竹木质素的红外光谱与X射线光电子能谱分析

应用傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS), 研究了3种提纯方法得到的竹木质素及其化学反应产物的化学结构特性. 确定竹木质素C_1s的电子结合能分别为283.52 (C—H或C—C), 284.58～285.72 (C—OR或C—OH), 286.10～286.44 (C＝O或HO—C—OR), 287.65～287.72 (O—C＝O) eV. O_1s的电子结合能分别为530.31(羟基氧原子), 531.45～531.72(醛或酮的羰基氧原子), 532.73～533.74(酯键或羧酸中的羰基氧原子) eV. 竹木质素中的结构单元之间主要是通过醚键和碳碳单键连接, 慈竹磨木木质素结构单元中醚键、碳碳单键、酯键、羰基和烯双键的比例为100∶63∶32∶40∶32 (49.3∶31.0∶16.0∶19.9∶16.0)     

木质素在橡胶中的应用研究进展

木质素是地球上最丰富的生物材料之一,其基本单元为9-碳苯酚丙烷(香豆醇、松柏醇和芥子醇),这些单元通过不同类型的键连接在一起形成一个多酚类芳香族聚合物。作为造纸工业的主要废弃物,木质素成本低廉,目前主要用作低附加值的燃料,其开发价值还没有得到充分利用。将木质素用于填充改性橡胶既经济又环保,其不仅有补强的效果,还有偶联、抗氧防老、阻燃的作用,可部分代替炭黑。本文将对木质素的改性、橡胶/木质素复合材料的制备方法及研究进展进行综述,并对橡胶/木质素复合材料研究的挑战和机遇进行了展望。     

含有三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的聚丙烯酸酯的合成与表征

研究了聚丙烯酸酯侧基上引入三氟乙烯基芳基醚结构单元的方法. 首先, 合成了含有三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的丙烯酸酯单体, 然后通过原子转移自由基聚合实现了该单体的均聚和无规共聚, 得到了含有三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的聚丙烯酸酯聚合物, 聚合物的分子量分布较窄. 通过控制共聚投料比, 可以得到具有不同含量三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的无规共聚物.     

一种新的聚合物固载的1,3-二醇的合成及其对二醛的单保护性能

聚合物固载的1,2-二醇(1—3)和1,3-二醇(4,5)作为醛或酮的保护基团已有广泛的研究。聚合物固载的保护试剂的重要特性是能够对双功能基化合物进行单保护。上述二醇树脂用于对苯二甲醛单保护中只有在很低的醛固载量(0.2—0.38mmol/g)时才是成功的。其单保护率可达95％以上。一旦固载的醛量增加,其单保护率迅速降低。而且这些二醇树脂多数不能再生重复使用。从这些二醇聚合物的结构分析可以看出,它们对二醛单保护率低的原因很可能是功能基通过醚键或酯键同聚合物相连,其柔性增加了二醛双结合的可能性。为了克服这些树脂的缺点,我们设计合成了二醇功能基直接与聚苯乙烯链的苯环相接的1,3-二醇树脂——1-聚苯乙烯基-2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇(6)。二醇功能基2位上的两个氢原子均被甲基所取代,减少了在被保护的醛解脱过程中二醇功能基脱水失活的可能性,以增加功能基的可再生性。     

木质素β-O-4单元的光化学和电化学降解:醚键断裂反应的一种应用*

醚键断裂反应既是有机化学的重要教学内容,又在现实世界中具有广泛应用。木质素是一类重要的生物质资源,其降解核心为碳-氧键断裂反应体系,具有重要的研究价值。对木质素β-O-4单元利用光化学和电化学降解的最新科研进展进行总结,可为醚键断裂反应的教学提供应用案例,拓展学生科学视野。     

氧化锌催化木质素选择性解聚制备对香豆酸甲酯

木质素是自然界中含量最丰富的芳香族可再生碳资源,具有极高的利用价值。针对当前木质素解聚技术存在反应条件苛刻、产物选择性低等难题,构建了一种廉价的金属氧化物催化剂体系,研究了草本木质素选择性解聚制备对香豆酸甲酯的性能。考察了不同金属氧化物、反应温度、反应时间以及溶剂等因素对于对香豆酸酯收率和选择性的影响。研究结果表明,金属氧化物ZnO对于草本木质素选择性解聚制备对香豆酸甲酯的过程具有最佳的催化活性。在优化的反应条件下,可获得9.8%的对香豆酸甲酯收率和61.6%的选择性;通过对木质素解聚产物的分析并结合反应前后木质素的傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和二维核磁（2D HSQC NMR）表征结果发现,木质素分子中H结构单元的选择性断裂是其催化解聚过程中对香豆酸甲酯收率和选择性高的主要原因。     

木质素氧化还原解聚研究现状

木质素是自然界中含量巨大的天然酚类聚合物,其总量仅次于纤维素。由于其结构复杂性,仅有不到2%的木质素用于工业生产,因此实现木质素的高效综合利用是目前该领域的难题,而木质素的氧化还原转化为芳香化合物是目前一个重要且有前景的手段:木质素氧化解聚能显著降低其主要化学键键能,促进木质素转化为香草醛、紫丁香醛和高香草醛等高度官能化的单体;而木质素还原解聚可将其结构中含氧官能团脱除,转化为低氧/无氧木质素生物油,可作为高热值生物燃油,且在反应中能显著抑制缩合反应的进行。本文简要介绍了木质素的结构单元以及联接方式,同时从反应条件和催化剂等方面全面综述了国内外木质素氧化还原解聚的最新研究进展,并对其反应机理进行了详细探讨。在此基础上,针对当前木质素解聚过程中的难题提出了未来该领域的研究重点和方向。     

碱解聚对玉米秸秆的影响

以玉米秸秆为研究对象,氢氧化钠为解聚剂,研究了碱解聚前后玉米秸秆组份、表面形态、化学官能团和纤维结晶度的变化。结果表明:玉米秸秆中木质素的主要组成单体是H-木质素,解聚液中的酚类物质有4-羟基苯甲醛、香草醛、紫丁香醛、对香豆酸和阿魏酸。玉米秸秆经碱解聚,表面形态变得疏松而多孔,红外光谱下木质素的特征吸收峰消失,85%的木质素和52%的半纤维素被脱除,而纤维素的相对含量增加,结晶度增大。说明碱解聚有利于后续酶解和(或)其它生化方法的实施,以实现秸秆纤维的高值转化。     

蚕豆花精油化学成分的研究

用乱细管气相色谱-质谱-数据系统联用技术分析了蚕豆花精油的化学成份.已鉴定的十六个化学成份为芳樟醇,松油醇,4-甲氧苯基乙酮及其异构体,丁香酚及其异构体,2,6-二甲氧基-4-丙基-2-苯酚,十四碳烷酸,6,10,11-三甲基十五烷酮-2,十六碳烷酸,十七碳烷酸,十八碳三烯醛,十八碳二烯酸的异构体和十八碳烷酸.它们共占精油含量的90%左右.     

四方向、六方向醚键型分枝状化合物的合成

本文选用2,4-二羟甲基-1,5-戊二醇和肌醇为四方向及六方向起始核心,通过氧丙基为空间间隔基与带保护基的分支侧链成醚, 脱保护后得末端官能团数为原母核两倍的新型有机分子-四方向及六方向醚键型分枝状化合物。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.