烷基化催化剂表面酸性及催化性能的动力学研究

在确定关联升温速率、脱附峰温和脱附峰覆盖率的程序升温脱附动力学模型的基础上，通过TPD实验和模型参数估值，建立了表征催化剂酸密度、酸强度及强度分布情况的方法。研究表明，随着活化温度的提高，固体酸催化剂表面酸中心强度分布先变宽后趋于均匀，350?℃活化催化剂的强度分布最宽；催化剂表面酸强度和酸密度随活化温度提高均呈先增大后降低、分别在350 ℃和250 ℃活化温度达到极大值的变化规律。催化剂酸性与催化性能关联的结果表明，随着活化温度的提高，烷基化反应速率常数与总脱附量的变化趋势相同，而催化剂失活速率常数与脱附活化能变化趋势相同；催化剂活性稳定性随其酸强度的增大而变差，催化剂活性与催化剂酸量和酸强度有关。     

Improved Performance of W／HZSM-5 Catalysts for Dehydroaromatization of Methane

The dehydroaramatization of methane over W-supported ZSM-5 with varying degrees of Li^ ion-exchanged catalysts was studied with and without oxygen at 1073 K and atmospheric pressure.Catalyst activity and stability were found to be influenced by the catalyst acidity related to BrSnsted acid sites and by the presence of oxygen in the feed. The NH3-TPD and FTIR-pyridine results demonstrated that partially exchanged of H^ ions by Li^ into the W/HZSM-5 catalysts could be used to control the amount of strong acid sites on the catalyst surface. Without oxygen, the 3WHLi-Z (5:1) catalyst that has strong acid sites equal to nearly 74% of the original strong acid sites in the parent HZSM-5 exhibited the highest methane conversion and selectivity towards aromatics. However, the catalyst deactivated in a five hour period. In the presence of oxygen, the catalyst activity and stability could be improved further.The results of this study revealed that a suitable amount of strong Bronsted acid sites as well as oxygen addition in the feed increased the catalyst activity and stability. The 3WHLi-Z(5:1) catalyst exhibited improved performance in the dehydroaromatization of methane.     

Synthesis of Pb(OH)2/rGO Catalyst for Conversion of Sugar to Lactic Acid in Water

Conversion of sugars from biomass to platform chemicals or fuels is an attracting topic for the utilization of biomass. Pb²⁺ ion is an efficient catalyst for the degradation of sugar to lactic acid, and it will be better to fix lead on a solid catalyst to reduce the risk of exposure of Pb²⁺ to environment. Here, a simple method has been developed to prepare a composite catalyst of Pb(OH)₂/rGO, where the nanoparticles of Pb(OH)₂ in size of 2-5 nm were prepared and fixed over the as-prepared reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. The as-obtained catalyst showed an efficient catalytic activity to degrade glucose, fructose, and cellulose in aqueous solution, and the major product is lactic acid. The yield of lactic acid reached 58.7% when fructose was used as the feedstock (433 K and 2.5 MPa N₂), and the catalyst can be recycled with high activity. Cellulose can also be directly converted into lactic acid in aqueous solution over the catalyst without extra acid or alkali, and the maximum yield of lactic acid is 31.7%.     

用NH4F络合还原法制备的炭载Pd催化剂对甲酸分解的催化性能和甲酸氧化的电催化性能

直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)的两大问题是炭载Pd(Pd/C)催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化稳定性不好和Pd催化剂能催化甲酸分解。发现用NH4F络合还原法制备的NH4F修饰Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性要比Pd/C催化剂好大约20%,电催化稳定性也要稍优于Pd/C催化剂。在120 s内和30℃下,甲酸在Pd/C催化剂上分解产生38 mL气体,但在NH4F修饰Pd/C催化剂上基本上不分解,因此NH4F修饰主要能抑制Pd催化剂催化分解甲酸的能力,而且又能在一定程度上提高Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能。     

磺酸官能化的磁性核壳结构的纳米材料用于果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛(英)

通过反相微乳液法制备了以Fe₃O₄为核,磺酸官能化的硅基材料为壳层的磁性酸性催化剂.首先制备纳米Fe₃O₄磁核,然后涂层包覆苯基修饰的纳米级硅层,最后进行苯基磺化修饰,制得固体酸催化剂Fe₃O₄@Si/Ph-SO₃H.在果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛反应中,该催化剂表现出较好的催化活性,优于传统催化剂A-15,且与均相无机酸催化活性相当.当采用二甲基亚砜作溶剂,在110℃下反应3 h,果糖转化率达到99%,5-羟甲基糠醛收率为82%.另外,该催化剂经磁法回收后可多次重复使用.     

偏钒酸钠对甲酸在Pd/C催化剂上氧化的电催化性能影响的机理

直接甲酸燃料电池的两大问题是Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化稳定性不好和Pd能催化甲酸分解。研究发现,当Pd/C在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后能吸附上VO3-,吸附上VO3-的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸分解的催化性能会大大降低,由甲酸分解产生的CO的量也大大降低,使Pd/C催化剂被CO毒化的几率也大大降低,因此,在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的峰电流密度要比没有浸泡的Pd/C催化剂高13%左右。计时电流曲线的测量表明,6000 s时在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡后的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的峰电流密度要比没有浸泡的Pd/C催化剂高42%左右。结果证明,在偏钒酸钠溶液中浸泡能提高Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性,特别是电催化稳定性。     

柠檬酸改性Hβ分子筛上的苯与丙烯烷基化反应

研究了柠檬酸改性对Hβ分子筛上苯与丙烯烷基化反应性能的影响。通过比较分析改性前后催化剂寿命、二异丙苯选择性及其异构体组成分布等的变化。结果表明，二异丙苯的选择性及各异构体的分布与催化剂的酸密度和酸强度有关；较高酸密度和酸强度有利于烷基转移反应的进行，但却加快了催化剂的失活。柠檬酸改性处理可调节Hβ分子筛的酸密度和酸强度，改善苯烷基化的催化反应性能。经0.50mol/L的柠檬酸处理后，Hβ催化剂的寿命比原来延长30%，正丙苯的质量分数减少90%。     

新型Brønsted-Lewis双酸位碳基固体酸的制备及其催化生物柴油的合成

以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）与硫酸铁螯合反应生成的螯合物为碳前驱体,以浓硫酸为磺化试剂,制备新型碳基固体酸催化剂。采用红外（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、吡啶红外、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、热重分析仪（TGA）、能谱仪（EDS）对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,该催化剂同时具有Brønsted和Lewis酸位点,是具有双酸位的碳基固体酸催化剂。将其应用到油酸与甲醇的酯化反应制备生物柴油体系中,考察了不同反应条件对油酸转化率的影响。在反应温度为70℃,反应时间为6h,油酸与甲醇物质的量比为1：10,催化剂用量为油酸质量7.5%条件下,油酸的转化率可达到96.8%。此外,对该催化剂的稳定性进行研究发现该催化剂有着良好的重复使用性和疏水性。     

草酸处理对丙烷氨氧化催化剂Sb-V-O结构和催化性能的影响

以不同量的草酸处理钒的起始原料,采用共沉淀法制备了VSb3混合氧化物催化剂,运用N2低温吸附、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和H2程序升温还原等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了其在丙烷氨氧化反应中的催化性能.结果表明,草酸的处理可使所得样品中V处于较低的价态,从而有利于活性相SbVO4的生成.当草酸/V(摩尔比)为3时,所制VSb3混合氧化物中存在较多的活性相SbVO4,且其表面具有适量Sb和V的分布,使催化剂具有良好的氧化/还原性能平衡,因而在丙烷氨氧化反应中表现出更高的活性和丙烯腈选择性.     

腐植酸负载Pd/Ni双金属催化剂对Heck反应催化性能的研究

制备了腐植酸负载Pd/Ni双金属催化剂, 该催化剂能够成功催化溴苯与丙烯酸、苯乙烯等乙烯基化合物的Heck反应, 产率均在85%以上; 催化剂能够不同程度地重复使用, 在催化溴苯与丙烯酸反应中, 催化剂重复使用3次后仍可得到42.9%的产率, 而在催化溴苯与苯乙烯反应中, 催化剂重复使用7次后也可得到26.7%的产率; 并且对不同取代基芳基卤与丙烯酸的反应也有很好的催化活性.     

干气制乙苯结炭沸石催化剂烧炭再生研究

以苯和炼厂干气中的乙烯合成乙苯结炭催化剂为研究对象，对结炭催化剂上积炭的性质及不同温度下的烧炭情况进行了研究，考察了再生前后催化剂的酸性、活性、晶相、比表面及孔结构等性能的变化。结果表明，催化剂孔的内表面积炭占据了酸性中心，致使催化剂活性降低；在烧炭时温度大于300 ℃才开始烧炭，最佳烧炭温度应控制在500℃～550℃，600 ℃可将炭完全烧净。程序升温脱附（TPD）实验表明，550 ℃实验室烧炭后催化剂酸种类及其比例可完全恢复，酸量可恢复到95%。晶相、孔结构基本未变，催化剂的活性得到良好恢复。     

Synthesis and characterization of Pd catalysts supported on carbon microspheres for formic acid oxidation

A facile preparation of Pd catalyst using carbon microspheres as support was introduced in this paper. The carbon microspheres were prepared with a simple method from dextrose via hydrothermal process and used as catalysts support for formic acid electrooxidation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that the as-prepared face-centered cubic crystal Pd nanoparticles were well-dispersed on the surface of the carbon microspheres, and the mean diameter of the nanoparticles was 8.8 nm. The effect of the support on the catalyst performance for formic acid electrooxidation was studied. The as-prepared catalyst showed the enhanced electrochemical surface active area and the higher electrocatalytic activity towards formic acid oxidation compared with Pd/CNTs and Pd/XC-72 catalysts prepared at room temperature. Electrochemical analysis suggested that the carbon microspheres might be good candidates to be used as the supports of catalyst for formic acid electrochemical oxidation.     

Vapor—phase Nitration of Benzene to Nitrobenzene over Supported Sulfuric Acid Catalyst

Nitrobenzene is an important chemical intermediate for producing dyestuffs. It is also used as a solvent. The industrial synthesis of nitrobenzene has been carried out in liquid phase with a mixture of nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. This conventional nitration process still has some unsolved problems such as treatment of waste sulfuric acid and disposal of wastewater. The vapor-phase nitration of benzene to prepare nitrobenzene over the solid acidic catalysts in diluted nitric…     

Efficient cenosphere supported catalyst for the esterification of n-octanol with acetic acid

An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst was developed using cenospheres, a byproduct of coal-fired thermal power plants by the method of wet impregnation. Catalyst characterization was carried out using various analytical techniques, namely, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and surface acidity analysis. The characterization revealed the excellent catalytic activity of the catalyst for the esterification reaction of n-octanol and acetic acid. Various reaction parameters, namely, catalyst loading, a molar ratio of alcohol/acid and reaction temperature were evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken model. The response surface methodology model equations corresponding to the conversion of acid and % yield of ester were developed. The model well predicted the optimal reaction conditions, which were validated experimentally with good agreement. The excellent catalytic performance was observed in the esterification reaction with high conversion of acid (95.34%) and high yield of n-octyl acetate (94.81%). Reusability study of the catalyst showed that the catalyst could be used efficiently up to three reaction cycles. This study explores the use of cenospheres to prepare a solid acid catalyst for the industrially important esterification reactions.     

磷酸钛固载磷钨酸非均相催化合成异戊酸己酯

通过在300℃下焙烧2h制备了磷酸钛固载15%磷钨酸H3PW12O40(简记为HPW)非均相酯化催化剂HPW/Ti3(PO4)4;采用红外光谱仪分析了催化剂的结构;基于异戊酸与正己醇的酯化反应考察了催化剂用量、n(正己醇)∶n(异戊酸)、反应时间、带水剂种类和催化剂重复使用性能等因素对酯化率的影响.结果表明,该催化剂催化合成异戊酸己酯的适宜反应条件为:0.2mol异戊酸,催化剂用量0.6g,n(正己醇)∶n(异戊酸)=1.6∶1,反应时间4.5h,环己烷10mL;相应的酯化率达95.1%.与此同时,该催化剂循环利用6次后酯化率不低于84%.     

Polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) Suzuki couplings employing an anthracene-tagged palladium catalyst

A general method for polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) Suzuki reactions employing a combination of anthracene-tagged palladium catalyst and anthracene-tagged boronic acid with a polymer-supported carbonate base is reported. The anthracene-tagged catalyst allows for the easy removal of the Pd catalyst along with the dissociated phosphine ligand and phosphine oxide byproducts by sequestration through a chemoselective Diels-Alder reaction with a maleimide resin. The polymer-supported carbonate base facilitates the removal of excess boronic acid and the borane-containing byproducts present at the end of the coupling reaction. The Suzuki coupling reaction can be efficiently conducted by using combinations of the anthracene-tagged Pd catalyst, polymer-supported carbonate base, and anthracene-tagged boronic acid to yield the desired product in high purity and yield without the use of chromatography.     

Carbocations as Lewis Acid Catalysts in Diels–Alder and Michael Addition Reactions

In general, Lewis acid catalysts are metal‐based compounds that owe their reactivity to a low‐lying empty orbital. However, one potential Lewis acid that has received negligible attention as a catalyst is the carbocation. We have demonstrated the potential of the carbocation as a highly powerful Lewis acid catalyst for organic reactions. The stable and easily available triphenylmethyl (trityl) cation was found to be a highly efficient catalyst for the Diels–Alder reaction for a range of substrates. Catalyst loadings as low as 500 ppm, excellent yields, and good endo/exo selectivities were achieved. Furthermore, by changing the electronic properties of the substituents on the tritylium ion, the Lewis acidity of the catalyst could be tuned to control the outcome of the reaction. The ability of this carbocation as a Lewis acid catalyst was also further extended to the Michael reaction.     

环己酮与丙烯酸甲酯及(S)-3-(2′-氧环己基)-丙酸与醇的酯化反应

在(R)TTCA·K催化下由环己酮直接与丙烯酸甲酯进行Michael加成反应得到了(S)-3-(2′-氧环己基)-丙酸甲酯, [α]20D-4.14(41.5% e.e.).     

Chitosan-immobilized Palladium Complex：a Green and Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for Heck Reaction

A green heterogeneous catalyst for Heck reaction-chitosan-immobilized palladium complex was prepared.The catalyst exhibits high activity and stereoselectivity under the moderate reaction conditions.The catalyst can be separated easily from the reaction mixture and reused after washing.Under the suitable reaction conditions,the cross-coupling of iodobenzene (ArI) with acrylic acid (AA) or acrylate can be achieved 93.3% or 99% yield of trans-cinnarnic acid or trans-cinnamic ester.     

A green and efficient procedure for one-pot synthesis of xanthenes and acridines using silica boron–sulfuric acid nanoparticles (SBSANs) as a solid Lewis-protic acid

Silica boron–sulfuric acid nanoparticles (SBSANs) as a solid Lewis-protic acid have been found to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of xanthene and acridine derivatives. The SBSAN-catalyzed reaction between carbonyl compound (aldehyde/ketone/ethyl orthoformate) and 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) for synthesis of xanthene derivatives is performed under mild conditions with the excellent isolated yield. Also, we can apply a broad scope of carbonyl compounds and amines for efficient synthesis of various acridine derivatives in the presence of SBSAN catalyst. In these multicomponent approaches the SBSAN catalyst can be reused for several times without any treatment in its catalytic activity.