生物还原敏感可降解聚合物纳米载体的构建与应用

生物可降解聚合物纳米载体具有较长的体内循环时间、能靶向并富集到肿瘤组织、降低毒副作用、增加药物利用率以及在体内可降解等优越性能,已成为实现肿瘤靶向治疗最有前景的载体系统之一。但是,临床试验结果表明,聚合物纳米药物的治疗效果与人们的预期相差甚远,其中一个重要原因是纳米药物在靶点处药物释放少且缓慢。因此,开发智能型纳米载体使其在到达靶点后即迅速释放包裹的药物成为近年的研究热点。肿瘤组织,尤其是肿瘤细胞内的谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)浓度较高(2~10mM),大约是体液和细胞外基质的100~1000倍(2~10μM)。基于肿瘤独特的还原势能,人们构建了各种不同类型的还原敏感聚合物纳米载体,实现抗癌药物在肿瘤组织和肿瘤细胞内的快速高效释放。生物还原敏感聚合物纳米载体具有以下特点:(1)在生理条件下稳定;(2)对肿瘤细胞内还原环境响应快,触发药物快速释放;(3)无需任何外在刺激装置,简单方便。本文将结合我们课题组的工作介绍各种还原敏感可降解聚合物纳米载体的构建和应用,主要包括还原敏感生物可降解聚合物胶束、囊泡、纳米凝胶等。     

肿瘤微环境响应药物递送系统的设计

化学药物治疗(化疗)是目前临床上治疗肿瘤最有效的方法之一,但传统的给药方式导致药物对肿瘤的靶向性差、药物利用率低。在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时,化疗药物对人体正常细胞也有很大的损伤,因此在化疗过程中通常伴随着严重的副作用,例如恶心、呕吐以及脱发等。随着肿瘤学和纳米材料的迅速发展,多种纳米药物载体被应用于肿瘤的治疗。纳米药物载体具有提高药物利用率、降低药物的毒副作用等诸多优势,已成为药物递送领域的研究热点。其中,肿瘤微环境响应纳米药物载体在实现肿瘤部位药物的可控释放、载体保护壳的脱除以及肿瘤靶向等方面表现出优异的性能。本文讨论了基于肿瘤微环境的异常生化指标构建肿瘤微环境响应载体的常用策略,并总结了近年来肿瘤微环境响应纳米药物载体用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展,旨在为设计与制备高性能纳米药物载体提供参考。     

基于透明质酸构筑的药物递送载体及其应用

传统纳米药物控释载体主要通过细胞胞吞作用实现药物递送,其主要过程为被动靶向机制,因此会影响纳米载体在肿瘤组织的富集和治疗效果。近年来生物大分子透明质酸因其优异的水溶性、生物相容性、可降解性和肿瘤靶向性备受科研工作者青睐,已被广泛用于药物控释载体的构筑中,并成为靶向肿瘤治疗纳米载体领域的研究热点。本文根据透明质酸基纳米载体治疗机制的不同,从透明质酸基纳米载体在化疗、光热治疗、光动力治疗以及联合治疗的应用方面对其性能进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上展望了未来透明质酸基纳米治疗载体的研究方向和发展趋势。     

紫杉醇二聚体纳米前药研究进展

差的水溶性以及严重的毒副作用限制了紫杉醇(PTX)在肿瘤治疗上的应用,纳米药物递送系统的出现有望解决这一难题。通过桥连基团,将PTX修饰成二聚体前药,从而在水环境中自组装为纳米聚集体,不仅可以改善PTX在水中的溶解度,提高与高分子载体的相容性,实现超高的药物含量,还可以通过调控桥连基团,实现肿瘤微环境响应性的药物释放。本文针对PTX二聚体纳米药物在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展,介绍了二聚体前药的具体策略以及几种内源和外源响应的二聚体前药,并对其在未来临床应用中的优势以及面临的问题进行了总结与探讨。     

快速合成Bi@ZIF-8复合纳米材料用于近红外二区光热治疗以及可控药物释放

随着纳米技术的发展及其向医学领域的渗透,纳米技术为肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的途径,构建有效的纳米载体体系对于肿瘤的治疗具有十分重要的意义.本工作报道了一种铋纳米粒子嵌入ZIF-8的纳米材料Bi@ZIF-8@TPZ（BZT）,联合近红外二区（NIR-II）的光热治疗与化疗,达到了良好的治疗效果.BZT纳米材料高效地装载了抗癌药物替拉扎明（TPZ）,同时嵌入的铋纳米点使得该纳米材料具有NIR-II光热的能力.因ZIF-8具有良好的pH响应能力,所以在酸性和光照条件下能实现药物的可控释放,实现了化疗与NIR-II光热治疗的协同治疗,使得BZT纳米材料在临床上具有很高的应用价值.     

pH响应型纳米药物载体的释药机制及性能研究进展

pH响应型纳米载体因具有智能的酸敏或碱敏释药性能,已成为当前一类重要的多功能纳米载体,并得到了研究人员的广泛关注。特别是酸敏性纳米载体,可用于肿瘤弱酸微环境的药物控释,因而对药物的定点释放和癌症的靶向治疗等生物医学应用发挥了积极作用。本文综述了近年来各类pH响应型纳米载体的典型合成方法,系统地介绍了共价键、分子间作用力以及物理结构变化3种方式引发的pH响应释药机制。深入阐述了pH响应型纳米载体的载药性能、体外释药性能、体外细胞毒性、体内抗癌性能及体内分布性能,并详细列举了近年来pH响应型纳米载体的各类实验参数,进而为pH响应型纳米载体的深入研究提供了方法学的借鉴和性能参考。     

可控释放二氧化硫的高分子纳米药物

近年来,二氧化硫(SO₂)气体分子在肿瘤治疗领域展现出巨大的潜力.然而,传统的使用气体吸入或亚硫酸盐作为供体的方法难以应用于临床.本综述首先介绍了一系列能够响应性释放SO₂的有机小分子供体,梳理了这些小分子供体的化学结构及响应性释放方式.接着,回顾了近年来可控释放SO₂的高分子纳米药物在肿瘤治疗研究中的发展,简述了这些纳米药物的治疗机理及抗肿瘤效果.研究表明：将SO₂与高分子纳米载体技术相结合,解决了有机小分子供体存在水溶性差、肿瘤靶向性不佳等问题.制备的可控释放SO₂的高分子纳米药物能够实现在肿瘤部位的靶向富集及SO₂气体的可控释放,表现出良好的抗肿瘤治疗效果.最后,分析并指出了可控释放SO₂高分子纳米药物面临的挑战,并对其未来的发展进行了展望.     

卡铂@葡聚糖纳米载体的自组装/聚合一步法制备及生物应用

在接枝共聚辅助自组装(GISA)制备葡聚糖纳米载体的过程中, 利用丙烯酸单体与卡铂之间的非共价键作用, 使得卡铂参与到葡聚糖纳米载体的形成中, 从而一步实现了卡铂@葡聚糖纳米载体的制备, 并使用肿瘤还原性环境敏感的二硫键来交联纳米载体, 得到了对肿瘤还原环境响应的纳米药物载体. 对纳米药物载体的结构、 粒径及形貌进行表征, 结果显示, 纳米药物载体粒径为(92±0.2) nm, Zeta电位为(-8±0.3) eV. 通过体外药物释放研究发现, 在还原性环境中, 载体可持续72 h释放药物, 最大释放量达80%. 细胞摄取实验表明负载卡铂的纳米药物载体可在4 h内高效地进入细胞核; 其半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为25.32 μg/mL, 达到和相同浓度游离卡铂相仿的促肿瘤细胞凋亡效果. 此一步法所制备的卡铂@葡聚糖纳米载体具有良好的生物应用前景.     

刺激响应脂质体及其在控制释药中的应用

刺激响应型纳米药物递送系统是一种功能性纳米给药系统.刺激响应脂质体不仅提供定位化学治疗,而且还具有控制释放药物的潜能,因此对于实施控制治疗肿瘤具有重要意义.当脂质体在特殊环境(包括热、光、磁和p H等)刺激下,可通过载体微观结构发生变化释放药物.刺激响应脂质体的优势是可减少或避免药物过早释放,提高靶向部位的释药效率.本文介绍了刺激响应脂质体的结构、特性和功能,分别综述了热、光、磁、p H刺激响应和p H-温度双刺激响应脂质体的特性,并讨论了刺激释药的机制.     

基于透明质酸的刺激响应纳米给药系统的研究进展

透明质酸(Hyaluronic acid, HA)是一种天然多糖,具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,利用 HA 构建的纳米载体自身就具有肿瘤靶向功能,可以作为抗癌药物载体将药物传递到肿瘤细胞内从而实现精准到达病患处。近年来透明质酸在应用于肿瘤靶向给药系统中的关注越来越多,成为了靶向治疗肿瘤的一大研究热点。基于透明质酸的基本特性和肿瘤靶向的生理学基础,在不同的刺激响应下,透明质酸型纳米给药系统能将药物集中释放于肿瘤的微环境内,更好地杀死肿瘤细胞,同时避免其他正常的组织受到药物损害。本文主要综述了透明质酸型纳米药物输送系统在各种刺激响应下释放药物的最新研究进展。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.