煤焦外表面分形维数在燃烧过程中的变化

煤燃烧的化学反应及其物质输运过程均具有非线性动力特征，燃烧过程是孔洞分形体的变化过程，其外表面结构的变化部分的反映出颗粒内部孔结构的变化过程，本文利用分形理论及其相关的图像处理方法对不同煤种，不同燃烧阶段煤焦外表面结构的SEM图像进行研究，研究结果表明，XIE法较适合计算煤焦表面分形维数，在燃烧过程中煤焦的外表面分形数呈现两种变化趋势，通过最小二乘法多项式拟合确定煤焦外表面分形维数与燃尽率之间的关系式，并得到不同煤种的方程参数。     

煤燃烧过程中表面形态变化规律的研究

以分形几何为理论工具,采用低温氮气吸附法,对四种煤在低温燃烧过程中表面形态变化作了考察。通过对原煤及燃烧过程中煤焦表面分维的测定,结合实验中所测得的比表面积,分析得到了煤燃烧过程中表面结构的变化历程,揭示出此种气因多相瓜在具有分形动力学的行为特征。     

煤微孔表面的分形维数及其变化规律的研究

本文利用气体吸附数据确定了各种煤阶煤（从褐煤到无烟煤）和煤焦气化反应过程中微孔表面的分形维数及其变化规律。这有助于进一步认识煤的孔结构特征。     

煤焦颗粒催化气化过程中分形特性的原位研究

通过高温热台原位研究气化阶段钾基催化剂对神府煤焦的催化气化作用。考察了气化温度（800-900℃）和催化剂负载量（4.4%、10%（质量分数））对煤焦反应性能的影响。通过热台显微镜对煤焦颗粒催化气化过程进行可视化研究并引入分形理论对煤焦颗粒表面结构进行分析,揭示分形维数所表征的气化反应性。实验结果表明,煤焦颗粒的分形维数与之碳转化率呈正相关性,即催化剂负载量一定,改变气化温度,分形维数愈大,煤焦颗粒的碳转化率越大;气化温度一定,改变催化剂负载量,分形维数愈大,煤焦颗粒的碳转化率越大;煤焦颗粒的初始气化反应速率与分形维数关系与碳转化率一致;煤焦颗粒的分形维数与煤焦球度、角度间相关性较大,存在指数关系;即分形维数随煤焦颗粒角度的增加而增大;煤焦颗粒分形维数指标可用于煤焦催化气化过程的研究。     

煤焦在燃烧过程中孔隙结构变化的模拟

煤焦在燃烧过程中的物理特性，如比表面积和孔径分布会发生连续变化，直接测量煤焦在燃烧过程中的孔隙结构变化很困难，但可以通过合适的数学模型来观察，二维的圆柱孔模型已大量用来对煤焦气化与燃烧过程中表面积和孔隙结构的变化进行模拟，这个模型把孔隙分成两大部分－－大孔与小孔，因为小孔构成比表面的绝大部分，所以在反应过程中比表面积的变化可以由单一小孔模型来拟合，本文采用了用Ｔｓｅｎｇ和Ｅｄｇａｒ提出的孔模型对几     

显微镜图像分析研究非相容高密度聚乙烯/尼龙1010共混体系熔体动态过程中相结构的形成与发展

讨论了非相容高密度聚乙烯,尼龙1010共混体系在熔融混炼过程中相结构的形成与发展.应用在线连续采样方法,获得共混过程中体系不同时刻的样品,应用扫描电子显微镜观察并得到共混物相结构的显微图像.用图像处理和图估计方法求得了体系分散相平均粒径和粒径分布宽度,讨论了平均粒径和分布宽度随混炼时间的变化.结果表明,共混物相结构的变化主要发生在混炼初期,即混炼两分钟以前,之后平均粒径和分布宽度趋于平稳,保持在一定数值范围内.引入分性概念,应用测度法计算了体系的分形维数,表明体系相结构的变化具有自相似性,分形维数的变化与体系的均匀性有关.同时,研究了混炼温度和混炼设备的转速(剪切速率)与体系分散相平均粒径、分布宽度和分形维数等结构参数的关系.     

污泥热解过程中焦的表面孔隙结构分形生长

主要对污水污泥在高温热解和低温热解条件下热解焦炭的表面孔隙结构特性进行了研究。结果表明,污泥热解过程中随着挥发分的析出,污泥热解焦炭的孔隙结构逐渐发达。低温和高温热解过程中挥发分的析出,使得孔径为3.75 nm的孔得到了极大的发展。通过对污泥热解焦炭的N2吸附过程进行的分形分析发现,不同停留时间低温和高温热解焦炭的表面分形维数可以分为FD-1和FD-2。其中,FD-1主要表征了较大孔(0.86 nm)的表面分形维数,FD-2则主要表征了超微孔(0.86 nm)的表面分形维数。随着热解停留时间的延长,FD-1和FD-2逐渐增大并趋于稳定。与高温热解焦炭的超微孔表面分形维数相比低温热解焦炭出现了较大的增加,而较大孔的表面分形维数则相对低温热解焦炭未见有较大的改变。     

煅烧煤系高岭土粒度分布的分形特征

通过分析煤系高岭土及其煅烧产物的粒度,得出：煤系高岭土的粒度分布具有分形规律,同时发现煤系高岭土的普度变化包括膨胀阶段和收缩阶段,并且与高岭土的结构变化相关,计算不同煅烧温度的煅烧产物的粒度分布分维数,并得出分维数与煅烧的关系曲线,由此关系曲线可较容易地确定出煤系高岭土的煅烧温度。     

煤焦分形维数及其对比热容的影响研究

比热容是煤炭热物理性质之一，在煤矿的矿井防火、防止煤与瓦斯突出、井下降温设计及煤炭加工利用(如煤炭的燃烧、气化、焦化、液化等)等方面是关键参数之一，对提高煤炭热能利用率、提高经济效益、减少环境污染等，具有非常重要的意义。比热容的影响因素很多，如煤化程度、水分质量分数、热解温度等，煤焦微观结构的影响也是其中很重要的一方面。分形几何由Mandelbrot 1982年创立，是定量描述自相似或自相关等不规则形体的工具。研究表明，煤焦微观结构具有分形特征。在煤焦分形的研究中，常用的实验技术方法为吸附法、小角度X射线散射法和孔度法，采用扫描电子显微镜和数字图象处理方法研究煤焦的分形结构，能更加深入地理解其分形维数与性能的关系。     

大孔交联聚苯乙烯分形结构的图像分析法研究

采用图像分析法测定大孔交联聚苯乙烯树脂的 现大孔交联聚苯乙烯的外表面具有分形结构,分形维数在２和３之间,将图像分析法测定的分形维数与小角Ｘ－射线散射法测得的结果对照。发现两种方法测定结果虽然不同,但在不同树脂之间的变化趋势是一致的,因此,可用图像分析法比较不同大孔树脂分形结构的差别。     

Measuring surface topography by scanning electron microscopy. II. Analysis of three estimators of surface roughness in second dimension and third dimension.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used in surface studies and continuous efforts are carried out in the search of estimators of different surface characteristics. By using the variogram, we developed two of these estimators that were used to characterize the surface roughness from the SEM image texture. One of the estimators is related to the crossover between fractal region at low scale and the periodic region at high scale, whereas the other estimator characterizes the periodic region. In this work, a full study of these estimators and the fractal dimension in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) was carried out for emery papers. We show that the obtained fractal dimension with only one image is good enough to characterize the roughness surface because its behavior is similar to those obtained with 3D height data. We show also that the estimator that indicates the crossover is related to the minimum cell size in 2D and to the average particle size in 3D. The other estimator has different values for the three studied emery papers in 2D but it does not have a clear meaning, and these values are similar for those studied samples in 3D. Nevertheless, it indicates the formation tendency of compound cells. The fractal dimension values from the variogram and from an area versus step log-log graph were studied with 3D data. Both methods yield different values corresponding to different information from the samples.     

高温下热解温度对煤焦孔隙结构的影响

利用高温沉降炉在1500K～1800K制备京西无烟煤煤焦，使用化学吸附法测定不同热解温度下煤焦比表面积及孔容积与孔径的分布特征，并采用SEM观察煤焦颗粒表面的形态，分析了高温下热解温度对煤焦孔隙结构的影响规律。结果表明，煤焦的比表面积主要由孔径小于10nm的微孔和中孔构成，而其孔容积则主要由孔径为2nm~50nm的中孔构成。高温下煤焦比表面积和孔容积随热解温度的升高，呈现先增大后减小的非单调变化现象，转折温度约为1600K。出现这种变化的主要原因是煤焦在热解温度超过1600K后开始烧结，产生较为光滑致密的表面结构，部分孔隙封闭。     

Measuring surface topography with scanning electron microscopy. I. EZEImage: a program to obtain 3D surface data.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used in the science of materials and different parameters were developed to characterize the surface roughness. In a previous work, we studied the surface topography with fractal dimension at low scale and two parameters at high scale by using the variogram, that is, variance vs. step log-log graph, of a SEM image. Those studies were carried out with the FERImage program, previously developed by us. To verify the previously accepted hypothesis by working with only an image, it is indispensable to have reliable three-dimensional (3D) surface data. In this work, a new program (EZEImage) to characterize 3D surface topography in SEM has been developed. It uses fast cross correlation and dynamic programming to obtain reliable dense height maps in a few seconds which can be displayed as an image where each gray level represents a height value. This image can be used for the FERImage program or any other software to obtain surface topography characteristics. EZEImage also generates anaglyph images as well as characterizes 3D surface topography by means of a parameter set to describe amplitude properties and three functional indices for characterizing bearing and fluid properties.     

Electrochemical technique for the determination of fractal dimension of dental surfaces

Fractal dimension of a carious tooth surface was determined using an electrochemical method. The method was based on time-dependent diffusion towards electrode surfaces, which is one of the most useful and reliable methods for the determination of fractal dimension of electrode surfaces. For this purpose, the tooth was covered with a gold layer, which acted as an electrode in electrochemical experiments. It is suggested that the fractal dimension can be used as a quantitative measure of the state of dental surfaces. The method presented demonstrates the power of electrochemical techniques for the determination of fractal dimension of surface of non-conducting objects.     

焦化过程半焦孔隙结构时空变化规律的实验研究——孔结构的分形特征及其变化

应用分形理论的概念，结合压汞法测得的半焦孔隙结构数据，建立孔结构分形特征模型，考察了焦化过程中不同焦化温度、不同横向空间位置半焦孔隙结构分形特征及其变化规律。结果表明，孔径大于5μm 的孔不具有分形特征，孔径为20nm～5μm孔的孔隙结构具有分形特征，其分形维数为2.45～2.83，可以用分形维数定量表征孔隙结构；相同空间位置下，半焦孔结构分形维数低温时较高，随温度逐渐升高先减小，然后增大再减小；同一空间位置不同温度下分形维数的变化量较小(< 0.15)，表明温度对半焦孔隙结构复杂程度的影响不明显；相同焦化温度下，半焦中心和边缘处的孔结构分形维数大于中间部位，表明中心位置和边缘位置处的孔隙结构要比中间位置处的复杂。     

Microstructure of acid-induced caseinate gels containing sucrose: quantification from confocal microscopy and image analysis

We investigate the effect of sucrose on the microstructure of sodium caseinate gels induced by acidification. The average pore size and the fractal properties of two-dimensional slices of the gels are studied using confocal scanning laser microscopy and image analysis. The addition of sucrose promotes stronger and more fine-stranded gels while re-arrangements of the network tend to be prevented. Whereas the fractal dimension itself is not sensitive to changes in the gel microstructure upon addition of sucrose, the maximum cut-off distance, up to which fractal scaling behaviour applies, is substantially reduced, as is the average pore size. The overall microstructural changes seem to be consistent with previous rheological and light scattering studies of the same system.     

Adsorption of basic dyes onto montmorillonite

Ca-montmorillonite (Ca-Mont) was exchanged with titanium cations and the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of Basic Green 5 (BG5) and Basic Violet 10 (BV10) on these montmorillonites were measured to examine the ion-exchange effects on the basic dyes adsorption. The relationship between the dye adsorption and the alteration of pore structures of montmorillonite induced by ion-exchange processes was discussed. Moreover, the changes in the surface and pore structure of montmorillonites during adsorption were characterized based on classical and fractal analyses of the nitrogen adsorption isotherms as well as the XRD patterns. The decrease in BET surface area of montmorillonites after adsorption of dyes was interpreted in terms of both the coverage of some surface roughness (surface screening effect) and the inhibition of the movement of nitrogen molecule into some pores (pore blocking effect). The surface fractal dimension D was used to examine whether or not the surface screening effect exists and the pore blocking effect was examined with the changes of mean pore size before and after adsorbing basic dyes.