纤维素单体热解机理的热力学研究

为了了解纤维素热解机理, 结合相关实验结果对纤维素单体(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖)的热解设计了四种热解反应途径. 利用Gaussian 03程序, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT), 在UB3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上, 对各反应物和产物的几何结构进行了能量梯度法全优化, 计算了不同温度下各反应路径的热力学参数. 计算结果表明: 所有反应均为吸热反应; 当温度在550 K以上时, 所有反应都能自发进行. 从热力学的角度分析, 热解更有利于发生开环反应而形成乙醇醛、1-羟基-2-丙酮、CO等小分子产物.     

配合物Zn(His)SO4·H2O(s)的低温热容和热力学性质

通过精密自动绝热热量计测定了配合物Zn(His)SO4*H2O(s)在78～390K温区的摩尔热容,由热容曲线得到其起始脱水温度328.90K;用最小二乘法拟合得到摩尔热容(Cp,m)对温度(T)的多项式方程,并在此基础上计算了它的各种热力学函数.此外,研究了其在惰性气氛下的热分解过程.     

碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的热力学性质及均相催化剂

在298.15K,101.325kPa条件下,液态碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的标准Gibbs自由能和熵分别估算为-472.3kJ*mol-1和245.2J*mol-1*K-1.在298K～523K计算了由DMC和苯酚生成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)和苯甲醚反应的热力学性质(ΔrH0m,ΔrS0m,ΔrG0m和平衡常数).计算出的热力学性质表明,DMC和苯酚酯交换合成DPC反应是吸热的,并且在热力学上是不利的.研究了n-Bu2SnO, Ti(OC4H9)4, AlCl3和ZnCl2四种酯交换法合成DPC反应的催化剂,其中n-Bu2SnO具有最高的催化活性.热力学计算和实验结果均表明,合成DPC反应的最佳温度为453K.当以n-Bu2SnO为催化剂,n(苯酚)∶n(DMC)＝4∶1时,DPC的产率和选择性分别为43.0%和88.7%.     

钾长石矿热分解过程的研究

研究了钾长石矿热分解过程的反应行为和动力学.对6种钾长石体系进行了热力学分析,计算了各反应在800～1600K的△G_T⁰,并以此指导实验.研究了焙烧温度、停留时间和助剂配比对钾长石体系热分解为水溶性钾的影响,得出最佳操作条件.添加0.9%添加剂Ⅰ能使适宜焙烧温度由1323K降至1223K,钾分解率可达84%.不加与加入添加剂Ⅰ的2种钾长石体系热分解过程皆符合克-金-布动力学方程,均受固膜扩散控制,表观活化能分别为184.84kJ/mol和158.9kJ/mol,并给出相应的动力学方程.     

稀土高氯酸盐-缬氨酸配合物[Sm2(L-α-Val)4(H2O)8](ClO4)6的低温热容和热化学研究

以高氯酸钐和缬氨酸为原料在蒸馏水中合成了一种稀土高氯酸盐-缬氨酸配合物[Sm2(L-α-Val)4(H2O)8](ClO4)6.利用TC/DTG、化学和元素分析、FTIR等技术表征了配合物的结构,确定其组成为:[Sm2(L-αVal)4(H2O)8](ClO4)6.用精密绝热量热仪测量了它在78～371 K 温区的热容,用最小二乘法将该温区的热容对温度进行拟合,得到了热容随温度变化的多项式方程.用此方程进行数值积分,得到每隔5 K的舒平热容值和相对于298.15 K的热力学函数值.根据TG/DTG结果,推测了该配合物的热分解机理.另外,依据Hess定律,通过设计合理的热化学循环,利用等温环境溶解-反应热量计分别测量量热反应的反应物和产物在所选溶剂中的溶解焓,从而确定反应的反应焓为:△rHθm=(24.83:±0.85)kJ·mol-1.最后,利用反应的反应焓和其它反应物和产物已知的热力学数据计算出配合物的标准摩尔生成焓为:-(8010.01±3.90)kJ·mol-1.     

ANTA的结构、性质及其互变异构的理论研究

对3-硝基-5-氨基-1,2,4-三唑(ANTA)的三种异构体,1H-ANTA(Ⅰ),2－ANTA(Ⅱ)和4H-ANTA(Ⅲ)在,bainitio-HF/3-21G和DFT-B3LYP/3-21G势能面计算的基础上,进行6-311G^**几何参数全优化,MP2总能量和SCRF溶剂(四氢呋喃)效应计算。以振动分析和统计热力学为基础,作标题物热力学性质以及Ⅰ和Ⅱ之间的互变异构反应计算,求得分子几何,电子结构和300～1000K范围的焓、熵和热容以及Ⅰ和Ⅱ互变异构平衡常数和速率常数。发现在三种异构体中在通常温度下以Ⅱ在气相下最稳定,Ⅰ在溶液中最稳定。低温下难以发生异构化反应,温度可提高Ⅰ与Ⅱ之间的互变速率,在800K时两种异构体在气相中等量共存;大于800K时Ⅰ更为稳定。     

分解水制氢的硝酸钾-碘混合循环初探

本文提出了一个分解水制氢的新混合循环——硝酸钾-碘混合循环首先对该循环进行了热力学分析。(3)式的热分解反应的标准吉氏自由能变化随温度的上升而减小。△G°=0时的温度约为943K,1273K时的△G°约为—120kJ/mol-H_2,故作为热化学循环制氢的高温吸热反应是合适的;(4)式所示的电解反应,其标准理论分解电压为0.54 V。实验结果表明,热分解反应在1073K时的转化率达85％,接近平衡转化率。电解反应的过电压较低。在实验条件下,测得分解电压加过电压在50,100,200mA/cm2的电流密度下分别为0.61,O.66和0.71V。     

乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系的热力学研究

利用Benson基团贡献法计算了乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应各物质的标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔熵和摩尔定压热容,在298～700 K温度范围内对乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系的反应热、吉布斯自由能以及反应平衡常数进行了详尽的计算,分析了不同反应步骤的热力学平衡与限度,对不同反应发生的热力学可能性与顺序进行了判断,考察了反应温度和压力对乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应化学平衡的影响,确定了乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系适宜的工艺条件.结果表明:乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应为放热反应;从热力学上看,温度低于546 K时,乙烯齐聚生成直链α-烯烃反应为自发过程,且比α-烯烃异构化和烯烃歧化反应更容易进行;低温、高压有利于乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应的进行;乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系适宜的工艺条件为温度323～473 K,压力5～20 MPa,且在SHOP法的工艺条件下(温度363 K,压力10.3 MPa),乙烯齐聚生成直链α-烯烃反应的热力学平衡转化率接近于100%.     

β-丙醇酸内酯气相热分解反应的过渡态——从头计算法研究

本文用量子化学从头计算法研究了β-丙醇酸内酯热分解反应的机理。对均相热分解的两种可能方式进行了自洽场分子轨道法研究(3-21G基组):■反应物、产物和过渡态的几何构型分别用能量梯度法进行了优化,并对能量做了二级微扰能(MP2)的校正。用这种方法得出反应(1)的活化势垒为166.0 kJ mol~(-1),反应(2)的话化势垒为302.0 kJ mol~(-1)。计算结果表明:在一般温度下,热分解反应主要以反应(1)的机理进行。这个结论与动力学的实验结果是一致的。     

碳/碳复合材料碳源化合物乙苯热裂解机理的热力学研究

主要采用Gaussian 03程序中的密度泛函理论(DFT),在UB3LYP/6-31G*水平上对碳材料用碳源化合物乙苯的初期热裂解反应机理进行了研究.对反应物和产物的结构进行了能量梯度法全优化,计算了不同温度下(298～1573 K)的热力学参数.结果表明:在298～1573 K下,热力学首先支持生成甲苯自由基和甲基自由基的反应为主反应路径.低温下,生成苯乙基自由基(α位脱氢)的反应比例大于生成苯基自由基的反应,而高温下(823 K),生成苯基自由基的反应比例大于苯乙基自由基(α位脱氢)的反应.     

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of ditetrazol-5-ylamine

Ditetrazol-5-ylamine (DTA) was synthesized from cyanuric chloride in four steps. The thermal decomposition of DTA in the solid state was studied by thermogravimetry, volumetry, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and calorimetry. Under isothermal conditions at 200–242 °C, thermal decomposition obeys the first order autocatalytic kinetics. The kinetic and activation parameters of DTA decomposition were determined. The composition of gaseous reaction products and the structure of condensed residue were studied. The thermal effect of thermal DTA decomposition is 281.4 kJ mol⁻¹. The nitrogen content in a mixture of gaseous products formed by the reaction in a temperature interval of 200–242 °C exceeds 97 vol.%. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1660–1664, July, 2005.     

Investigation of the Reaction of Roasted Serpentine Ore with Some Ammonium Salts

The reaction between roasted serpentine ore and ammonium sulfate was studied at the range of temperature 250–1000°C using different molar ratios to determine the maximum extraction of magnesia and also to characterize the different reaction products. The maximum extraction of MgO from the roasted ore reached 92.4% at 400°C. It was found from XRD that ammonium magnesium sulfate [(NH₄)₂Mg₂(SO₄)₃] was produced as the main product at 400°C, which decomposes to magnesium sulfate at 500–600°C. The last compound decomposes to magnesium oxide at 900–1000°C. Thermal analysis of the reaction mixture confirmed the results obtained by XRD. Extraction of magnesia by ammonium chloride at 300–400°C showed low percentage of extraction (7.8%). Comparison was made between using ammonium chloride instead of sulfate taking into consideration the thermal decomposition products of both ammonium salts. Extraction of magnesia from the roasted ore by aqueous ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride showed good results.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel polyamides from new aromatic phosphonate diamine monomer

New aliphatic-aromatic and fully aromatic phosphonate polyamides were prepared by polycondensation reaction of our synthesized aromatic diamine: tetraethyl[(2,5-diamino-3,6-dimethylbenzene-1,4-diyl)dimethanediyl]bis(phosphonate) with the specific di-acylchloride (adipoyl chloride, isophthaloyl chloride and terephthaloyl chloride). The chemical structure of all samples were characterized by (¹H and ³¹P) NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, FT-IR tools, whereas their thermal properties were determined by DSC and TGA techniques. The phosponate polyadipamide (referred as PAP) is a semi-crystalline sample with a melting temperature at about 261 °C and glass transition (T_g) of 71 °C. All polymers show two thermal degradation steps in the temperature range 270-550 °C. Each polymer, independently its structure, shows the first maximum rate of thermal decomposition temperature (PDT) around 300-310 °C, which may be due to thermal degradation of phoshonate groups. MALDI-TOF spectra, beside the linear oligomers terminated with the specific groups expected in accord to the synthesis procedure, reveals the presence of cyclic oligomers in the polyadipamide and polyisophthalamide samples.     

Investigation of sulfur release in ETV-ICP-AES and its application for the determination of sulfates

Electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was applied to the determination of sulfur species in aqueous solutions. The sensitivity for sulfur as sulfate was found to be depending on the cations in the sample. For understanding this phenomenon the thermal behavior of sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate and the sulfates of sodium, zinc, magnesium and silver was studied. There were significant differences in the thermal release of sulfur from these sulfates. To explain these phenomena different reaction mechanisms were calculated using thermodynamic data. Pd(NO₃)₂ and Ge in KOH were successfully applied as modifiers for the stabilization of the sulfates during the thermal pre-treatment step and to establish a uniform thermal behavior of different sulfates. The stabilization of sulfur using Ge and Pd as modifiers is based on the reduction of the sulfates in presence of carbon, resulting in the formation of GeS and PdS, respectively. This explanation has been supported by comparing the experimental results with thermodynamic calculations considering different reactions for the thermal decomposition of the sulfates. Applying Ge (in KOH) as modifier the absolute detection limit was 300 pg sulfur (e.g. LOD 30 ng mL^–1). The significant influence of phosphates on the determination of sulfur could be essentially reduced by Pd as modifier. Received: 11 November 1997 / Revised: 14 January 1998 / Accepted: 18 January 1998     

Investigation of sulfur release in ETV-ICP-AES and its application for the determination of sulfates

Electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was applied to the determination of sulfur species in aqueous solutions. The sensitivity for sulfur as sulfate was found to be depending on the cations in the sample. For understanding this phenomenon the thermal behavior of sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate and the sulfates of sodium, zinc, magnesium and silver was studied. There were significant differences in the thermal release of sulfur from these sulfates. To explain these phenomena different reaction mechanisms were calculated using thermodynamic data. Pd(NO₃)₂ and Ge in KOH were successfully applied as modifiers for the stabilization of the sulfates during the thermal pre-treatment step and to establish a uniform thermal behavior of different sulfates. The stabilization of sulfur using Ge and Pd as modifiers is based on the reduction of the sulfates in presence of carbon, resulting in the formation of GeS and PdS, respectively. This explanation has been supported by comparing the experimental results with thermodynamic calculations considering different reactions for the thermal decomposition of the sulfates. Applying Ge (in KOH) as modifier the absolute detection limit was 300 pg sulfur (e.g. LOD 30 ng mL^–1). The significant influence of phosphates on the determination of sulfur could be essentially reduced by Pd as modifier. Received: 11 November 1997 / Revised: 14 January 1998 / Accepted: 18 January 1998     

Kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the thermal decomposition of imipramine hydrochloride and trimipramine maleate

Thermal decomposition of imipramine hydrochloride and trimipramine maleate has been investigated isothermally and nonisothermally. The kinetic parameters, namely the activation energy E_a and the Arrhenius preexponential term A, were calculated. Applying the theory of activated complex to the process of decomposition one calculated ΔS^≠, ΔH^≠, and ΔG^≠ for the reaction. The values of E_a as well as the thermodynamic functions did not vary significantly with temperature of the reaction whereas the preexponential term showed a significant dependence on the reaction temperature. Both imipramine hydrochloride and trimipramine maleate showed two main steps of decomposition. Each step proved to be a first‐order reaction. The rate constant was calculated for each step, and the results were analyzed statistically. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 166–179, 2003     

Thermal decomposition temperatures of metal sulfates

The thermal decomposition of sixteen metal sulfates was studied by thermogravimetry at heating rates of 2 and 5°C min^?1 in flowing air and high-purity nitrogen. Their decomposition behaviors, especially the initial decomposition temperatures, were examined with relation to the thermodynamic functions for decomposition. Of the factors possibly influencing the decomposition temperature, the equilibrium SO₃ pressures over the sulfates were evaluated: the equilibrium pressures at the initial temperatures for sulfates of metals, of which the oxidation state was unchanged during decomposition, were nearly equal to 1×10^?4 atm at 2°C min^?1 in flowing nitrogen.     

Etude ATD-ATG du polyethylene ignifuge par l’hydroxyde de magnesium

Fire resistance of polyethylene is realized by magnesium hydroxide which is distinguished from halogenated fire-proofing agents by its lower cost and its non toxicity. Magnesium hydroxide decomposed by an endothermic reaction with liberation of water, contributing to fire proofing. The sample used (Kisuma 5A-N^*) is constituted from a powder (0.6–0.8 micrometre) its surface is treated by plastic material in order to ameliorate its compatibility. We studied the thermal decomposition by DTA and TG, of mixtures constituted by polyethylene and magnesium hydroxide. A sudden decomposition began at 385°C for pure polyethylene and decomposition took place at 429°C for the mixture polyethylene-Kisuma (50–50). Incorporation of magnesium hydroxide in polyethylene increases fire resistance.     

The Effect of Flower-Like Magnesium Hydroxide Nanostructure on the Thermal Stability of Cellulose Acetate and Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene

Flower-like magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) nanostructures were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal reaction at relatively low temperature. The Mg(OH)₂ nanostructures were then added to acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and cellulose acetate (CA) polymers. The effect of Mg(OH)₂ nanostructures on the thermal stability of the polymeric matrixes has been investigated. The thermal decomposition of the nanocomposites shifts towards higher temperature in the presence of the Mg(OH)₂. The enhancement of thermal stability of nanocomposites is due to endothermically decomposition of magnesium hydroxide that releases of water and dilutes combustible gases. Nanostructures and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), UL-94 test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) analysis.