金属有机骨架材料在二氧化碳加氢中的应用

大气中二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度的急剧增加引起了人们的关注,并提出了许多将CO_2转化为高价值化学品的策略。金属有机框架材料(MOFs)由于其独特的孔隙率、大的比表面积、丰富的孔结构、多活性中心、良好的稳定性和可回收性,可用于二氧化碳的捕获和催化转化。基于晶体多孔材料的金属有机骨架(MOF)设计和合成的各种功能纳米材料可以作为多相催化剂或载体/前体来应对这些挑战。在本文中,笔者将主要关注MOFs在催化二氧化碳加氢领域的最新研究进展,包括催化加氢制备一氧化碳、甲烷、甲酸、甲醇和烯烃,分析了基于MOFs的催化剂的合成方法和提高催化活性的原因。介绍了提高新型MOF材料的催化活性和探索新的CO_2转化可行的策略。讨论了MOF型催化剂在CO_2化学转化中的主要挑战和机遇,对本研究领域中进一步的发展进行了简要的展望。     

HKUST-1的制备及其在化学固定二氧化碳中的应用

二氧化碳作为主要温室气体,引发了温室效应和一系列环境问题。为了减少二氧化碳排放并保持碳循环的平衡,通过化学固定将二氧化碳转化为增值产品的方法引起了人们的广泛关注。新兴的金属-有机骨架(MOFs)具有高表面积和均匀分散的催化位点,被认为是CO_2捕获和固定的理想的多相催化剂。本文研究了在温和反应条件(1atm CO_2和35℃)下,四丁基溴化铵作为助催化剂,HKUST-1催化环氧乙基苯与二氧化碳偶联反应的催化性能。HKUST-1显示出高效催化氧化苯乙烯环加成反应的活性,反应48 h后转化率可达88%。     

极性基团修饰金属有机框架材料吸附分离CO2的研究进展

基于从废气中脱除回收CO_2的迫切现实需求,通过对金属有机框架材料(MOFs)进行功能化修饰,构筑具有高容量、高选择性CO_2吸附的耐水MOFs材料成为当前的研究热点。本文首先对MOFs材料的高压CO_2吸附进行了简单的介绍;进而,针对实际工业应用中低压条件下的CO_2捕集,对作为调节MOFs材料CO_2低压吸附分离性能的有效手段的含氮以及杂原子极性基团修饰进行了综述。     

人工固碳技术—热催化还原CO_(2)催化剂的研究进展北大核心CSCD

选择性加氢在功能材料合成和化学产品提纯等化工领域中有非常重要的应用,并且近年来为减少温室效应的影响,将CO_(2)催化选择性加氢转化成其他有应用价值的物质成为研究热点之一。其中热催化是应用较为广泛、易得到多种目标产物并且获得产品收率较高的方法。目前,利用CO_(2)多相热催化加氢制得甲烷、甲醇、轻烯烃等多种高价值的燃料和化学品已取得了一定进展,但仍存在一些难点问题,其中制备高效催化剂是催化加氢反应的关键问题之一。一直以来,研究人员致力于解决催化剂的活性和选择性问题,通过助剂掺杂和加入功能性载体对催化剂进行改性。针对这些问题,本文简要介绍了CO_(2)催化加氢的研究背景,总结了近5年来热催化CO_(2)加氢制得甲烷、甲醇、轻烯烃产品过程中使用催化剂的种类及对加氢反应的影响,期望为CO_(2)多相催化加氢中新型催化剂的开发提供参考。     

双中心多孔聚合物作为多相催化剂实现CO_2在温和条件下高效转化（英文）

由于对化石燃料的高度依赖和二氧化碳(CO_2)的过度排放,大气中CO_2浓度从280 ppm上升到400 ppm左右,导致全球变暖和其他气候问题.在这种情况下,如何有效降低空气中的CO_2浓度成为近年来最迫切的研究领域之一.另一方面,作为一种无毒、廉价且丰富的C1资源, CO_2也可以转化为各种高附加值的工业产品,如甲酸、一氧化碳、甲烷、甲醇以及碳酸酯等.其中CO_2与环氧化物转化生成环碳酸酯的环加成反应具有良好原子经济性,在近年来引起了人们的广泛关注.尽管已有多种多相和均相催化剂应用于该反应,但已有的催化剂特别是多相催化剂往往具有反应条件苛刻、催化剂易损失以及需要可溶性的共催化剂等缺点,从而限制了它们的进一步实际应用.因此,发展多相催化剂实现在温和和无共催化剂条件下的CO_2环加成转化仍是一个挑战.本文通过自由基共聚的方法,以乙烯基功能化的金属卟啉和季膦盐作为单体制备了一种新型多孔有机聚合物(POP-PBnCl-TPPMg-x).考虑到金属卟啉和季膦盐常作为CO_2环加成反应中的Lewis酸和Lewis碱活性中心,我们通过自由基共聚实现了这两种活性中心在分子水平上的结合与协同.所得的催化剂的组成和结构通过固体核磁、X射线光电子能谱、氮气吸附、扫描电子显微镜、透射式电子显微镜等手段进行了表征.值得指出的是,所得多相催化剂具有良好的CO_2吸附与富集效应,十分有利于CO_2的催化转化.我们以温和(40°C和1 atmCO_2)并没有任何无可溶性共催化剂存在条件下,进行CO_2与环氧化物的环加成作为探针反应,测试了不同催化剂的催化活性.以催化剂POP-PBnCl-TPPMg-12为例,其催化活性远超过单组分的POP-PBnCl和POP-TPPMg多相催化剂,也超过了二者机械混合的POP-PBnCl+POP-TPPMg-12催化剂,接近均相催化剂PBnCl+TPPMg-12的水平.这表明通过共聚合方法所得到的催化剂可以实现Lewis酸和Lewis碱两种活性中心的分子水平的结合.本文进一步研究了多相催化剂POP-PBnCl-TPPMg-12和均相催化剂PBnCl+TPPMg-12在低浓度CO_2(15%N2v/v,工业废气中CO_2的浓度)条件下的催化活性,发现在该条件下多相催化剂表现出比均相催化剂更为优异的催化转化性能,且展现出良好的稳定性和循环使用性能,在循环使用5次后仍无明显的活性损失.该催化剂所具有的多相特点和优良的催化性能,因而有望成为实现工业CO_2脱除并转化成高附加值产品的潜在高效催化剂.     

卟啉金属有机骨架材料的合成及其在催化反应中的应用

金属有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)材料不仅具有非常高的孔隙率和表面积,而且其骨架结构可调控性强,容易实现功能化。功能性MOFs材料是近年发展起来的均相催化剂多相化的有效方法之一。均相催化剂金属卟啉具有很好的催化活性,卟啉构建功能性MOFs材料主要通过两种方式:一种是卟啉作为有机构筑模块制备MOFs材料,另一种是将金属卟啉封装到MOFs内部。卟啉MOFs材料因集合了MOFs的微观结构可调控性和仿酶催化剂金属卟啉的特殊催化活性而引起广泛关注。本文介绍了卟啉MOFs材料的设计合成策略及近年来卟啉MOFs材料在催化领域中的应用,并对其催化应用趋势作了展望,以期对卟啉MOFs材料的设计合成及其催化性能有比较全面的认识。     

提高金属有机骨架材料在二氧化碳热催化转化中的性能:策略及前景展望

近年来,大气中CO2的浓度不断增加,带来全球变暖等一系列严重后果,成为国际社会共同关注的环境问题.将CO2催化转化为高附加值化学品可有效降低其向大气中的排放,同时可实现其资源化利用,符合低碳社会的发展目标.目前,已有多种催化体系实现了CO2向不同化学品的转化.然而,由于CO2自身的热力学稳定性和动力学惰性,这些转化通常需要在苛刻的反应条件和较高能耗下进行.设计开发高效催化体系、实现温和条件下CO2的转化利用引起了工业界和学术界的广泛兴趣.金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)是一类由有机配体和金属中心通过配位键组装而成的有机-无机杂化材料,在很多方面展现出良好的应用性能.由于其结构的多样性、可设计性、高比表面积和多孔性等独特性质,MOFs在催化领域吸引了很多研究者的关注.其中,MOFs作为非均相催化剂在CO2热催化转化中表现出良好的应用前景,已实现多种CO2向高值化学品的转化路径.但这些催化体系也存在一些缺点,如有些MOFs材料在催化反应中稳定性差以及其微孔性对反应中的传质造成限制等.因此,设计稳定的MOFs和MOF-基材料并对其结构进行优化改性,从而在温和条件下实现高效的CO2转化具有重要意义.本文综述了提高MOFs在CO2热催化转化反应中性能的几种策略:(1)对MOFs结构中的配体进行设计,包括具有活性官能团的配体、活性配合物作为配体和引入混合配体设计多元MOF;(2)调节MOFs结构中的金属中心,设计混合金属中心和包含活性金属团簇的金属中心;(3)构筑多级孔MOFs;(4)设计MOF-基的复合材料,包括MOFs作为载体与金属纳米颗粒、活性配合物和聚合物构建复合材料;(5)利用MOFs作为前驱体制备MOF-基衍生物材料,重点阐述了如何增加MOFs作为非均相催化剂的催化活性位点以及在CO2转化反应中各位点之间的协同作用.此外,介绍了原位表征技术在MOF-基材料用于CO2固定和转化中的应用.最后,分析了MOF-基非均相催化材料在CO2热催化转化领域目前面临的问题和挑战,包括MOFs材料结构优化、催化机理研究和规模化制备等方面,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

金属-有机框架材料在光催化二氧化碳还原中的应用

CO₂的过度排放导致全球环境问题日益严重,如何将CO₂有效地利用起来成为全世界的研究热点。相比于高耗能的CO₂捕获和储存(CCS)技术,通过催化反应将CO₂转化为有价值的能源燃料是同时解决能源危机和环境问题的有效途径。其中,使用太阳能作为能量来源的光催化CO₂还原技术更具应用前景。但是目前CO₂光还原催化剂仍然存在很多缺点,如可见光响应能力低、光生电子空穴对复合严重、CO₂吸附量小、产物的选择性低以及在含水环境中的产氢竞争反应等。金属-有机框架(MOFs)是由金属离子/簇和有机配体构成的一类独特的多孔晶态材料,具有可调的多孔结构、电子迁移速度快、CO₂吸附量大等优点,在光催化CO₂还原领域具有广阔的应用潜力。现有方法主要是通过对MOFs的功能化修饰、与其他功能型材料复合等获得高效的光还原CO₂的催化性能。本文主要对近年来MOFs基CO₂光还原催化剂(单一MOFs、MOFs基复合材料以及MOFs衍生材料)的研究现状进行了分析和讨论,并对MOFs材料在光催化CO₂还原中的发展趋势进行了展望。     

高分散Ru/FeO_x催化剂在二氧化碳选择加氢反应中的应用及其催化活性的调控（英文）

由于化石能源的大量开采和利用造成CO_2过度排放,从而导致严重的温室效应和气候环境问题,给人类生存带来极大威胁.CO_2选择加氢反应可以将CO_2催化加氢生成高附加值的CO产物.与其他的CO_2转化反应策略相比,该过程中H2的消耗更少,成为可有效处理及转化CO_2的手段之一.同时,应尽可能抑制CO_2深度加氢以及甲烷的产生,研制及设计具有高CO选择性的新型高效催化剂及其构效关系的分析仍十分重要.据报道,负载型贵金属基催化剂的使用有利于H2分子的活化,具有优异的催化活性,因而广泛应用于多种催化反应中.然而,贵金属催化剂实现工业应用的最大挑战是资源的限制及其高额的成本.近年来,由贵金属制备的负载型亚纳米团簇受到广泛关注,主要包括如Au,Pt,Pd,Ru等贵金属,可有效应用于多相催化反应.人们还致力于提高负载型亚纳米团簇的分散度,促进催化剂活性位点的有效暴露,有利于大幅度提高催化剂的有效利用率.本文采用共沉淀法成功制备了超高分散的负载型Ru基催化剂,通过CO_2选择加氢-程序升温表面反应(TPSR)和质谱联用技术测试了催化剂性能,发现CO_2加氢反应生成CO选择性达100%.采用XRD,BET和TEM等方法对催化剂结构进行表征,并结合H2-TPR,H2-TPD和XPS等表征结果深入探讨了催化剂构效关系,并提出了针对该催化剂体系较为合理的反应模型.在CO_2选择加氢反应的催化性能测试中,2.50%Ru/FeO_x催化剂对目标产物CO选择性仅为41%;随着Ru负载量降低至0.25%和0.1%时,CO选择性明显提高至80%;当进一步降低Ru含量至0.01%时,CO选择性接近100%,且表现出优异的反应速率-.在360 oC时,0.01%Ru/FeO_x催化剂的相对反应速率为7.71 mol_(CO_2) mol_(Ru)~(-1) min~(-1),是2.50%Ru/FeO_x催化剂相对反应速率的154倍.H_2-TPR结果表明,贵金属Ru可以明显促进载体FeO_x的还原,并产生丰富的氧空位,进而促进CO_2的吸附、活化.而且CO_2选择加氢TPSR结果显示,目标产物CO的起始生成温度总是滞后于原料H2的初始活化温度,与H_2-TPR结果及文献报道的CO_2选择加氢反应机理一致.通过H_2-TPD深入理解H2在催化剂表面的活化和氢溢流现象,以及Hads与不同催化剂之间的相互作用力,0.01%Ru/FeO_x催化剂相对较高的H2脱附峰温度表明,该样品中Ru与Hads具有极强的相互作用力,相对抑制了Hads与COads深入加氢生成CH_4,从而提高了CO选择性,而2.50%Ru/FeO_x催化剂的情况则与此相反.本文提出了从Hads吸附作用力强弱来考虑CO_2选择加氢反应选择性的新思路,同时为设计CO_2选择加氢制高附加值CO的高催化反应速率、高CO选择性的高分散Ru基催化剂提供了一种经济简易的催化剂设计思路.     

导电金属有机框架材料在电催化中的成就,挑战和机遇（英文）

开发用于各种能量转化过程的新型催化剂对于满足绿色和可持续能源的需求至关重要。由于其具有可调节的晶体结构,显著的化学和物理性质以及稳定性,金属有机骨架(MOFs)已经广泛应用于电化学能量转换领域,比如CO_2还原反应、N_2还原反应、析氧反应、析氢反应和氧还原反应。更重要的是,MOFs具有可调节的化学环境、孔径和孔隙率,这些性质将促进反应物在多孔网络中的扩散,从而改善其电催化性能。但是,由于高的电荷转移能垒和受限的自由载流子,大多数MOFs展示了差的导电性,阻碍了其多样化应用。在先前的报道中,MOFs常被用作多孔基质来限制纳米颗粒生长或经退火处理作为共掺杂电催化剂。而导电MOFs不仅结合了传统MOFs的优点,还具有电子导电性和高电催化活性,使其无需退火处理就可以通过电子或离子途径实现导电,从而极大提高了电催化性能,这有助于拓宽其在电化学能源领域或其他方面的潜在应用。在一些催化反应中,导电MOFs的催化活性甚至超过了商业化的RuO_2催化剂或Pt基催化剂。本文主要总结了构建导电MOFs的机制,并概述了其合成方法,如水/溶剂热合成和界面辅助合成。此外,本文阐述了导电MOFs在电催化应用中的最新研究进展。值得一提的是,导电MOFs的形态和结构可改变底物与MOFs之间的界面接触,从而影响其催化性能,需要进一步深入研究。基于系统的合成策略,在未来可以根据各种电催化反应的需求设计合成更多的导电MOFs。高性能的导电MOF基催化剂将有望获得突破。     

Thermocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to Valuable Products Activated by Noble-Metal-Free Metal-Organic Frameworks

Thermocatalysis of CO₂ into high valuable products is an efficient and green method for mitigating global warming and other environmental problems, of which Noble-metal-free metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most promising heterogeneous catalysts for CO₂ thermocatalysis, and many excellent researches have been published. Hence, this review focuses on the valuable products obtained from various CO₂ conversion reactions catalyzed by noble-metal-free MOFs, such as cyclic carbonates, oxazolidinones, carboxylic acids, N-phenylformamide, methanol, ethanol, and methane. We classified these published references according to the types of products, and analyzed the methods for improving the catalytic efficiency of MOFs in CO₂ reaction. The advantages of using noble-metal-free MOF catalysts for CO₂ conversion were also discussed along the text. This review concludes with future perspectives on the challenges to be addressed and potential research directions. We believe that this review will be helpful to readers and attract more scientists to join the topic of CO₂ conversion.     

Recent Advances in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photo-/Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Considerable attention has been paid to the utilization of CO₂, an abundant carbon source in nature. In this regard, porous catalysts have been eagerly explored with excellent performance for photo-/electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to high valued products. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring large surface area, high porosity, tunable composition and unique structural characteristics, have been widely exploited in catalytic CO₂ reduction. This Minireview first reports the current progress of MOFs in CO₂ reduction. Then, a specific interest is focused on MOFs in photo-/electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ by modifying their metal centers, organic linkers, and pores. Finally, the future directions of study are also highlighted to satisfy the requirement of practical applications.     

Co‐Catalyst‐Free Chemical Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates by using Metal‐Organic Frameworks as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere is increasing at an alarming rate resulting in undesirable environmental issues. To mitigate this growing concentration of CO₂, selective carbon capture and storage/sequestration (CCS) are being investigated intensively. However, CCS technology is considered as an expensive and energy‐intensive process. In this context, selective carbon capture and utilization (CCU) as a C1 feedstock to synthesize value‐added chemicals and fuels is a promising step towards lowering the concentration of the atmospheric CO₂ and for the production of high‐value chemicals. Towards this direction, several strategies have been developed to convert CO₂, a Greenhouse gas (GHG) into useful chemicals by forming C?N, C?O, C?C, and C?H bonds. Among the various CO₂ functionalization processes known, the cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides has gained considerable interest owing to its 100% atom‐economic nature producing cyclic carbonates or polycarbonates in high yield and selectivity. Among the various classes of catalysts studied for cycloaddition of CO₂ to cyclic carbonates, porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained a special interest due to their modular nature facilitating the introduction of a high density of Lewis acidic (LA) and CO₂‐philic Lewis basic (LB) functionalities. However, most of the MOF‐based catalysts reported for cycloaddition of CO₂ to respective cyclic carbonates in high yields require additional co‐catalyst, say tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB). On the contrary, the co‐catalyst‐free conversion of CO₂ using rationally designed MOFs composed of both LA and LB sites is relatively less studied. In this review, we provide a comprehensive account of the research progress in the design of MOF based catalysts for environment‐friendly, co‐catalyst‐free fixation of CO₂ into cyclic carbonates.     

A Bismuth-Based Zeolitic Organic Framework with Coordination-Linked Metal Cages for Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to HCOOH

Zeolitic metal–organic frameworks (ZMOFs) have emerged as one of the most promsing catalysts for energy conversion, but they suffer from either weak bonding between metal-organic cubes (MOCs) that decrease their stability during catalysis processes or low activity due to inadequate active sites. In this work, through ligand-directing strategy, we successfully obtain an unprecedented bismuth-based ZMOF (Bi-ZMOF) featuring a ACO topological crystal structure with strong coordination bonding between the Bi-based cages. As a result, it enables efficient reduction of CO₂ to formic acid (HCOOH) with Faradaic efficiency as high as 91 %. A combination of in situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation reveals that the Bi−N coordination contributes to facilitating charge transfer from N to Bi atoms, which stabilize the intermediate to boost the reduction efficiency of CO₂ to HCOOH. This finding highlights the importance of the coordination environment of metal active sites on electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction. We believe that this work will offer a new clue to rationally design zeolitic MOFs for catalytic reaction     

Enhancing photocatalytic performance of metal-organic frameworks for CO2 reduction by a bimetallic strategy

Metal-organic frameworks（MOFs） as a type of crystalline heterogeneous catalysts have shown potential application in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.However,MOF catalysts with high efficiency and selectivity are still in pursuit.Herein,by a bimetallic strategy,the catalytic performance of a Co-MOF for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction was enhanced.Specifically,the Co-MOF based on 4,5-dicarboxylic acid（H₃ IDC） and4,4’-bipydine（4,4’-bpy） can catalyze CO₂ reductio...     

An Overview of Metal-Organic Framework Based Electrocatalysts: Design and Synthesis for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution,Oxygen Evolution,and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reactions

Due to the increasing global energy demands, scarce fossil fuel supplies, and environmental issues, the pursued goals of energy technologies are being sustainable, more efficient, accessible, and produce near zero greenhouse gas emissions. Electrochemical water splitting is considered as a highly viable and eco-friendly energy technology. Further, electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction reaction (CO₂RR) is a cleaner strategy for CO₂ utilization and conversion to stable energy (fuels). One of the critical issues in these cleaner technologies is the development of efficient and economical electrocatalyst. Among various materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are becoming increasingly popular because of their structural tunability, such as pre- and post- synthetic modifications, flexibility in ligand design and its functional groups, and incorporation of different metal nodes, that allows for the design of suitable MOFs with desired quality required for each process. In this review, the design of MOF was discussed for specific process together with different synthetic methods and their effects on the MOF properties. The MOFs as electrocatalysts were highlighted with their performances from the aspects of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and electrochemical CO₂RR. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed.     

Post-modification of metal-organic framework for improved CO2 photoreduction efficiency

Utilizing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to design photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction catalysts is an excellent idea but currently restricted by the relatively low activity. Enhancing CO₂ affinity and tuning the oxidation state of metal clusters in MOFs might be a solution to improve the catalytic performance. Herein, the Cl-bridge atoms in the metal clusters of a cobalt MOF were easily exchanged with OH^?, which simultaneously oxidized a portion of Co(II) to Co(III) and resulted in a much enhanced photocatalytic activity for CO₂ reduction. In contrast, the original framework does not exhibit such superior activity. Comprehensive characterizations on their physicochemical properties revealed that the introduction of hydroxyl group not only greatly increases the CO₂ affinity but also alters the oxidation state of metal clusters, resulting in significantly improved photocatalytic activities for CO₂ reduction. This work provides important insight into the design of efficient photocatalysts.     

Reduced SnO2 Porous Nanowires with a High Density of Grain Boundaries as Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical CO2‐into‐HCOOH Conversion

Electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into energy‐dense liquids, such as formic acid, is desirable as a hydrogen carrier and a chemical feedstock. SnO_x is one of the few catalysts that reduce CO₂ into formic acid with high selectivity but at high overpotential and low current density. We show that an electrochemically reduced SnO₂ porous nanowire catalyst (Sn‐pNWs) with a high density of grain boundaries (GBs) exhibits an energy conversion efficiency of CO₂‐into‐HCOOH higher than analogous catalysts. HCOOH formation begins at lower overpotential (350 mV) and reaches a steady Faradaic efficiency of ca. 80 % at only −0.8 V vs. RHE. A comparison with commercial SnO₂ nanoparticles confirms that the improved CO₂ reduction performance of Sn‐pNWs is due to the density of GBs within the porous structure, which introduce new catalytically active sites. Produced with a scalable plasma synthesis technology, the catalysts have potential for application in the CO₂ conversion industry.     

Ultra-small Size ZIF-8 Materials for Efficient and Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO

Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) are considered as a novel porous material combining high stability in inorganic zeolites with high porosity and organic functionality of MOFs. The cage-like structure selectively and efficiently traps CO₂, which is an indispensable and critical step for Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Reaction (CO₂RR). In this work, ultrasmall ZIF-8 nanomaterials are synthesized by tuning the molar ratio of the feedstock and used as electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of CO₂ to CO. The catalytic activity of the ultra-small size ZIF-8 material for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ can reach satisfactory results with a Faraday efficiency of 91 % for CO and a stability of 12.5 h at a high applied potential of −1.8 V vs. RHE. The investigation can provide a new idea to explore for the design and improvement of catalysts for CO₂RR.     

Production of Hydrogen from Methane by a CO2 Emission-Suppressed Process: Methane Decomposition and Gasification of Carbon Nanofibers

Catalytic methane decomposition into hydrogen and carbon nanofibers and the oxidations of carbon nanofibers with CO₂, H₂O and O₂ were overviewed. Supported Ni catalysts (Ni/SiO₂, Ni/TiO₂ and Ni/carbon nanofiber) were effective for the methane decomposition. The activity and life of the supported Ni catalysts for methane decomposition strongly depended on the particle size of Ni metal on the catalysts. The modification of the catalysts with Pd enhanced the catalytic activity and life for methane decomposition. In particular, the supported Ni catalysts modified with Pd showed high turnover number of hydrogen formation at temperatures higher than 973 K with a high one-pass methane conversion (>70%). However, sooner or later, every catalyst completely lost their catalytic activities due to the carbon layer formation on active metal surfaces. In order to utilize a large quantity of the carbon nanofibers formed during methane decomposition as a chemical feedstock or a powdered fuel for heat generation, they were oxidized with CO₂, H₂O and O₂ into CO, synthesis gas and CO₂, respectively. In every case, the conversion of carbon was greater than 95%. These oxidations of carbon nanofibers recovered or enhanced the initial activities of the supported Ni catalysts for methane decomposition.