铜基催化剂上低温液相甲醇合成的研究

采用并流共沉淀法制备了Cu-ZnO、Cu-MgO、Cu-MnOx催化剂,用于合成气(H2/CO/CO2)为原料的低温液相甲醇合成。沉淀pH为7时制备的Cu-MnOx在170℃,5.0MPa条件下,乙醇为溶剂,碳酸钾为助剂,其碳转率可达62.4%,甲醇收率为33.6%,甲醇选择性为54%。铜基催化剂的H2-TPR表征结果显示Cu-MnOx催化剂的还原温度明显高于Cu-ZnO和Cu-MgO催化剂,利于Cu-MnOx催化剂预还原后生成较多Cu+,使得Cu-MnOx催化剂表现出最好的低温液相甲醇合成性能。Cu-MnOx催化剂催化下有较多碳链增长产物生成,可为低碳醇的合成提供参考。     

制备方法对CuO-CeO2/ZrO2催化CO氧化性能的影响

以ZrO2为载体、采用不同的浸渍次序制备了3种CuO-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂并在不同的温度(500,650和800℃)下进行焙烧,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR和CO-TPR)及CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)技术对所制备的催化剂进行了表征,并采用色谱流动法考察了其催化CO低温氧化反应性能。结果表明,当焙烧温度为650℃时,3种催化剂的CO催化氧化活性均最佳,且三者的催化活性大小顺序为:CuO/CeO2/ZrO2>CuO-CeO2/ZrO2>CeO2/CuO/ZrO2。结合催化剂的表征和活性测试结果,我们认为高分散的CuO是CO的吸附中心,有利于CO的低温氧化反应,而大颗粒的CuO几乎对CO没有吸附作用,不利于CO的低温氧化反应。在3种催化剂中,CuO/CeO2/ZrO2催化剂具有最佳的低温还原特性和最大的CO2脱附峰面积,相应地具有最佳的催化氧化活性。     

Zr对CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3前驱体物相、催化剂结构及其合成甲醇性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法,在CuO/ZnO/Al2O3三元催化剂中加入第四组分Zr,考察了沉淀温度对四元催化剂的前驱体物相组成及浆态床合成甲醇催化活性的影响。通过XRD、DTG、TPR、FTIR、CO-TPD、XPS、HR-TEM等对所制备催化剂及其前驱体的微观结构进行了表征。研究表明:Zr促进了绿铜锌矿(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6物相的生成,使催化剂前驱体中绿铜锌矿含量增加,焙烧后的催化剂铜锌协同作用增强,CuO分散度提高,CuO晶粒平均直径只有4.18nm,同时还原温度显著降低为150℃,CO吸附能力增强,结果显著提高了浆态床合成甲醇催化活性和稳定性。与CuO/ZnO/Al2O3三元催化剂相比,80℃沉淀制备的含4%Zr的CuO/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2四元催化剂的甲醇时空收率提高了8.67%,失活率降低了65.12%。     

液相还原法制备Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂用于CO2加氢合成甲醇

近年来,由于大气CO2浓度增加引起的温室效应正日益威胁着人类的生存与发展,CO2的捕获与利用是有望解决温室效应和能源危机的有效途径.CO2催化转化为甲醇成为众多研究者关注的焦点,这是因为甲醇不仅是一种重要的基本化工原料,也是一种洁净的绿色燃料和能源载体.Cu基催化剂广泛应用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,并表现出良好的催化性能.通常,金属催化剂的制备是采用H2对金属氧化物进行还原.然而,传统的气相还原过程伴随着强烈的热效应,且需要在高温(473-573 K)下进行,会引起表面铜颗粒长大并加速其聚集烧结,使得活性组分利用率下降.近年来,以NaBH4为还原剂的液相还原法逐渐受到人们的重视,该方法操作简单、快捷且条件可控,反应在低温下进行,放出的热量可在液相环境中迅速得到转移,大大抑制了铜颗粒的聚集.因此,液相还原法可制备出高铜分散度、高活性的催化剂.焙烧温度对铜基催化剂结构和催化性能的影响已得到广泛探究,但这仅限于含二价铜物种催化剂,焙烧温度对含多种铜价态催化剂的影响未见报道.由于液相还原法制备的催化剂含有还原态的铜物种(Cu0和Cu+),它们比Cu2+具有更强的流动性,因此在后续的焙烧过程中催化剂更容易发生烧结和聚集.本文采用液相还原法合成了Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂,分别于423,573,723和873 K焙烧后用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,考察了焙烧温度对制备的铜基催化剂结构性质和催化性能的影响,并与传统共沉淀法制备的催化剂进行了对比.结果显示,随着焙烧温度升高,铜物种聚集作用增强,金属铜颗粒尺寸增大,873 K时烧结出现显著增强.由于比表面积随焙烧温度升高而减小,高温度焙烧的催化剂具有小的表面碱性位数目.焙烧温度会影响催化剂中铜物种与其它组分的相互作用,进而影响催化剂的还原.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的还原温度逐渐降低,表面Cu+/Cu0的比例先增后减.CO2加氢活性评价显示,液相还原法制备的催化剂具有更高的催化活性,尤其是甲醇选择性;随着焙烧温度升高,催化剂的CO2转化率和甲醇选择性先增后减,CZAZ-573催化剂具有最高活性,且在1000 h长周期活性测试中表现稳定.CO2转化率与催化剂暴露金属铜的比表面积密切相关.相比Cu0,产物甲醇更容易在Cu+表面催化生成,催化剂表面的Cu+/Cu0比与甲醇选择性的变化规律一致.通过调控焙烧温度可得到高Cu比表面积以及高Cu+/Cu0比的催化剂,有利于CO2加氢生成甲醇.     

CO/H_2在Cu/ZrO_2催化剂表面吸附行为原位红外表征

用原位FT IR法比较了Cu ZrO2 和ZrO2 催化剂表面对CO及CO H2 的吸附行为。结果表明 ,CO在 5 0℃便可以在Cu ZrO2 表面形成b HCOO Zr、Zr COO- 和b HOCOOZr物种 ,吸附温度升高 ,b HOCOOZr逐渐分解生成Zr OH和CO2 ,而b HCOO Zr吸附物种逐渐增强。b HCOO Zr物种在Cu ZrO2 催化剂表面生成速率远远大于ZrO2 催化剂。在Cu ZrO2 催化剂表面 ,所形成的合成甲醇中间物种 (HCOO Zr和CH3O Zr)均和ZrO2 有关 ,意味着CO加氢反应主要在ZrO2 表面进行 ,铜组分主要向ZrO2 提供吸附CO及H2 物种。     

制备方法对CuO/CeO_2-MnO_x催化剂富氢条件下催化氧化CO性能的影响

分别以一次沉淀法、沉积沉淀浸渍法及直接混合焙烧法制备了Cu O/Ce O2-Mn Ox催化剂,并运用XRD(X射线衍射)、N2吸附脱附、XPS(X射线光电子能谱)、H2-TPR(程序升温还原)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,讨论了Cu O/Ce O2-Mn Ox催化剂的制备方法对富氢条件下CO催化氧化性能的影响。分析结果表明:沉积沉淀浸渍法制备的Cu O/Ce O2-Mn Ox催化剂并不具有最大的比表面积及最小的晶粒尺寸,但表现出最优的催化活性;沉积沉淀浸渍法使Cu O/Ce O2-Mn Ox催化剂表面分布较多的活性铜物种及丰富的Mn Ox,使得催化剂表面晶格氧含量增多,同时表面羟基、碳酸盐等易导致催化剂失活的物种减少,这些是其具有高催化活性的关键因素。     

超细CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2的表征和CO2加氢合成甲醇性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铜、锌质量分数不同的超细Cu/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2催化剂。通过BET、TPR、XRD及FT-IR等方法对催化剂前驱体CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2的物化性能进行表征。用固定床连续流动微反装置，考察催化剂CO2加氢合成甲醇的催化性能。研究结果表明，溶胶-凝胶法制备的CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2催化剂比表面较大（240 m2/g～590 m2/g），孔径分布单一，晶相组成为CuO。随着铜、锌质量分数的增大，催化剂的比表面积减小，最可几孔径增大; CuO微晶结晶度增大,同时微晶尺寸逐渐增大至20 nm。催化剂具有较高的反应活性和选择性，当氧化铜、氧化锌质量分数各为25%时，在260 ℃，2 500 h－1，CO2∶H2=1∶3（mol比），2.0 MPa的反应条件下，甲醇时空收率为0.126g/(h·g)。     

ZrO2修饰Cu催化剂对甲醇吸附原位红外表征

通过原位红外漫反射实验比较研究了甲醇在Cu及ZrO2/Cu催化剂表面的吸附与反应,并且采用不同还原温度来处理催化剂,改变催化剂表面的氧含量,并进一步研究甲醇吸附和反应性能随着催化剂表面氧含量的变化规律.结果表明,甲醇在Cu催化剂表面反应生成吸附态甲醛物种,进一步生成CO2,而在ZrO2/Cu表面形成甲酸盐物种,并与表面氧进一步反应生成CO2.随着催化剂还原温度的升高,反应中间物进一步生成CO2的反应速率变慢,说明催化剂表面的氧物种含量决定着催化剂甲醇吸附中间物种的形成及反应速率.     

Cu/活性炭催化剂：水合肼还原制备及催化甲醇氧化羰基化

以活性炭为载体,水合肼为还原剂制备了负载型Cu/活性炭催化剂,考察了水合肼/硝酸铜物质的量的比对催化甲醇气相氧化羰基化性能的影响,并采用XRD、XPS、H2-TPR和SEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,不加入还原剂水合肼时,催化剂中仅有CuO;随着水合肼/硝酸铜物质的量的比的增加,二价铜逐步被还原为Cu2O和/或单质Cu0,未被还原的Cu(OH)2在催化剂干燥过程中分解形成分散态CuO存在于催化剂表面。当水合肼/硝酸铜物质的量的比为0.75时,催化剂的催化性能最好,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率为120.62 mg.(g.h)-1,选择性为74.51%,甲醇转化率达到3.88%。在93 h反应时间内,催化剂都保持了较高的反应活性和选择性。此时铜物种以Cu2O和分散态CuO为主,Cu2O是主要的活性物种。     

SnO_2-SiO_2负载Cu、Ni催化剂的CO_2加氢反应性能

采用表面反应改性法制备了SnO2 SiO2 (SnSiO)表面复合物载体 ,用等体积浸渍法制备了SnSiO担载的Cu Ni双金属催化剂。借助BET、XRD、TPR、IR和微反等技术研究了SnSiO及其负载的Ni、Cu双金属催化剂的表面构造、化学吸附及CO2 加氢反应性能。结果表明 :SnSiO是SnO2 单分子层价联于SiO2 表面的复合氧化物 ,仍保持类似SiO2载体的孔结构和比表面 ;SnO2 引入SiO2 表面后可以有效地促进CuO、NiO的还原 ,还原后成为负载在SnSiO载体表面的Cu Ni合金 ;CO2 在负载型Cu Ni合金表面Cu或表面Ni位上发生化学吸附 ,形成线式和剪式吸附态 ;CO2 在催化剂上的加氢反应产物主要是CH3 OH、CH4 、CO和H2 O ,生成CH3 OH的选择性与催化剂组成及反应条件密切相关。Cu Ni催化剂 ,在 0 5MPa ,170℃ ,H2 /CO2 (mol/mol)为 3的条件下 ,CH3 OH的选择性达到 84 6 %。     

Fe—Silicalite—2催化剂表面CO2加氢反应性能的研究

研究了Ｆｅ／Ｓｉｌｉｃａｌｉｔｅ－２催化剂ＣＯ２加氢低碳烯烃反应性能，利用ＣＯ２－ＴＰＤ，ＣＯ２／Ｈ２－ＴＰＳＲ和ＣＯ／Ｈ２－ＴＰＳＲ表征手段，考察了铁含量及ＭｎＯ助剂对Ｆｅ／Ｓｉｌｉｃａｌｉｔｅ－２催化剂ＣＯ２吸附脱附及加氢反应性能的影响，表明随铁含量增加可提高催化剂对ＣＯ２的吸附能力，有利于提高ＣＯ２加氢反应的转化率。     

A Triptycene-Based Porous Organic Polymer that Exhibited High Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Storage Capacities and Excellent CO2/N2 Selectivity

A novel porous organic polymer (POP) has been constructed through the condensation of triptycene tricatechol and 1,3,5‐benzenetris(4‐phenylboronic acid). This triptycene‐based POP exhibited high H₂ uptake (up to 1.84 wt% at 77 K, 1 bar), large CO₂ adsorption capacity (up to 18.1 wt% at 273K, 1 bar), and excellent CO₂/N₂ adsorption selectivity (up to 120/1). The influence of solvent on the gas adsorption performance of the POP has also been investigated.     

O_2/CO_2气氛添加高岭石对燃煤PM_(2.5)排放的影响

采用管式炉研究了在O2/CO2气氛下添加高岭石对PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物)排放特性的影响。实验采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集和分析燃烧后的PM2.5。结果表明,添加高岭石是燃烧过程中影响PM2.5生成的重要因素。添加高岭石后,生成PM1的数量和质量浓度均降低,而PM1-2.5的数量和质量浓度均略有增加,PM2.5粒径分布均呈双峰分布,峰值点分别出现在0.2μm和2.0μm左右。随着高岭石添加质量比的增加,PM2.5中的S、Pb、Cu、Na和K五种元素的浓度呈下降趋势。粒径小于0.317μm的亚微米颗粒通过气化-凝结机理形成,而超微米颗粒则是通过亚微米颗粒凝聚、聚结和矿物质熔融、破碎、聚结形成。     

Unravelling the Promotional Effect of La2O3 in Pt/La-TiO2 Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation

This work reports the preparation of a La₂O₃-modified Pt/TiO₂ (Pt/La-TiO₂) hybrid through an excess-solution impregnation method and its application for CO₂ hydrogenation catalysis. The Pt/La-TiO₂ catalyst is characterized by XRD, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, EPR, and N₂ sorption measurements. The Pt/La-TiO₂ composite starts to catalyze the CO₂ conversion reaction at 220 °C, which is 30 °C lower than the Pt/TiO₂ catalyst. The generation of CH₄ and CO of Pt/La-TiO₂ is 1.6 and 1.4 times greater than that of Pt/TiO₂. The CO₂ temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) analysis confirms the strengthened CO₂ adsorption on Pt/La-TiO₂. Moreover, the in situ FTIR experiments demonstrate that the enhanced CO₂ adsorption of Pt/La-TiO₂ facilitates the formation of the active Pt–CO intermediate and subsequently boosts the evolution of CH₄ and CO. The cycling tests reveal that Pt/La-TiO₂ shows reinforced stability for the CO₂ hydrogenation reaction because the La species can prevent Pt nanoparticles (NPs) from sintering. This work may provide some guidance on the development new rare-metal-modified hybrid catalysts for CO₂ fixation.     

Tuning of Microenvironment in Covalent Organic Framework via Fluorination Strategy promotes Selective CO2 Capture

Herein, we have designed and synthesized two heteroatom (N, O) rich covalent organic frameworks (COF), PD-COF and TF-COF , respectively, to demonstrate their relative effect on CO₂ adsorption capacity and also CO₂/N₂ selectivity. Compared to the non-fluorinated PD-COF (BET surface area 805 m² g⁻¹, total pore volume 0.3647 ccg⁻¹), a decrease in BET surface area and also pore volume have been observed for fluorinated TF-COF due to the incorporation of fluorine to the porous framework (BET surface area 451 m² g⁻¹, total pore volume 0.2978 ccg⁻¹). This fact leads to an enormous decrease in the CO₂ adsorption capacity and CO₂/N₂ selectivity of TF-COF , though it shows stronger affinity towards CO₂ with a Qst of 37.76 KJ/mol. The more CO₂ adsorption capacity by PD-COF can be attributed to the large specific surface area with considerable amount of micropore volume compared to the TF-COF . Further, PD-COF exhibited CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 16.8, higher than that of TF-COF (CO₂/N₂ selectivity 13.4).     

负载型Co-Cr氧化物催化剂上CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应的研究

制备了一系列不同Co／Cr比例的Co-Cr／SiO2和Co-Cr／γ-Al2O3催化剂，并应用XRD等技术对所制样品进行了表征．在常压连续流动固定床石英反应器中考察了它们对CO2乙烷氧化脱氢反应的催化性能．实验结果表明，Co-Cr／SiO2和Co-Cr／γ-Al2O对CO2乙烷脱氢制乙烯都有较高的催化活性，其活性都明显高于负载单一组分的催化剂．以γ-Al2O为载体的催化剂活性明显比以SiO2为载体的催化剂活性高．1％Co-5％Cr／γ-Al2O活性最高，973K乙烷的转化率达25．57％，乙烯的选择性和收率分别达94．28％、24．10％．     

Structure and Reactivity of an Asymmetric Synthetic Mimic of Nitrogenase Cofactor

The Mo nitrogenase catalyzes the ambient reduction of N₂ to NH₃ at its M‐cluster site. A complex metallocofactor with a core composition of [MoFe₇S₉C], the M‐cluster, can be extracted from the protein scaffold and used to facilitate the catalytic reduction of CN^?, CO, and CO₂ into hydrocarbons in the isolated state. Herein, we report the synthesis, structure, and reactivity of an asymmetric M‐cluster analogue with a core composition of [MoFe₅S₉]. This analogue, referred to as the Mo‐cluster, is the first synthetic example of an M‐cluster mimic with Fe and Mo positioned at opposite ends of the cluster. Moreover, the ability of the Mo‐cluster to reduce C₁ substrates to hydrocarbons suggests the feasibility of developing nitrogenase‐based biomimetic approaches to recycle C₁ waste into fuel products.     

Comparative Study of Nickel Catalysts Supported on X- and Y-Zeolites

We have made a comparative study of CO/H₂ reactions over the nickel catalysts supported on X- and Y-zeolites, prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation (W) and ion-exchange (E) methods. The catalysts were characterized by surface area and volumetric chemisorption measurements, temperature programmed reduction profiles, and x-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that the turnover frequency decreases in the order; NiX(W)>NiY(W)>NiY(E)>NiX(E). The metal dispersion and catalytic activity of the catalyst are mainly affected by the support materials, the preparation methods, and the activation procedures. The high activity of NiX(W) was due to its higher reducibility, smaller nickel crystalline size, and better nickel dispersion. The low activity of NiX(E) was attributed to the poor ion-exchange of Ni with NaX, the poor reducibility, the large crystalline size, and the poor nickel dispersion.     

Synergistic Interplay of Dual-Active-Sites on Metallic Ni-MOFs Loaded with Pt for Thermal-Photocatalytic Conversion of Atmospheric CO2 under Infrared Light Irradiation

Infrared light driven photocatalytic reduction of atmospheric CO₂ is challenging due to the ultralow concentration of CO₂ (0.04 %) and the low energy of infrared light. Herein, we develop a metallic nickel-based metal–organic framework loaded with Pt (Pt/Ni-MOF), which shows excellent activity for thermal-photocatalytic conversion of atmospheric CO₂ with H₂ even under infrared light irradiation. The open Ni sites are beneficial to capture and activate atmospheric CO₂, while the photogenerated electrons dominate H₂ dissociation on the Pt sites. Simultaneously, thermal energy results in spilling of the dissociated H₂ to Ni sites, where the adsorbed CO₂ is thermally reduced to CO and CH₄. The synergistic interplay of dual-active-sites renders Pt/Ni-MOF a record efficiency of 9.57 % at 940 nm for converting atmospheric CO₂, enables the procurement of CO₂ to be independent of the emission sources, and improves the energy efficiency for trace CO₂ conversion by eliminating the capture media regeneration and molecular CO₂ release.