磁场作用下乳化重油稳定性的实验研究

燃油磁化燃烧技术是一种新的燃烧技术 ,目前以日本发展较快[1,2 ] ,其节能效果也已为实践所证实[3～ 5] 。我们知道 ,掺水乳化重油稳定性好 ,燃烧状况就稳定 ;稳定性差 ,油水在进入炉膛燃烧前就已分层 ,不但起不到“微爆”效果 ,而且严重时导致熄火。作者曾对未磁化乳化重油的粘度、稳定性和分散度进行了实验研究[6～ 8] ,丘纪华等学者[9～ 11] 对磁化技术在石油、化工、燃料等方面的作用机理及应用进行了一定的研究 ,但是重油掺水乳化后再经磁化处理后其稳定性发生怎样的变化 ,尚未见实验报道。因此 ,为了更好地发挥这一技术的节油和环保效…     

重油掺水乳化分散度的研究

70年代以来人们研究和开发了油掺水乳化燃烧的新技术 ,包括油水乳化方法和高效表面活性剂的研制[1～ 3] ,并在燃油设备上使用了这一技术。此外 ,国内外学者对重油掺水燃烧技术的燃烧机理进行了较多的研究[4 ,5] ,对乳化重油分散体系性质系统实验研究较少。工业炉窑燃用掺水乳化重油效果的好坏 ,除了与其粘度、稳定性有关外[6,7] ,与乳化重油的分散相(水 )微粒大小也有很大关系。水在油中分散得越均匀 ,分散的颗粒越微细 ,其在燃烧过程中的“微爆”效果则越佳 ,雾化效果越好 ;并且 ,分散体系中分散相颗粒粒径与比表面积的大小也决定着分散相…     

重油掺水乳化油稳定性的实验研究

提出了一种快速测定乳化油稳定性的实验方法－－离心分离法, 乳化油稳定性与掺水率、乳化剂量以及搅拌程度之间的关系。实验结果表明：掺水率越大,乳化油的稳定性越差,在掺水量低于１０％时稳定性较好;乳化剂量的增加和搅拌程度的增大均有利于稳定性提高。此外,还测定了两种不同乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值（ＨＬＢ值）, ：ＨＰＥ比ＬＰＮ乳化 稳定性好;二者以一定比例混合形成的乳化剂其ＨＬＢ值在６．５￣８之间时稳定性较好     

甲醇乳化柴油分散特性的研究

利用显微摄像技术及算术统计的方法表征了甲醇乳化柴油分散相-甲醇的平均粒径。研究了甲醇乳化柴油分散相（甲醇）的粒径分布随高速分散器转子转速、乳化时间、乳化剂用量和甲醇的质量分数等参数的变化。结果表明,甲醇乳化柴油分散相的平均粒径随转速、乳化剂用量的增加而减小,但随甲醇含量的增加而增大;当乳化时间为2min和转子转速为5×2800r/min,乳化剂的质量分数为5%和甲醇的质量分数为10%时,甲醇乳化柴油中分散相存在最佳的分散度,其值为16μm。
     

聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究：II.准韧性聚合物共混物脆韧转变的几何模型

给出了分散相粒间基体层厚度Ｔ与分散相粒径（ｄ）、粒径分散度（σ）和分散相体积分数（φ）的定量关系式。发现σ对Ｔ的影响与φ有关，不仅Ｔ随σ的增大而增大，而且φ越大，这种影响越显著。用计算机图像分析仪直接测定了聚氯乙烯／丁腈橡胶、聚丙烯（ＰＰ）／三元乙丙橡胶、ＰＰ／乙烯－醋酸乙烯酯共聚物共混物的Ｔ，发现这三种共混物的Ｔ近似于对数正态分布，理论预示与实验结果很好符合。     

聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究 Ⅱ准韧性聚合物共混物脆韧转变的几何模型

给出了分散相粒间基体层厚度Ｔ与分散相粒径（ｄ）、粒径分散度（σ）和分散相体积分数（）的定量关系式．发现σ对Ｔ的影响与有关，不仅Ｔ随σ的增大而增大，而且越大，这种影响越显著．用计算机图像分析仪直接测定了聚氯乙烯／丁腈橡胶、聚丙烯（ＰＰ）／三元乙丙橡胶、ＰＰ／乙烯 醋酸乙烯酯共聚物共混物的Ｔ，发现这三种共混物的Ｔ近似于对数正态分布．理论预示与实验结果很好符合．     

苯丙水溶胶的合成与性能研究(I) 聚合工艺和反应组分对聚合稳定性和胶体性能的影响

用一次投料法、半连续滴加法和单体预乳化法三种聚合工艺，合成了苯丙乳液聚合物，并加氨微细化，转化成水溶胶，考察了聚合工艺和反应组分（乳化剂，功能单体等）对苯丙乳液及其水溶胶反应稳定性和粒子大小及分布等胶体性能的影响。     

Fe3O4-PEI磁化破乳剂的制备及性能研究

针对乳化原油破乳难度较大的问题,提出了在磁化破乳剂上枝接聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）,增加磁性粒子表面官能团的解决方案,并对其结构进行了表征。研究了破乳剂加量、沉降时间和pH对其破乳效果的影响,磁性粒子的循环利用率,并对其破乳机理进行了探讨。结果表明：磁化破乳剂最优加量为600 mg/L;沉降2 h后,乳化原油透光率仍可达到98.3%;磁化破乳剂Fe₃O₄-PEI在酸性环境中的破乳效果优于碱性环境;磁性粒子重复利用10次后,透光率仍超过90%。      

T型微通道装置制备单分散PLGA微球

利用微通道法乳化技术原理,研制了一个可拆卸T型玻璃微通道装置,以聚乙烯醇水溶液为连续相,聚(乳酸-co-羟基乙酸)(PLGA)的二氯甲烷溶液为分散相,制备了单分散的PLGA微球.考察了乳化剂用量、连续相和分散相流速以及PLGA浓度对形成的液滴平均粒径和变异系数(CV值)的影响.结果表明,增大乳化剂用量,提高连续相流速或降低分散相流速,制备得到的PLGA微球直径减小;分散相浓度在5～20 g/L之间变化时,其对微球直径的影响有限.PLGA微球表面光滑无孔,且内部是实心的.用本装置制备得到的PLGA微球,其粒径范围在30～200μm之间,CV值在15%以下,最低可至3%.该方法可使用挥发性有机溶剂作为分散相而且能避免微球制备时易堵塞等问题,可应用于药物缓控释领域中微米级单分散微球的制备.     

Ce改性Co/SEP催化剂对乙醇重整制氢的影响

采用海泡石（SEP）为载体,通过化学沉淀法制备了Co/SEP和Co-Ce/SEP催化剂,对催化剂进行X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）和透射电镜（TEM）等表征。结果表明,Ce的加入显著改善催化剂的分散度和还原性;两种催化剂应用于乙醇重整制氢实验,考察Ce的加入、反应时间、反应温度和水碳比（S/C比）对制氢的影响。结果表明,在WHSV为20.5h^-1,水碳比（S/C）为3,反应温度600℃时,Co-Ce/SEP乙醇转化率和氢气产率达到最高,分别为85%和65%。同时Ce的添加能使Co-Ce/SEP拥有更优的活性和稳定性。     

Numerical simulation of deformation behavior of droplet in gas under the electric field and flow field coupling

The water droplets in the process of electrostatic coalescence are important when studying electrohydrodynamics. In the present study, the electric field and flow field are coupled through the phase field method based on the Cahn–Hilliard formulation. A numerical simulation model of single droplet deformation under the coupling field was established. It simulated the deformation behavior of the movement of a droplet in the continuous phase and took the impact of droplet deformation into consideration which is affected by two-phase flow velocity, electric field strength, the droplet diameter, and the interfacial tension. The results indicated that under the single action of the flow field, when the flow velocity was lower, the droplet diameter was greater as was the droplet deformation degree. When the flow velocity was increased, the droplet deformation degree of a small-diameter droplet was at its maximum size, the large-diameter droplet had a smaller deformation degree, and the middle-diameter droplet was at a minimum deformation degree. When the flow velocity was further increased, the droplet diameter was smaller, and the droplet deformation degree was greater. Under the coupled effect of the electric field and flow field, the two-phase flow velocity and the electric field strength were greater, and the degree of droplet deformation was greater. While the droplet diameter and interfacial tension were smaller, the degree of droplet deformation was greater. Droplet deformation degree increased along with the two-phase flow velocity. The research results provided a theoretical basis for gas–liquid separation with electrostatic coalescence technology.     

Stochastic diffusion interactions and coarsening in a system of droplets growing from a supersaturated gas mixture

In this work we study diffusion interactions among liquid droplets growing in stochastic population by condensation from supersaturated binary gas mixture. During the postnucleation transient regime collective growth of liquid droplets competing for the available water vapor decreases local supersaturation leading to the increase of critical radius and the onset of coarsening process. In coarsening regime the growth of larger droplets is prevailing noticeably broadening the droplet size-distribution function when the condensation process becomes more intensive than the supersaturation yield. Modifications in the kinetic equation are discussed and formulated for a stochastic population of liquid droplets when diffusional interactions among droplets become noteworthy. The kinetic equation for the droplet size-distribution function is solved together with field equations for the mass fraction of disperse liquid phase, mass fraction of water vapor component of moist air, and temperature during diffusion-dominated regime of droplet coarsening. The droplet size and mass distributions are found as functions of the liquid volume fraction, showing considerable broadening of droplet spectra. It is demonstrated that the effect of latent heat of condensation considerably changes coarsening process. The coarsening rate constant, the droplet density (number of droplets per unit volume), the screening length, the mean droplet size, and mass are determined as functions of the temperature, pressure, and liquid volume fraction.     

动力学因素对热诱导相分离法制备亲水性乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物微孔膜结构的影响

选择 3种不同丙烯酸含量的乙烯 丙烯酸共聚物 (EAA)为原材料 ,二苯醚 (DPE)为稀释剂 ,研究了淬冷温度、粗化时间等影响液滴生长的动力学因素对热诱导相分离法 (TIPS)制备EAA DPE亲水性高分子微孔膜结构的影响 .淬冷温度的高低决定了EAA DPE体系是发生液 液相分离还是固 液相分离 ,而产生相分离的机理不同将影响稀释剂液滴的生长 ,最终影响微孔膜的孔径 .实验结果表明 ,在相同粗化时间的条件下 ,随着EAA1 41 0 DPE、EAA3 0 0 2 DPE、EAA3 0 0 3 DPE三体系冷却温度的逐渐升高 ,孔径逐渐变大 .在结晶温度以下 ( 0℃、3 0℃、60℃ )粗化时间相同时 ,温度对微孔膜的孔径影响较小 ,例如 0℃和 3 0℃的恒温条件粗化 1 0min,微孔膜的孔径在 1～ 3 μm之间 ;在 60℃的恒温条件粗化 1 0min ,微孔膜的孔径在 3～ 5 μm之间 .而在 90℃的恒温条件粗化相同的时间 ,由于体系始终处于结晶温度线以上 ,体系始终处在液 液相分离区域 ,最终得到微孔膜的孔径达到了 6～8μm .在结晶温度以下 ( 3 0℃ )进行恒温粗化 ,由于体系的过冷程度很大 ,液滴相的粗化过程被抑制住 ,所以粗化时间对微孔膜的孔径影响不大 ;而在结晶温度以上 ( 90℃ )进行恒温粗化时 ,则是随着粗化时间的延长 ,微孔膜的孔径逐渐变大     

Phase behavior and nano-emulsion formation by the phase inversion temperature method

Formation of oil-in-water nano-emulsions has been studied in the water/C12E4/isohexadecane system by the phase inversion temperature emulsification method. Emulsification started at the corresponding hydrophilic-lipophilic balance temperature, and then the samples were quickly cooled to 25 degrees C. The influence of phase behavior on nano-emulsion droplet size and stability has been studied. Droplet size was determined by dynamic light scattering, and nano-emulsion stability was assessed, measuring the variation of droplet size as a function of time. The results obtained showed that the smallest droplet sizes were produced in samples where the emulsification started in a bicontinuous microemulsion (D) phase region or in a two-phase region consisting of a microemulsion (D) and a liquid crystalline phase (L(alpha)). Although the breakdown process of nano-emulsions could be attributed to the oil transference from the smaller to the bigger droplets, the increase in instability found with the increase in surfactant concentration may be related to the higher surfactant excess, favoring the oil micellar transport between the emulsion droplets.     

FORMATION OF OIL IN GLYCEROIVWATER EMULSIONS: EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ETHYLENE OXIDE CONTENT

Oil-in-glycerol/water emulsions at various ratios of water to glycerol in the external phase were prepared with polyoxyethylated octylphenols and light mineral oil. As the water concentration in the external phase decreased, oil droplet size decreased down to a minimum size beyond which oil separation occurred. Also, the cloud points of various surfactants were depressed toward room temperature as the water content of the glycerol/water mixtures decreased. It was possible therefore to correlate the concentration of water needed for formation of the smallest droplets to the concentration of water needed for depression of the cloud point of each surfactant to room temperature.     

Formation of Concentrated Nanoemulsions by Extreme Shear

Abstract

We have systematically investigated the production of “nanoemulsions,” droplets of one liquid phase in another immiscible liquid phase that have diameters less than 100 nm. Our approach relies on a combination of extreme shear due to multipass, high‐pressure microfluidic injection and systematic control of the emulsion's composition. By repeatedly shearing a silicone oil‐in‐water emulsion in an inhomogeneous extensional shear flow, the multipass approach enables us to reduce the droplet polydispersity and average radius. Using dynamic light scattering, we study the changes in the average radius, ?a?, as a function of the number of passes, driving injection pressure (i.e., shear rate), droplet volume fraction, surfactant concentration, and droplet oil viscosity. The smallest nanoemulsion that we obtain has ?a?=18 nm. At large droplet volume fractions φ≥0.65, we observe phase inversion, rather than a reduction in the droplet size. This provides evidence that droplet coalescence can occur during extreme shear, even when a significant excess of a strongly stabilizing surfactant is present.     

Effect of oil phase transition on freeze/thaw-induced demulsification of water-in-oil emulsions

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the breakage of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions by the freeze/thaw method. Most of the previous works focused on the phase transition of the water droplet phase. This paper emphasizes the effect of continuous oil phase transition. A series of oils with different freezing points were used as oil phases to produce model emulsions, which were then frozen and thawed. The emulsion whose oil phase froze before the water droplet phase did (OFBW) on cooling was readily demulsified with a dewatering ratio as high as over 80%, but the emulsion whose oil phase did not freeze when the water droplet phase did (NOFBW) was relatively hard to break. The difference in demulsification performance between them resulted from the distinction between their demulsification mechanisms via the analyses of the emulsion stability, emulsion crystallization/melting behaviors, oil phase physical properties, and wettability of the frozen oil phase, etc. For the OFBW emulsion, the first-frozen oil phase was ruptured by the volume expansion of the subsequently frozen droplet phase, and meanwhile, some liquid droplet phase was drawn into the fine gaps/crevices of the frozen oil phase to bridge droplets, which were considered to be essential to the emulsion breakage, whereas for the NOFBW emulsion, the demulsification was attributed to the collision mechanism proposed in our previous work. The findings may provide some criteria for selecting a proper oil phase in the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process and then offer an alternative approach to recycle the oil phase for continuous operation. This work may also be useful for emulsion stability against temperature cycling.