顺德杏坛地区儿童血铅水平调查分析

用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了顺德杏坛地区城乡间共600名0～6岁儿童的血铅含量,并对血铅水平及高血铅率进行了统计分析。结果表明,受测儿童的平均血铅水平为68．79μg／L,高血铅率为13．33％。城乡间儿童血铅水平和高血铅率均存在显著差异,城镇儿童血铅水平为79．19μg／L,高血铅率为16．67％;农村儿童血铅水平为58．38μg／L,高血铅率为10．00％。同一地区不同性别间的血铅水平和高血铅率则无显著差异。     

多胺螯合纤维预富集-FAAS对水体中铅的形态分析

用棉纤维为原料, 以对均苯四甲酸酐为交联剂, 合成新型多胺螯合纤维(CC-BA-TETA), 并用该材料为分离柱的填充相, 优化其分离条件. 采用CC-BA-TETA分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定天然水体中痕量Pb的方法, 可分离出天然水体中铅的5种形态: 总铅、颗粒态铅、离子态铅、非离子态铅和总溶态铅.     

铜质水嘴中铅含量与析出量的相关性探讨

试验探讨铜质水嘴中铅含量与析出量的关系。对一系列含铅标准铜片按照GB/T 17219–1998《生活饮用水输配水设备及防护材料的安全性评价标准》要求进行浸泡试验,使用原子吸收光谱法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测浸泡液中的铅含量,再利用20个已知铅含量的铜质水嘴样品进行析出量的检测和验证。得到铜质水嘴中铅含量与析出量的关系。试验结果表明:大部分内腔有电镀层的铜质水嘴,铅析出量小于5.0μg/L;内腔无电镀层的铜质水嘴中铅含量小于0.5%时,铅析出量小于5.0μg/L,符合GB/T 17219–1998标准要求。     

连续滴定法测定铅精矿中的铅、铜

建立了铅精矿中主量元素铅和次量元素铜的连续滴定分析方法。将铅滴定分析中经硫酸沉淀分离后的滤液,再经硫酸冒烟,用去离子水溶解后,通过滴定法对铅精矿中高含量铜进行分析。该方法铅精矿中铅的检出限为1.4 mg/g,铜的检出限为1.0 mg/g。对3个实际样品中铅、铜分别进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3.0%(n=7),铅的加标回收率为99.71%~100.19%,铜的加标回收率为99.33%~100.47%。该方法通过一次溶样,对铅精矿中的铅、铜连续进行滴定分析,方法快速、准确,适用于铅精矿中含量大于1.4%的铅和含量大于1.0%的铜的测定。     

接触不同浓度铅工人的职业危害调查研究

探讨了空气中不同浓度铅对作业工人健康的影响。选择本地区不同铅浓度的两个厂矿的１７７名接触铅工厂为调查对象,并以不接触铅而其它条件相同的行政人员为对照组。对接触不同浓度铅和对照组的人员作全面休查体并结合实验室作有关生物指标检测。结果表明,接触较高铅浓度的某蓄电池厂９８名工厂,受铅职业危害较严重,检出慢性铅中毒１４人（占１４．２％）,铅吸收１０人（占１０．２％）,且发生症状和体征之阳性率亦比铅锌矿和对     

纳米级氧化铅粉体的合成

采用均匀沉淀法合成碳酸铅,在此基础上通过高温分解制备纳米氧化铅。通过实验确定了制备碳酸铅的最佳工艺条件：反应温度95℃,反应时间5h,反应物浓度0.5mol/L,反应物摩尔比为1：6。热分解制备氧化铅的条件为420℃下分解3h。运用TEM对合成的碳酸铅形态及颗粒尺寸大小进行表征。TEM图像表明,制备的碳酸铅为斜方晶体,粒径为1μm-15μm,纳米氧化铅为球形,粒径为1nm-15nm。     

广州市售油漆铅含量检测结果与分析

为了解广州市场销售油漆铅含量,评估儿童油漆铅暴露的危险性,给有关部门实施油漆产品监管提供依据,对广州地区销售的油漆进行了抽查,样品经前处理后用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测其中的总铅和可溶性铅。结果表明,抽检的50个样本有30个可溶性铅超标,超标率为60%,最高铅含量22 700 mg/kg,高于限量252倍;36个样本总铅超标,超标率为72%,最高为153 000mg/kg,高于限量255倍;11个生产工厂有5间工厂生产的共24个产品可溶性铅和总铅全部超标,只有2间工厂共4个产品可溶性铅和总铅全部合格;由规模较小乡镇小厂和由大型的集团企业生产的油漆产品铅含量并没有明显差别;绿色、黄色和红色是铅含量较高的颜色;另抽查23个油漆调色色精、色粉和色浆,其中2个铅超标。可见广州市售油漆存在严重的铅污染,主要原因是生产过程中滥用含铅原料,职能部门应尽快落实相关标准法规,加强市场准入的监管,禁止高铅油漆的流通和使用,减少儿童日常生活中的铅暴露,防止铅中毒的发生。     

炼焦过程氧化铅高温焦炉煤气均相脱硫的研究

考察了焦煤中少量氧化铅添加剂对炼焦过程高温焦炉煤气硫化氢浓度以及对焦炭质量的影响。实验表明，煤中添加少量的氧化铅，可以达到焦炉粗煤气脱硫的目的，并且对焦炭的质量影响很小。针对实验所用的煤种，相当于焦煤质量的0.6％的氧化铅添加量在炼焦前期具有最佳的抑制硫释放的效果。炼焦后期，半焦中的硫化铅分解或铅转变为气态铅。气态铅和硫化氢在离开炼焦室时，由于煤气降低温度，又生成硫化铅。从而实现均相脱硫。焦炭中超过一半的铅可以挥发出去。在炼焦收缩阶段，半焦中过多的铅的存在不利于硫化铅的分解。     

288例孕前妇女血铅水平及相关因素和健康干预分析

为了解南京建邺地区计划妊娠妇女的血铅水平及其影响因素进行健康干预,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了南京市建邺区妇幼保健院孕前门诊健康体检的288例孕前妇女血铅水平,并对其个人生活和饮食习惯等相关因素进行问卷调查,同时对部分铅超标孕前妇女进行健康干预。结果表明,孕前妇女铅中毒发生率为12.01%,经多元逐步回归分析确定,孕前妇女文化水平是妇女铅中毒的保护因素,经常食用皮蛋、膨化食品是妇女铅中毒的危险因素;健康干预方法对于铅超标妇女干预效果前后差异有显著性(P<0.01)。鉴于目前南京市建邺地区孕前妇女铅中毒流行率较高,对危险因素的预防以及健康干预方法能降低孕前妇女铅暴露水平,建议进行健康干预以促进健全婴儿出生,实现优生优育的目标。     

铅电极在硫酸溶液中的光电化学行为

研究了铅电极在阳极氧化过程中光响应的产生机制。结果表明，Ｐｂ电极在光照氧化时存光活化过程，且光经过程须在电位高于０Ｖ时才能发生。采用现场测量光电压技术研究了Ｐｂ电极在硫酸溶液中的恒电流极化过程。     

儿童铅中毒研究十年回顾

对十年来儿童铅中毒的研究进行了回顾,总结了其主要研究内容及成果。     

2340例门诊患儿发铅的分析

为了解儿科门诊常见病的发病与有害金属元素铅的关系,对深圳市龙岗区2340例门诊患儿的发铅水平进行了测定分析。结果表明,儿科常见疾病与体内铅含量具有密切关系。还显示,铅高儿童的锌与钙普遍缺乏,可能为铅蓄积的重要促发因素,值得重视。     

景德镇市陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒状况调查

为了解景德镇市陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒状况，用多通道原子吸收光谱仪BH2100测定了l298名婴幼儿末梢血铅，并对陶瓷业家庭与非陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒状况进行了比较。结果表明，陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒发生率为66．09％，明显高于非陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿（15．96％），且随年龄增长婴幼儿铅中毒有增加趋势。提示对陶瓷业家庭婴幼儿铅中毒防治刻不容缓。     

A Safe and Efficient Strategy for the Rapid Elimination of Blood Lead In Vivo Based on a Capture–Fix–Separate Mechanism

Lead poisoning is an important problem because of its serious effects on human health. Yet a solution is not available due to an incomplete understanding of the state of lead ions in blood. Since most blood lead binds to hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells, identifying and capturing lead‐contaminated Hb in RBCs is important. Herein, a magnetic blood lead remover with hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s (HPAM) as template/co‐adsorbent and core–shell mesoporous structure was synthesized. Lead‐containing Hb was selectively captured and then fixed by mesoporous channels. The magnetic separation technology was used to separate the magnetic remover from blood. A related blood lead clean‐up apparatus was used to remove lead from the blood of a pig in vivo. Results of physical/chemical characterizations, biocompatibility experiments, animal tests, and theoretical simulation verify the safety and efficiency of this removal strategy and the high efficiency of the blood lead clean‐up apparatus.     

EDTA滴定法连续测定铅精矿中铅和锌

建立了EDTA滴定法连续测定铅精矿中铅和锌的方法。试样用盐酸、硝酸、硫酸和氯酸钾分解。铅通过硫酸铅沉淀与其他干扰元素分离,沉淀溶解于乙酸-乙酸钠溶液中。在滤液中加入氨水、氟化钾使铁等干扰元素沉淀并与锌溶液分离。用二甲酚橙作指示剂,EDTA分别滴定溶液中的铅和锌。研究中测定了能力验证NILPT(2010)-0211铅精矿样品10-1和10-2中铅和锌,结果满意。     

职业性铅接触与各生物接触参数间的关系评估

在对蓄电池厂１００名铅接触者的健康监护中，各项生物监测按规定的质量控制要求进行，并研究了其间的剂量效应关系，结果发现，空气中铅尘，铅烟低于最高容许多浓度，接触者的血铅，尿铅和ＦＥＰ呈非常显著相关（Ｐ〈０．０１），其中血铅有较好地定量反映接触铅工人体内的铅负荷，并提出了血铅的可接受水平。     

超声法制备硫化铅/二氧化硅核壳结构亚微米粒子

0 引言 纳米微粒具有的小尺寸效应,表面效应、量子尺寸效应及宏观量子隧道效应等导致纳米粒子的热、磁、光、敏感特性和表面稳定性等不同于常规粒子,这就使得它具有广阔的应用前景.     

Systematic studies on adsorption of lead on sea nodule residues

Lead adsorption from aqueous solutions was studied with the aim of detoxifying industrial effluents before their safe disposal onto land or into river waters. Sea nodule residue (SNR), a waste material containing oxides and oxyhydroxides of manganese, iron, silicon, etc., was used as an effective adsorbent for lead in this study. The effect of various parameters such as contact time, initial lead concentration, pulp density, particle size of the adsorbent, pH, and temperature was studied to optimize the conditions for maximum adsorption. Adsorption followed first-order kinetics and 99% of lead adsorption was achieved at a solid:liquid ratio of 1:330, in the pH range 5.5-6.0 at a particle size of -150 microm in 8 h for solution containing 200 ppm lead. The adsorption capacity was found to be 99.0 mg of lead per gram of SNR and the adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The mechanism of adsorption of lead onto the sea nodule residue was also investigated. It was possible to reduce the lead level from 25-200 ppm to acceptable levels (0.1 ppm) by adsorption over this solid waste.     

The Application of Gibberellic Acid to the Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead by Spectrofluorimetry

The ionization constant of fluorescent reagent gibberellic acid (GA) was established spectrophotometrically. The fluorescent reaction of this reagent with lead was studied. Based on this chelation reaction, a sensitive, direct spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of trace lead with use of GA has been developed. The reaction conditions for the fluorescence system of lead with GA were studied. The lead ion can form a stable binary chelate with GA, having a ratio of 1:2 in the pH range 7.0‐8.0. The maximum excitation and emission wavelengths are 205.0 nm and 308.8 nm for the lead chelate, respectively. The reaction is instantaneous and the fluorescence intensity of the lead chelate remains stable from 20 to 150 min. Under the optimal experimental conditions the fluorescence intensity is a linear function of concentration in the range 1.0‐10.0 ng/mL of lead and the detection limit is 0.52 ng/mL of lead. Interferences of other ions were studied. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of lead in common paint.     

Use of factorial design and Doehlert matrix for multivariate optimisation of an on-line preconcentration system for lead determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A system for on-line preconcentration and determination of lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was proposed. It was based on the sorption of lead(II) ions on a minicolumn of polyurethane foam loaded with 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol (TAM). The optimisation step was carried out using two-level full factorial and Doehlert designs for the determination of the optimum conditions for lead preconcentration. The proposed procedure allowed the determination of lead with a detection limit of 2.2 microg L(-1), and a precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD), of 2.4 and 6.8 for a lead concentration of 50.0 and 10.0 microg L(-1), respectively. A preconcentration factor of 45 and a sampling frequency of 27 samples per hour were obtained. The recovery achieved for lead determination in the presence of several cations demonstrated that this procedure has enough selectivity for analysis of environmental samples. The validation was carried out by analysis of certified reference material. This procedure was applied to lead determination in natural food.