槲皮素衍生物的合成及生物活性研究进展

综述了槲皮素衍生物的合成及生物活性研究进展,介绍了国内外槲皮素氨基酸类、糖苷类、酯类、醚类衍生物及金属配合物的合成方法及其生物活性研究现状.指出槲皮素是一种从天然植物中提取的黄酮醇类化合物,具有抗氧化,抗菌,扩张血管,抗肿瘤及抗突变等多种生物学活性.然而,槲皮素具有水溶性差、生物利用度较低等缺点,临床应用受到限制.为此,国内外学者对其结构进行修饰改造,开发出了一系列具有新颖结构的槲皮素先导化合物,可望为新型槲皮素衍生物的设计合成提供参考.     

南中国海海藻刺状鱼栖苔的化学成分(Ⅲ)

采自南中国海刺状鱼栖苔的乙醇提取物经多种柱层析分离并鉴定出四种化合物,分别为:(24S) 5 烯 3β 谷甾醇、对羟基苯甲酸、黄酮类化合物槲皮素及类黄酮化合物(-) 表儿茶精.其结构通过各种波谱技术如IR,GC MS、FABMS、1HNMR、13CNMR(DEPT)、1H 1HCOSY和HMBC等加以证实.这些化合物均是首次从刺状鱼栖苔中检测到.其中槲皮素和(-) 表儿茶精是首次从红藻中检测到     

刺五加叶中黄酮类化合物的结构鉴定

利用电喷雾质谱发现刺五加叶中存在4种黄酮类化合物,进一步分离得到其中的两种,经核磁质谱鉴定,一种为槲皮甙(槲皮素－3－O－α－L－鼠李糖),另一种为金丝桃甙(槲皮素－3－O－β-D－半乳糖).其余两种难以分离的黄酮甙经电喷雾多级串联质谱分析,初步推断为槲皮素和芦丁(槲皮素－3-O－芦丁糖).以上4种均为黄酮醇类化合物,除金丝桃甙外,其它3种为刺五加叶中尚未见报道的黄酮类成分.     

槲皮素和芦丁的某些金属配合物的电喷雾质谱研究

槲皮素(quercetin)和芦丁(rutin)都是天然的黄酮类化合物,且槲皮素是芦丁的甙元,它们广泛存在于许多植物的花、叶、果实中,对其药理作用研究较多[1-3],但由于槲皮素和芦丁不溶于或难溶于水,不利于吸收[4],极大地限制了其生物利用度和体内给药途径.     

加速溶剂萃取技术提取桑叶中芦丁和槲皮素的工艺研究

桑叶,又名"铁扇子",芦丁和槲皮素均为桑叶的主要有效成分,具有疏散风热、消肺润燥、清肝明目的功效~([1]).现代药理研究证明,桑叶中功效成分具有降血压、抑制血糖上升等药理作用~([2]).目前,对桑叶中黄酮类化合物的提取方面已有报道~([3～5]),但大多提取时间较长、所需试剂量大.加速溶剂萃取技术是使用常规的溶剂、利用总加温度和提高压力提高萃取效率,大大缩短提取的时间并明显降低萃取溶剂的使用量.本实验探讨了加速溶剂萃取技术提取桑叶中黄酮类化合物的萃取条件,并采用HPLC梯度淋洗法测定了芦丁和槲皮素,方法快捷准确,重现性好,可以满足桑叶中黄酮类物质的测定.     

溶剂浮选分离富集鬼箭羽中黄酮类化合物

采用溶剂浮选法分离富集鬼箭羽提取液中黄酮类化合物,并利用紫外可见分光光度法和高效液相色谱法对总黄酮及槲皮素的含量作了测定。黄酮类化合物最佳浮选条件为浮选溶剂正丁醇,溶液pH为3.0,氮气流量300 mL·min~(-1),浮选时间50 min。该法运用于鬼箭羽中黄酮化合物的分离富集,总黄酮浮选效率在70.8%～75.0%之间,浮选液旋干后总黄酮的含量是药材提取液旋干后的4.6倍;通过高效液相色谱法研究了以槲皮素为目标物的纯化分离效果,并测定其中槲皮素的含量,结果显示槲皮素浮选效率在88.9%～92.2%之间,浮选液旋干后槲皮素的含量是药材提取液旋干后的5.7倍。     

槲皮素、山萘酚与Cu2+配位特性的计算化学解析

在分离介质中添加配位剂可提高分离效率。利用MVD2007软件中的Grid计算程序包,应用分子力场的计算模型模拟了Cu2+与处于 最低能量构象的山萘酚、槲皮素等黄酮类化合物的配位相互作用,得到了Cu2+与山萘酚、槲皮素等分子间的作用力场势能曲面和相对 结合能。通过对山萘酚、槲皮素与Cu2+相对结合能的比较,并与高效液相色谱实验结果进行对照分析,得到的研究结果为Cu2+与山萘酚 的配位结合要优于其与槲皮素的配位结合。模拟计算与实验结果具有很好的相关性。     

真空回流提取-高效液相色谱法测定灯盏花中的槲皮素

云南具有丰富的植物和药物资源,其主要成分的有效提取成为高效利用的关键.本文作者采用真空回流法提取灯盏花中的槲皮素黄酮化合物,优化了提取条件,结合高效液相色谱法对提取产物进行了测定,并与常压回流提取法进行了对照;结合提取后样品的扫描电镜分析,探讨了不同提取方法对提取产物表观结构的影响.结果表明,真空联用提取法优于常压提取法,利用真空负压下的提取可避免黄酮化合物的氧化,提高提取效率.     

利用分子烙印技术分离中草药活性组分

用非共价法,在极性溶剂中,以丙烯酰胺作功能单体,以强极性化合物槲皮素为模板 ,制备了分子烙印聚合物(MIP). 液相色谱实验表明, MIP 对槲皮素具有特异的亲合性.将此 MIP直接分离银杏叶提取物水解液, 得到主要含模板槲皮素及与槲皮素结构相似化合物山奈 酚两种黄酮的组分.研究证实了MIP技术用于直接分离、提取中草药中具有特定药效化合物的 可行性.     

4-二甲氨基黄酮衍生物的合成及其活性评价

设计合成了10个4-二甲氨基黄酮衍生物,产物结构均经1H NMR,ESI-MS和元素分析确认.采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测试了化合物对HepG2(人肝癌细胞)的抑制作用,结果表明目标化合物在30μmol/L浓度下对HepG2细胞损伤均有一定的抑制作用,大部分化合物优于对照药物槲皮素,其中化合物5c,5e,5f和5j活性最强,抑制率分别为91.0%,90.1%,95.7%和92.1%,而且化合物5f在10μmol/L浓度下对HepG2的抑制率为93.1%,具有深入研究的价值.     

Spectrophotometric studies of the reaction of quercetin with peroxynitrite at different pH

Peroxynitrite (ONOOH/ONOO-) which is formed in vivo under oxidative stress is a strong oxidizing and nitrating agent. It has been reported that several flavonoids, including quercetin, inhibit the peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and/or nitration of several molecules tested; however, the mechanism of their protective action against peroxynitrite is not univocally resolved. The kinetics of the reaction of quercetin with peroxynitrite was studied by stopped-flow as well as by conventional spectrophotometry under acidic, neutral and alkaline pH. The obtained results show that the protective mechanism of quercetin against peroxynitrite toxicity cannot be explained by direct scavenging of peroxynitrite. We propose that quercetin acts via scavenging intermediate radical products of peroxynitrite decomposition (it is an excellent scavenger of ·NO2) and/or via reduction of target radicals formed in the reaction with peroxynitrite.     

First Chemical Synthesis of Three Natural Depsides Involved in Flavonol Catabolism and Related to Quercetinase Catalysis

We report here the first chemical synthesis of three depsides related to quercetinase‐catalyzed degradation of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. The three depsides were constructed through the coupling of suitably protected phloroglucinol carboxylic acid and hydroxy‐perbenzylated, derivatives of gallic, protocatechuic, and 4‐hydroxy benzoic acids. The three synthesized target compounds proved to be identical to their natural counterparts, arising from quercetinase action on corresponding flavonols.     

Synthesis of quercetin-encapsulated alginate beads with their antioxidant and release kinetic studies

Abstract

In this present study, different forms of quercetin encapsulated beads were synthesized, namely ionic cross-linked gel beads and cryogel beads. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the beads were used to characterize and prove quercetin encapsulation in alginate beads. Swelling and drying profiles were studied. Besides, release kinetics of quercetin molecules from gel beads and cryogels were carefully investigated in two different solvent/media; dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI-1640). Based upon the release kinetic studies, it is found that quercetin release from alginate cryogel beads fits the first-order release model in DMSO and it depends on the concentration of quercetin in the beads. The release of quercetin from alginate gel beads was described by the Higuchi release model, which highlights the release of quercetin molecules through the pores of the matrix. In RPMI-1640, the release of quercetin from both forms of alginate beads fits zero-order release model and it indicates a constant release of quercetin per unit time. Finally, the radical scavenging activity of the quercetin quantities was tested by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, and successful results were obtained compared to reference material.     

Determination of quercetin in human plasma after ingestion of commercial canned green tea by semi-micro HPLC with electrochemical detection

Determination of quercetin in human plasma was carried out by semi-micro high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Peak heights for quercetin were found to be linearly related to the amount of each quercetin injected from 1.5 to 750 pg. The detection limit (signal-noise ratio, S/N = 3) of the present method for quercetin was 0.3 pg. Glucuronic and sulfate forms of quercetin in plasma were hydrolyzed enzymatically using beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, respectively. Quercetin in plasma and the hydrolyzed solution were extracted with ethyl acetate and determined by the present method. The time courses of concentrations of quercetin in human plasma showed maxima at 1-1.5 h after ingestion of 340 mL of commercial canned green tea.     

Total synthesis of quercetin 3-sophorotrioside

5,7-dihydroxy-3-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (quercetin 3-sophorotrioside), a flavonol triglycoside, isolated from Pisum sativum shoots and showing protective effects on liver injury induced by chemicals, was synthesized for the first time. The target compound was successfully synthesized in eight linear steps and in 39% overall yield through a combination of phase-transfer-catalyzed (PTC) quercetin C-3 glycosylation and silver triflate (AgOTf) promoted carbohydrate chain elongation using both sugar bromide and trichloroacetimidate donors.     

芦丁-槲皮素双模板印迹聚合物的制备、表征及识别

以芦丁(RT)-槲皮素(QT)为混合模板分子制备了芦丁-槲皮素复合模板分子印迹聚合物。 优化了制备条件,研究了模板用量比、功能单体及交联剂用量对印迹聚合物吸附性能的影响。 用傅里叶红外光谱和扫描电镜对分子印迹聚合物进行结构表征。 探讨了分子印迹聚合物的吸附动力学、等温吸附及键合位点特征,考察了其选择识别性能,并以分子印迹聚合物为吸附介质,萃取分离芦丁粗提液中的目标化合物。 结果表明,当槲皮素与芦丁的摩尔比为3:2,且模板总量与功能单体及交联剂用量摩尔比为1:8:10时,所得分子印迹聚合物的吸附性能最好,对槲皮素和芦丁的吸附量分别达47.86和60.97 mg/g。 吸附可在3.5 h内达到平衡,显示了较快的吸附动力学。 Scatchard分析表明,分子印迹聚合物基体中存在四类不同性能的键合位点,分别为芦丁和槲皮素的高亲和键合位点及非选择键合位点。 相对分布系数(k=K_d(RT)/K_d(QT),K_d=q_e/ρ_e,K_d为分布系数,q_e为平衡吸附量,ρ_e为平衡质量浓度)大于1,表明了分子印迹聚合物对芦丁具有更高的选择键合作用,当模拟混合物中芦丁和槲皮素浓度分别为0.07和0.03 mmol/L时,相对分布系数和分离因子(α=q_e(RT)/q_e(QT))分别达6.669和25.02。 另外,以乙腈、甲醇及甲醇-醋酸混合物依次为洗脱剂,通过分子印迹固相萃取可从槐米提取物中分离芦丁和槲皮素两种黄酮类化合物,总回收率分别为96.70%和94.67%。     

偏最小二乘-分光光度法同时测定芦丁与槲皮素的方法研究

芦丁和槲皮素在紫外区的最大吸收波长接近,吸收光谱严重重叠,普通光度法分析难以实现两者的直接测定.该文通过测定以1∶4甲醇-水为溶剂的芦丁、槲皮素标准混合溶液在200～500 nm波长范围的吸收光谱,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS法)建立校正模型,对样品中的芦丁和槲皮素的含量进行预测,建立了偏最小二乘-分光光度法同时测定芦丁和...     

Study on the interactions of kaempferol and quercetin with intravenous immunoglobulin by fluorescence quenching, fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy

The interactions of kaempferol and quercetin with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) were studied in vitro by spectroscopic methods including fluorescence spectra, Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The binding parameters for the reactions calculated according to the Sips equation suggested that the bindings of IVIG to kaempferol and quercetin were characterized by two binding sites with the average affinity constants K(o) at 1.032 x 10(4) M(-1) and 1.849 x 10(4) M(-1), respectively. The binding of IVIG with quercetin is stronger than that of IVIG with kaempferol. They were of non-specific and weak drug-protein interactions. Docking was used to calculate the interaction modes between kaempferol and quercetin with IVIG. The secondary structural compositions of free IVIG and its kaempferol, quercetin complexes were calculated by the FT-IR difference spectra, self-deconvolution, second derivative resolution enhancement and the curve-fitting procedures of amide I band respectively, which are in good agreement with the analyses of CD spectra. The effect of 3'-OH substituent in quercetin is distinct between the interactions of IVIG with kaempferol and quercetin for the secondary structure of the protein. The observed spectral changes indicate a partial unfolding of the protein structure, but the typical beta structural conformation of IVIG is still retentive in the presence of both drugs in aqueous solution. The average binding distances between the chromophores of IVIG with kaempferol (4.30 nm) and quercetin (4.35 nm) were obtained on the basis of the theory of F?rster energy transfer. IVIG can serve as transport protein (carrier) for kaempferol and quercetin.     

Do cultivar, geographical location and crop season influence phenolic profile of walnut leaves?

Walnut leaves from nine different cultivars (Arco, Franquette, Hartley, Lara, Marbot, Mayette, Meylannaise, Parisienne and Rego) were studied for their phenolic compounds. Samples were harvested along three consecutive years, at two different geographical locations, in order to evaluate if significant differences in the phenolics composition can be related with genetic, climatic or geographical factors. Nine compounds (3-caffeoylquinic, 3-p-coumaroylquinic and 4-p-coumaroylquinic acids, quercetin 3- galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-xyloside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, a quercetin 3-pentoside derivative and a kaempferol 3-pentoside derivative) were quantified using an HPLC-DAD methodology. The qualitative profiles were identical for all samples, but differences were observed in terms of individual compounds' contents. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out, showing that significant differences exist among production years, which can be related to climatic reasons.     

An online target and rapid screening method for α-glucosidase inhibitors based on capillary electrophoresis

Screening enzymatic active compounds is one of the important fields in drug research. α-Glucosidase can hydrolyze carbohydrates to monosaccharides after meals and lead to the rise of blood glucose levels in human body. Thus, the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity is an effective approach for the diabetes treatment. In this work, we developed a new method to simultaneously screen multiple bioactive compounds within a single CE running. The affect factors on the method performance, including injection, mixing, incubation, separation and detection, were carefully analyzed and discussed. Under the optimum, the mixture consisting of two internal standards (DMSO and 4-nitrophenol) and five compounds (lyoniresinol, hydroxytyrosol, rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin) was simultaneously screened, and kaempferol and quercetin showed stronger activity and this conclusion was also supported by offline assay. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed for investigating its interaction mechanism. Eventually, the established method has been applied to screen potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from an extract of Lycium barbarum and the peak area of rutin, taxifolin, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid in L. barbarum samples changed before and after the enzymatic reaction, confirming that these four compounds had potential inhibitory activities, which was consistent with the literature data. The present work provides a promising method for the target and rapid discovery of bioactive compounds from a plant extract or mixture.