二苯碳酰二肼光度法测定铬(Ⅵ):不足及改进

有毒重金属铬（Ⅵ）的测定是环境、化学等专业重要的实验内容，教材常用的测定方法是国标二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法（GB7467—1987）。国标方法存在使用挥发性有毒溶剂、操作繁琐等不足，对环境和分析人员不利。对国标方法进行改进，结果证明：可以用乙醇代替有毒的丙酮配制二苯碳酰胺二肼显色剂，用盐酸代替硫酸和磷酸的混合酸，并将盐酸直接加入显色剂中，分析时可一次加入，既简化了操作步骤，提高了工作效率，又减少了显色剂用量，有利于环境和人员健康。将改进的方法应用于废水中六价铬的测定，并与原子吸收光谱法进行比较，结果无显著性差异，能够确保水样中六价铬测定的精密度和准确度。     

二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定废水的化学需氧量

用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定水样消解反应后剩余的六价铬,通过空白消解溶液中六价铬的质量与样品消解溶液中六价铬的质量之差,可以计算出水样的COD值。本方法操作简单、抗干扰性强,检出限为20 mg/L,适用于COD小于1 000 mg/L的水样测定。     

紫外可见分光光度法测定水中六价铬的线性范围

探讨紫外可见分光光度法测定水中六价铬的最佳线性范围。GB 7467–1987规定以二苯碳酰二肼为显色剂,用紫外可见分光光度法测定水中的六价铬,实践表明,在标准规定的浓度区间内,测量精密度和准确度不能达到标准要求。大量的实验数据表明此法测定水中六价铬的最佳线性范围为0.05～0.4μg/mL。     

二硫代安替比林甲烷光度法测定铅冶炼废水中的微量砷

建立了利用二硫代安替比林甲烷光度法测定铅冶炼废水中微量砷的分析方法。在1.8mol·L^-1硫酸介质中,砷与二硫代安替比林甲烷显色剂发生灵敏的显色反应,最大吸收波长为331nm。考察了显色剂用量、显色反应时间、介质、酸度、不同价态砷对测定结果的影响。结果表明:使用4cm的比色皿,As^3+的质量浓度在0.04~0.6mg·L^-1内与其对应的吸光度之间呈线性关系,线性回归方程为y=1.063 x+0.001,相关系数为0.999 3,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.7×10^4L·mol^-1·cm^-1。按照标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率为97.0%~105%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.3%~2.6%,该方法用于测定铅冶炼废水中微量砷的结果满意。     

溴甲酚绿为内标二苯碳酰二肼光度法测定水体中六价铬的研究

采用溴甲酚绿为内标，二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)光度法测定水体中的六价铬。铬与DPC显色铬合物和内标物的最大吸收波长分别为540nm和440nm，校正后的A^Cr540／A^Br440值与Cr含量之间呈良好的线性关系，相关系数为0．9997。对于高度污染的工业废水，可取显色溶液进行任意稀释测定。应用本法对电镀废水进行了测定，其相对标准偏差为1．2％～2．4％，加标回收率为98％～104％。本方法测定结果与标准方法测定结果无显著差异。     

二苯碳酰二肼吸光光度法测定水中铬(Ⅵ)

铬是生物必需微量元素之一 ,铬的缺少会导致糖、脂肪等代谢系统紊乱。但含量过高对生物和人类有害[1] 。铬在水中以三价和六价形式存在 ,三价铬毒性较小 ,六价铬毒性大 (是三价铬的 10 0倍 ) ,如对皮肤有刺激性 ,能使皮肤溃烂 ,有害浓度在 5～170mg·L- 1范围内 ,已被确认为致癌物。水中铬的测定方法很多 ,据文献 [2～ 5 ]报道有吸光光度法、原子吸收光谱法、催化动力学法、气相色谱法、极谱法、中子深化分析法 ,较常用的是前两种 ,国外标准法和我国的统一方法均采用二苯碳酰二肼 (DPC)作显色剂 ,直接测定水中六价铬。本法以磷酸掩蔽铁 ,…     

二安替比林苯乙烯甲烷测定微量铬(Ⅵ)

本文拟定了以二安替比林苯乙烯甲烷为显色剂,光度法测定微量铬的方法,显色剂在1.8mol/L磷酸介质中与铬(Ⅵ)生成紫红色络合物,λ_(max)=540nm,ε_(540)=3.77×10~4,铬含量在0.5—5.5μg,25mL范围内符合比尔定律,常见离子不产生干扰,可用于电镀废水中铬(Ⅵ)和总铬量的测定以及钢铁试样中测定铬。     

数字图像比色法测定水样中的六价铬

在125mL分液漏斗中,加入水样50mL、50%(体积分数)硫酸溶液0.5mL、50%(体积分数)磷酸溶液0.5mL、2.0g·L~(-1)二苯碳酰二肼(DPCI)显色剂溶液2.0mL,摇匀,静置5min,加入5.0g·L~(-1)十二烷基硫酸钠溶液2 mL、正丁醇2 mL,摇匀,加入5 mL三氯甲烷,剧烈振摇2min,形成微乳液,静置分层,使DPCI和六价铬在酸性条件下生成的紫红色络合物可以被萃取到三氯甲烷中。将底层的三氯甲烷相转移到样品比色皿中,利用自搭数字图像比色装置进行数字图像比色分析。该装置采用智能手机采集检测区域照片,通过Color Grab软件获取待测物照片R(红色)、G(绿色)、B(蓝色)值中的G值来对水样中的六价铬进行定量。结果显示:六价铬质量浓度在0.010～0.160 mg·L~(-1)范围内与三氯甲烷层G值呈线性关系,方法检出限(3s/k)为0.008mg·L~(-1)。将该方法用于水样中六价铬的测定,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)为1.0%～4.2%,加标回收试验结果为95.0%～97.5%。按此方法分析了加标水样,本方法与国家标准方法得到的结果一致。     

间接吸光光度法测定废水中二苯胺

利用铁(Ⅲ)-邻菲啰啉混合液为显色剂间接光度法测定废水中二苯胺。对该法的测定条件、回收率进行了研究,结果表明,二苯胺在1～10mg·L-1范围内,线性关系良好,回收率为92.2％～98.6%,精密度较好。     

空气辅助溶剂去乳化-分散液液微萃取-数字成像比色法测定水样中的六价铬

建立了基于空气辅助溶剂去乳化-分散液液微萃取(AA-SD-DLLME)-数字成像比色法(DIC)快速测定水环境中六价铬的新方法。自制的一次性塑料滴管中加入样品，在硫酸介质中六价铬与二苯碳酰二肼、十二烷基硫酸钠反应生成紫红色的三元络合物。以轻质溶剂正己醇作为萃取剂，采用空气辅助-分散液液微萃取方法对该络合物进行萃取获得乳化体系，然后加入去乳化剂甲醇破坏乳化体系，无需离心步骤即可使两相分离；取出滴管窄端上层富集的萃取层到离心管中，可通过数字成像比色装置对六价铬进行比色测定。优化了显色剂浓度、十二烷基硫酸钠浓度、pH、萃取剂种类及用量、萃取混匀次数、去乳化剂种类及用量等条件。在优化实验条件下，方法的线性范围为10～150μg/L,相关系数(R²)为0.9989,检出限为2μg/L,加标回收率为92.3%～110.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%～2.0%(n=10)。该方法具有较高的灵敏度、较好的准确性，能现场快速测定环境水样中六价铬。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.