质量和平均偶极矩呈下降趋势,而沥青质的数均相对分子质量和偶极矩先增大后减小,从而使沥青质和胶质的分子性质差别先增加后减小,与体系胶体稳定性的变化趋势一致;同时沥青质的偶极矩变化表明,强极性的沥青质优先聚集生焦、临氢热反应过程中,氢与催化剂的作用有助于抑制沥青质分子量增大和极性增强,从而有助于抑制生焦。     

沥青质杂环模型分子间相互作用及溶剂化效应的理论研究

重质油中沥青质组分易发生聚沉形成团簇,严重影响重质油的加工和利用效率,但目前对于沥青质聚沉的研究较少,其机理尚不明确。本文采用理论计算对沥青质杂环模型分子间相互作用和溶剂化效应进行研究,以此为重质油沥青质聚沉现象的研究及聚沉抑制剂的研发提供一定的数据和理论支持。(1)在M062X/6-31G(d)水平上,计算得到了11种由沥青质杂环分子片段组成的二元体系的全优化稳定构型,讨论分析了构型的几何结构、NBO电荷、Mulliken重叠布居、相互作用能和分子轨道能,得到了最稳定的两种构型。(2)在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上,运用SMD模型对沥青质大分子在13种溶剂中进行溶剂化效应的建模和理论计算,通过对静电溶剂化自由能(ΔGelec)、非静电溶剂化自由能(ΔGnonelec)、总溶剂化自由能(ΔGsolv)的分析可知,沥青质溶解性大小的关键在于溶剂对它的远程静电作用的大小。     

特稠油乳化降黏机理研究

研究了胜利油田罗家高硫特稠油的黏度及其极性四组分、有机杂原子、金属元素的关联。结果表明，该稠油的高黏度主要与三个因素有关：（1） 含有高分子量的胶质和沥青质组分；（2） 硫的质量分数很高；（3） 金属元素V、Fe、Ni形成配位络合物增加了沥青质的内聚力。同时考察了所筛选的降黏剂的效果，降黏剂明显降低了油水界面张力，使得稠油的黏度降低。比较了添加降黏剂前后沥青质的电子探针照片的变化，推测降黏剂分子借助强的形成氢键的能力和渗透、分散作用进入沥青质片状分子之间，破坏了沥青质分子平面重叠的聚集体，使聚集结构变得疏松，表明聚集有序性降低是稠油降黏的主要机理。     

废轮胎热解油重质馏分制备的道路沥青老化性能研究

针对废轮胎热解油重质馏分(＞350℃)组成上具有蜡含量低,芳香分、胶质和沥青质含量高的特点,研究了废轮胎热解油重质馏分采用蒸馏法生产道路沥青的可行性。结果表明,废轮胎热解油中＞420℃、＞430℃、＞440℃三种渣油的性质可以满足不同牌号道路石油沥青老化实验前的技术指标,特别是延展性能优异,但是抗老化性能较差。渣油老化前后的族组成、官能团、氢分布及分子量分布变化表明,渣油在老化过程中存在氧化反应以及脱氢缩合反应,使渣油的化学组成发生变化,即芳香分、胶质含量减少,沥青质含量明显增加,使得沥青胶体体系中分散相明显增多而分散介质相对减少,造成热解油的渣油抗老化性能较差。     

渣油热反应体系中第二液相的形成机制

在渣油热反应体系中，随着热处理时间的延长，用光学显微镜从渣油反应样品中依次观察到了片状／不规则状物理第二液相，少数圆球状化学物理第二液相和大量不规则状化学第二液相。对第二液相相分离点时渣油热反应体系物理化学状态的考察指出：物理第二液相是渣油原始体系中的沥青质胶质重组分混合胶团破坏后，丧失胶质组分保护的原生沥青质组分通过物理聚集过程形成的，其形貌特征源于原生沥青质组分的分形聚集过程和热力学成长过程；在化学物理第二液相相分离点，丧失胶质组分保护的原生沥青质发生分子内桥键和脂肪侧链断裂，形成平面性较高的稠环芳香性分子，它们在适宜的体系流动性条件下经有序聚集成长为具有最低能量构型的球形态；随着反应程度加深，原生沥青质特别是原生胶质的自由基反应经诱导期后速度剧增，导致体系中在短时间内产生大量次生沥青质，它们经由动力学成长形成不规则状化学第二液相。     

自由基引发剂强化稠油催化水热裂解降黏行为

本文考察了自由基引发剂对胜利油田单56区块稠油样品催化水热裂解反应过程的协同强化作用.在反应温度为220℃,添加0.2 wt%的引发剂——过氧化二叔丁基,使水热裂解后的降黏率由不加引发剂时的61.4%升高到72.7%.此外,在引发剂存在、150℃条件下,降黏率可达到69.0%,表明引发剂的加入可显著提高较低反应温度下的水热裂解效果.对反应前后油样进一步分析发现,反应样品中饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质平均分子量均下降;饱和分、芳香分含量增加,而胶质、沥青质含量下降;胶质、沥青质中氢碳原子比增加,含硫量减少,含氮量变化不大;表明重质组分在水热裂解过程中发生了裂解反应、尤其是含硫官能团在水热裂解中发生了反应;反应样品沥青质及胶质芳香环系的缩合程度降低.实验结果表明,反应过程中稠油重质组分发生了裂解,而且胶质的裂解程度更大,轻质组分含量增加,导致稠油黏度降低、流动性提高,在一定程度上改善了稠油的品质;引发剂可以在较低温度下产生自由基,从而使水热裂解反应在较低反应温度下有效进行.     

石油沥青质在烃中的稳定性研究

石油是以沥青质为分散相的非水胶体体系[1,2 ] 。研究认为 ,石油中沥青质的沉淀和絮凝 ,对石油开采及输送有十分重要的影响 [3]。提高沥青质在石油中的胶体稳定性 ,可强化石油加工过程中的重油减压蒸馏、催化裂化、减粘裂化及延迟焦化等过程[1,2 ] ,是提高炼厂轻质油收率、改善产品质量、提高综合经济效益的重要途径。国外关于沥青质在烃类介质中的稳定性研究报道较多 ,大多侧重于胶质对沥青质的稳定作用。由于胶质和沥青质均为由多种复杂结构分子组成的混和物 ,探讨胶质对沥青质的稳定机理极端困难 ,Chia-Lu Chang[4 ]等定量讨论了沥青质…     

稠油催化裂解前后咔唑类化合物的变化及其催化降黏机理的研究

在稠油族组成分离中,采用低毒试剂正己烷、二氯甲烷、无水乙醇及其混合溶剂,将反应前后已除去沥青质的稠油分离为饱和烃、芳烃和含氮化合物。优化并确立了各步分离条件,用GC-MS对各组分进行检测,了解水热催化裂解降黏前后各组分的变化,剖析了胶质中咔唑类化合物的变化。并结合¹HNMR、元素分析等分析手段,证明稠油经水热催化裂解反应后,重质组分中的含氮组分发生了变化,生成了部分咔唑类化合物, 同时,重质组分的组成和结构也发生了一定程度的改变,其超分子结构在一定程度上遭到破坏,生成二环、三环低环数芳烃和小分子量直链烃。这些变化使得稠油黏度降低。
     

大庆原油四组分分析及界面性质研究

采用四组分分离法将大庆原油分离成饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质,用红外光谱、相对分子质量和元素分析等方法分析其结构组成,考察了化学结构与界面性质之间的关系.结果表明,大庆原油含饱和分最多,含氧官能团的羧酸类或酚类较多的胶质界面活性最大;相对分子质量较大的沥青质、胶质对油水界面膜的形成和稳定起决定作用;芳香分是油滴表面Zeta电位负值最大的组分.     

A coarse-grained explicit solvent simulation of rheology of colloidal suspensions

We use a simple extension of the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model to address the dynamical properties of macrosolutes immersed in complex fluid solvents. In this approach, the solvent particles are still represented as DPD particles, thereby retaining the time and length scale advantages offered by the DPD approach. In contrast, the solute particles are represented as hard particles of the appropriate size. We examine the applicability of this simulation approach to reproduce the correct hydrodynamical characteristics of the mixture. Our results focus on the equilibrium dynamics and the steady-state shear rheological behaviors for a range of volume fractions of the suspension, and demonstrate excellent agreement with many published experimental and theoretical results. Moreover, we are also able to track the glass transition of our suspension and the associated dynamical signatures in both the diffusivities and the rheological properties of our suspension. Our results suggest that the simulation approach can be used as a one-parameter model to examine quantitatively the rheological properties of colloidal suspensions in complex fluid solvents such as polymeric melts and solutions, as well as allied dynamical phenomena such as phase ordering in mixtures of block copolymers and particles.     

延迟焦化工艺弹丸焦生成的实验研究

以光学结构分析为主要表征手段,在小型焦化装置上,研究了弹丸焦的生成历程,以及原料性质、焦化工艺操作条件对弹丸焦生成的影响,分析了其原因,在此基础上提出了相应的抑制措施。结果表明,弹丸焦成焦历程为:原料→不稳定中间相小球体→镶嵌型中间相→弹丸焦;沥青质残炭之比大于0.5、氢碳原子比小于1.5、胶体稳定性参数小于3.5的焦化原料易生成弹丸焦;不同循环馏分对弹丸焦的抑制效果不同,以焦化重蜡油(420~500℃)的抑制作用最大;通过采取降低反应温度、升高反应压力、增大循环比以及向反应体系中添加一定量四氢萘或催化油浆等措施,可以抑制弹丸焦的生成。     

Separation and Chemical Characterization of Wetting Crude Oil Compounds

To improve the understanding of wettability, especially the influence of colloidal stability and composition of crude oil, wetting experiments on quartz sand were performed with an asphaltene-rich oil, a resin-rich oil, and with model oils containing different colloid compositions. A two-step procedure was developed to investigate the wetting behavior. In the first step those crude oil components were extracted, which preferentially wet solid surfaces. The extracted crude oil components were characterized in the second step. The amount of adsorbed oil components correlates with the stability of the crude oil colloids: low colloidal stability of crude oil leads to larger amounts of adsorbed components than does high colloidal stability. The addition of resins and/or low molecular weight asphaltenes to the crude oil stabilizes the crude oil colloids; i.e., a lower amount of wetting components are isolated by extraction in such systems. To find out, which fraction of the adsorbed oil components determines the wetting behavior of a crude oil, the wetting properties of the toluene solutions of these fractions were compared to those of the toluene solutions of the precipitated crude oil colloids. The fractions extracted with the solvent systems chloroform and methanol/chloroform showed nearly the same wetting behavior as the crude oil colloids. These fractions are characterized by the highest molecular weights, higher sulfur compositions, and the lowest H/C ratios. On the other hand, the nitrogen compounds predominate in the acetone fraction.     

A Two-Level, Discrete-Particle Approach for Simulating Ordered Colloidal Structures

We devise a new, two-level discrete-particle model to simulate ordered colloidal structures with vastly different scales. We use the molecular dynamics paradigm with a Lennard-Jones-type potential to define colloidal particle system and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) to model the solvent. The initially mixed, disordered particle ensemble undergoes a phase transition. We observe the spontaneous creation of spherical or rod-like micelles and their crystallization in stable hexagonal or worm-like structures, respectively. The ordered arrays obtained by using the particle model are similar to the two-dimensional colloidal crystals observed in laboratory experiments. The micelle shape depends on the ratio between the scaling factors of the colloid-colloid to colloid-solvent particle interactions. The properties of the DPD solvent, such as the strongly variable viscosity and partial pressure, determine the speed of crystallization. The intriguing features of colloidal arrays and their exotic symmetries, which persist also over two-dimensional domains, can be simulated numerically by using the two-level discrete-particle approach and are illustrated here. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Radiation-thermal conversion of paraffinic oil

Radiation-thermal cracking (RTC) in the high-paraffinic oil from the Kumkol field (Western Kazakhstan) is experimentally studied. It is shown that the high polymerization rate and low olefin contents in products of radiation processing together with relatively low yields of light fractions at low irradiation dose rates and the low level of their isomerization are characteristic for RTC in oil with high contents of heavy paraffins. These observations are attributed to the behavior of heavy alkyl radicals that initiate polymerization and isomerization in heavy paraffin fractions.     

Effect of Interfacially Active Fractions of Some Egyptian Crude Oils on Their Emulsion Stability

Four samples from different crude oils were used for this study: light and heavy crude oils from Iran and two crude oils from Egypt, namely, Ras Gharb and Suez mix. The asphaltenes were separated from these crude oils and then the maltene (non‐asphaltenic fraction) was fractionated into waxes, aromatics, and resins. All fractions were characterized using FTIR and UV spectroscopic analyses in addition to gel permeation chromatograph (GPC). These fractions were tested for their emulsion stability. For chemometric analysis different parameters (variables) have been used to study the effect of different fractions (objects) on the emulsion stability. Such variables included the integrated areas under the stretching absorption peaks of CH in the range of 3000–2800 cm^?1, C?O in the range of 1750–1650 cm^?1, and the aromatic C?C in the range of 1650–1550 cm^?1, as well as UV absorption value at 235 nm and average molecular weight (MW). Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were conducted for examining the relationship between multiple variables and the stability of water‐in‐crude oil emulsions. The results of PCA explain the interrelationships between the observations and variables in multivariate data. The correlation coefficients between different parameters derived from PCA reveals that the UV absorption value and MW are strongly correlated with emulsion stability. It also reveals that the resins, asphaltenes, and maltene have better emulsion stability than waxes and lower molecular weight aromatics. The linear relationship between the parameters and the stability of water‐in‐crude oil emulsions using MLR was modeled according to the better statistical results. The obtained mathematical model can be used to predict the stability of water‐in‐crude oil emulsions from the chemical groups and functionalities in each crude oil fraction.     

The concept of functional peptidomics for the discovery of bioactive peptides in cell culture models

Detection and purification of novel bioactive peptides from biological sources is a scientific task that led to a substantial number of important discoveries. One major laborious approach used is the repetitive stepwise separation of the test sample into several fractions followed by the determination of their bioactivity, until purity allows for sequence identification. We tested whether functional peptidomics, a combination of biological read-outs with differential peptide display (DPD) is a suitable strategy to isolate bioactive peptides at lower workload and with improved success. Additionally, we evaluated the use of DPD to monitor the processing status of proinsulin by inhibition of the insulin processing pathway. The rat insulinoma cell line INS-1 stimulated either with 2 mmol/l or 10 mmol/l glucose was used as model to generate differential peptide displays. In parallel, the bioactivity of the supernatants from the INS-1 cells was measured by glucose uptake and lipolysis assays using the adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. We were able to quickly and elegantly trace the known activity of insulin to increase glucose uptake and inhibit lipolysis. Following re-chromatography of selected fractions, relevant peptides were identified by DPD and bioassays: the rat insulin-1 precursor and two different insulin peptides. We demonstrated in a semi-quantitative fashion that inhibition of proinsulin processing leads to accumulation of the insulin precursor, and reduced secretion of insulin-1. Thus, we conclude that DPD is an attractive support technology in peptide purification strategies aiming to identify bioactive compounds, and is superior to ELISA in discriminating between the processing status of insulin and its precursor.     

油藏矿物和化学剂强化稠油水热裂解降黏研究

采用大庆、辽河两种稠油,研究了油藏矿物、硫酸镍催化剂以及四氢萘供氢剂对其水热裂解反应的影响。结果表明,与单纯水热裂解相比,油藏矿物的加入能使两种稠油的平均相对分子质量减小,饱和烃和芳香烃组分含量增加,胶质和沥青质组分含量减少,稠油的降黏率分别从7.41%和12.95%增加到16.05%和25.29%,油藏矿物对稠油水热裂解反应具有催化作用;将硫酸镍和四氢萘加入反应体系后,稠油平均相对分子质量进一步降低,族组分中饱和烃和芳香烃进一步增加,胶质和沥青质组分进一步减少,稠油黏度明显降低,降黏率可高达84.39%。     

Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of Syncrude sweet blend distillation fractions derived from Athabasca bitumen

The C-H stretching region in FT-Raman spectra of Syncrude sweet blend (SSB) and three distillation fractions (naphtha, light gas oil and heavy gas oil) was analyzed in detail in this investigation. The frequencies and intensities of the 11 aliphatic and three aromatic C-H bands used to fit the spectrum of SSB were equal to the averages (weighted sums) of the corresponding quantities in the spectra of the fractions. The additivity of the spectra, thought to be a consequence of the large number of discrete compounds contained in each fraction, makes it possible to estimate the composition of other SSB samples using the spectra of the fractions reported in this work. In the aromatic C-H region, total intensities can be used to calculate the distribution of aromatics among the distillation fractions; these data also permit calculation of the fractional aromaticity (per cent aromatic carbon) for SSB and each fraction, with accuracies comparable to those obtained using NMR spectroscopy.