新型钴基介孔分子筛催化剂F-T合成性能和烃分布研究

采用介孔分子筛MSU－1，SBA－12和HMS为载体，制得含钴质量分数为15％的催化剂。在原料气V（H2）／V（CO）＝2．0，T＝473－513K,p=2.0MPa,GHSV=500H^-1的F－T合成条件下，反应活性依Co/HMS,Co/SBA-12,Co/MSU-1顺序降低，高碳烃（C19^ )选择性以Co/HMS最低；Co/MSU-1和Co／SBA-12催化剂介孔结构在反应中相对稳定，Co/HMS介孔结构在反应后完全塌陷。     

中孔分子筛HMS负载钴催化剂在费-托合成中的应用:载体HMS的孔径对钴基催化剂性能的影响

 用不同链长度的十二胺，十四胺，十六胺和十八胺等伯胺为模板\r\n剂合成了具有不同孔径大小的HMS中孔分子筛．XRD和低温氮吸附测定表\r\n明，HMS具有典型的中孔分子筛特征，且其孔径大小随HMS合成中所用模\r\n板剂链长度的增加而增加．以HMS为载体，采用孔体积浸渍法制备了负\r\n载量为7．5％的钴催化剂，在接近工业试验条件下（n（H2）／n（CO）\r\n＝2．1，GHSV＝500h－1，p＝2．0MPa，θ＝227℃）考察了载体孔径大\r\n小对费－托合成反应性能的影响．结果表明，与常规的SiO2载体相比，\r\nHMS负载钴催化剂具有更高的催化活性和C5＋选择性；而且，CO转化率\r\n，C5＋选择性及产物中的蜡油比均随着HMS载体孔径的增大而升高．以\r\n7．5％Co／HMS－18为催化剂，CO转化率为78．0％，C5＋选择性为80．\r\n8％，蜡油比为11．1．     

Co/HMS和Co/SiO2催化剂的表征及在费-托合成反应中的催化性能

 HMS介孔分子筛经水热处理得到无定形SiO2,分别以无定形SiO2和HMS为载体,用浸渍法制得了15%Co/SiO2和15%Co/HMS催化剂. 研究表明: 氧化态Co/SiO2和Co/HMS催化剂中的钴物种以Co3O4形式存在,且Co3O4晶粒粒径均较相应催化剂的孔径大,故有部分钴物种存在于催化剂外表面; 氧化态Co/HMS催化剂中的钴物种堵塞孔道较为严重; Co/HMS催化剂中存在较强的金属-载体相互作用,因此Co/HMS催化剂较Co/SiO2催化剂难还原; Co/HMS催化剂还原后具有较高的钴分散度,使其具有优异的费-托合成反应性能.     

钴基F-T合成重质烃催化剂载体效应的研究

 考察了ZrO2,Al2O3和SiO2等载体对Co基催化剂上CO加氢反应性能的影响．结果表明,载体的特性明显影响CO转化率、产物分布及链增长几率．氧化态催化剂上的钴主要以Co3O4形态存在,其晶粒大小的顺序为Co／ZrO2＜Co／SiO2＜Co／Al2O3．XPS测试结果表明,载体与钴之间存在着相互作用．     

具有中孔结构的SO4^2—／Zr—HMS型固体超强酸的合成和结构表征

用TEOS－Zr-HAD-H2O-Etheanol体系合成了Zr-HAD的中孔分子筛，脱除模板剂后用0．5mol/L硫酸处理和550℃高温焙烧3h，制得一种中孔SO4^2－／Zr-HAD超强酸催化剂，采用XRD对其结构进行表征，用指示剂法，TG和NH3－TPD对其酸性进行了表征。结果表明，经过一系列处理后制得的SO4^2-／Zr-HAD催化剂具备HMS中孔分子筛的结构特征，其酸强度可达H0＝－13．75，在锆及SO4^2-含量远远低于SO4^2-／ZrO2的条件下，SO4^2-／Zr-HAD催化剂对于苯酐和正丁醇酯化反应的活性仍高于SO4^2-／ZrO2催化剂。     

载体焙烧温度对Co／ZrO2催化剂催化F－T合成反应的影响

 采用并流共沉淀法制得了ZrO2载体，采用等体积浸渍法制备了钴质量分数为10％的系列负载型催化剂，考察了载体焙烧温度对催化剂催化性能的影响．结果表明，焙烧温度对载体的物化性质有显著影响，提高焙烧温度可降低载体的表面酸性，减弱钴锆之间的相互作用，提高催化剂的活性和选择性．钴负载到低温焙烧的载体上促进了ZrO2由无定形向四方相的转变，提高了催化剂的分散度，降低了催化剂的活性和选择性．     

WO3/ZrO2固体强酸催化剂上异丁烷/丁烯的烷基化反应 Ⅱ.过渡金属的助催化作用

 制备了一系列用过渡金属M（M＝Pt,Co,Ni,Mn,Fe,Cu）活化的WO3／ZrO2固体强酸催化剂,用XRD,DTA－TG,H2－TPR,NH3－TPD等测定了其晶型结构、表面状态和酸量．结果表明,各样品中的ZrO2主要以T晶相存在,但T晶相ZrO2所占的比例因过渡金属不同而异,比表面积比WO3／ZrO2稍有下降;金属Pt的引入使呈单层分散的WO3的表面状态发生了改变．研究了异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应,其反应活性与酸量的测定结果有对应关系;与WO3／ZrO2相比,M－WO3／ZrO2上的丁烯转化率均稍有下降,但具有更高的i－C08选择性．从反应机理分析了添加过渡金属无显著效果的原因．     

Co、Mo掺杂对Ni／ZnO—ZrO2催化剂催化噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用固相合成法制备了ZnO—ZrO2载体,并采用浸渍法制备了镍基催化剂,以噻吩加氢脱硫反应为探针考察了Co、Mo的掺杂对Ni／ZnO—ZrO2催化性能的影响．采用NH,吸附红外光谱（IR）、程序升温脱附（TPD）、程序升温还原（TPR）、X射线衍射（XRD）等技术对催化剂进行了表征．研究结果表明,ZnO－ZrO2复合载体对噻吩加氢脱硫反应有一定的活性,反应温度为400℃时噻吩转化率为6．4％;Co的加入提高了Ni／ZnO-ZrO2的催化活性,噻吩转化率可达97．3％;相反,Mo的掺杂则降低了Ni／ZnO—ZrO2的催化活性,噻吩转化率为65．0％．这是由于Co的掺杂使活性组分Ni分散度提高,氧化态的Ni变得容易还原,在同样的还原条件下催化剂表面有更多的活性中心;而Mo掺杂则使Ni／ZnO—ZrO2催化剂中氧化态的Ni变得难以还原,部分以NiO形式存在,活性中心数量减少．三种催化剂表面均存在L酸中心,Co掺杂使Ni／ZnO-ZrO2催化剂表面弱酸中心和中等强度酸中心的强度及数量均增大．No掺杂则减弱了催化剂表面弱酸中心和中强酸中心的强度．对其酸量则影响不大．     

环己酮肟在改性氧化锆催化剂上的Beckmann重排反应Ⅴ.活化焙烧温度对B2O3/ZrO2催化剂的影响

 采用BET，XRD，TG－DTA，FT－IR，XPS和NH3－TPD等分析手段，研究了活化焙烧温度（500～800℃）对B2O3／ZrO2催化剂织构／结构、表面性质和环己酮肟气相重排反应的影响．催化剂活化焙烧温度升高促进了ZrO2向单斜晶相转化，同时活性组分氧化硼由以BO4为主要结构单元的物种转变为以BO3为基本结构单元的B2O3，导致催化剂比表面积、孔体积以及表面酸量减小，ZrO2与B2O3之间的相互作用减弱．700℃活化焙烧的催化剂表面拥有最大比例的中强酸中心，而且Beckmann反应的活性稳定性最高．这些结果表明，活化焙烧温度对B2O3／ZrO2催化剂上气相重排反应的影响主要是通过改变催化剂中B原子的配位状态和表面酸性实现的．     

Co/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢──反应性能的考察

研究了γ－Al2O3负载的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢反应．反应结果表明,以CoCl2作为前驱物的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂的选择性要高于以Co（NO3）2作为前驱物的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂,而活性则正好相反．当钴的负载量小于9％时,随着钴负载量的增加,催化剂的活性和选择性随之增加,当钴的负载量大于9％时,随着钴负载量的增加,Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂的活性略有增加,而生成肉桂醇的选择性变化也很小,认为9％的钴负载量是催化剂反应活性和选择性的一个阈值．在所选定的范围内,反应温度和压力对肉桂醛加氢的选择性几乎没有影响．     

锆改性钴基费-托合成催化剂催化性能的研究

 考察了助剂锆和金属钴负载量对锆改性Co／Al2O3催化剂催化性能的影响．结果表明，锆助剂能够高度分散在氧化铝载体上，而活性组分钴以一定尺寸存在；锆的添加能够明显地提高Co／Al2O3催化剂的催化活性和C5＋烃选择性，但助剂锆含量对催化剂催化性能的影响不大；在锆存在下，催化剂的催化活性随金属钴含量先升高后降低．进一步的研究表明，催化剂上烃形成速率的提高可能是由于锆助剂能够增加催化剂的活性位数目，增强桥式CO吸附的强度，在Co－ZrO2间形成界面．     

锰助剂对Co／ZrO2超细催化剂F—T合成性能的影响

制备了以气凝胶超细ＺｒＯ２为载体的Ｃｏ／ＺｒＯ２及Ｃｏ－ＭＺｒＯ２催化剂；考察了Ｍｎ助剂对Ｃｏ／ＺｒＯ２催化剂结构、织构１还手、Ｈ２脱附及Ｆ－Ｔ合成性能的影响。结果表明，１５％Ｃｏ－４．７％Ｍｎ／ＺｒＯ２是合成重质烃（Ｃ２）的合适催化剂，每立方米合成气的Ｃ５收率可达１５０ｇ。     

费-托合成Co/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂反应性能的研究

以ZrOCl2·6H2O和AlCl3为原料，采用共沉淀方法制得一系列不同ZrO2质量分数的ZrO2-Al2O3混合氧化物载体；并以该混合氧化物为载体，采用初湿浸渍法制得钴质量分数为12％的Co/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂。XRD、NH3-TPD、TPR和原位IR等表征结果表明，随着混合载体中ZrO2质量分数的增加，载体比表面积先增加后减少，混合载体的平均孔径则小于单一氧化物ZrO2和Al2O3的平均孔径。ZrO2和Al2O3载体混合后会导致氧化物的比表面积和酸性增大并且有新的物相生成。当混合氧化物用作载体时，能够抑制载体表面金属钴的分散，改变催化剂的还原行为，降低催化剂对CO物种的吸附能力。CO加氢反应表明，与单一金属氧化物相比，钴负载ZrO2-Al2O3混合氧化物催化剂的加氢活性和重质烃选择性有所降低。     

Effect of Support Calcination Temperature on Ag Structure and Catalytic Activity for CO Oxidation

SiO₂ with different nanostructures, namely hexagonal mesoporous silica(HMS), and three unordered commercial silica, were used as supports to fabricate silver catalysts using an incipient wetness impregnation method. It was found that Ag/HMS catalyst showed a high catalytic activity. Next, the HMS support was calcined at different temperatures before impregnation of AgNO₃. The effect of calcination temperature of HMS support was investigated in terms of structure and catalytic activity of Ag catalysts. The support and catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analyzer, X-ray diffraction, H₂-temperature program reduction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that calcination of HMS at an appro- priate temperature(750℃) before catalyst preparation would benefit the formation of highly dispersive small sized Ag particles on the HMS support and markedly enhance the catalytic activity of Ag/HMS catalyst toward CO oxidation.     

以水热法合成的ZrO_2负载Au催化剂上的低温水煤气变换反应

采用一种简便的水热法合成了一系列ZrO2,并采用沉积-沉淀法制得相应1.0%Au/ZrO2催化剂,在模拟甲醇重整气气氛下评价了它们的低温水煤气变换(WGS)反应催化性能.结果发现,于150oC水热合成的ZrO2负载的Au催化剂活性最佳,240oC反应时CO转化率达87%,明显高于相同反应条件下Au负载量较高的Au/Fe2O3,Au/CeO2及Au/CeZrO4催化剂.采用X射线衍射、原子吸收光谱、N2物理吸脱附及扫描电子显微镜等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,Au/ZrO2催化剂的总孔体积及平均孔径越大、圆形片状形貌越规整,其低温WGS催化活性就越高.     

Catalytic abatement of CO and volatile organic compounds in waste gases by gold catalysts supported on ceria-modified mesoporous titania and zirconia

Mesoporous oxides TiO2 and ZrO2, synthesized by surfactant templating via a neutral C13(EO)6–Zr(OC3H7)4 assembly pathway, and ceria‐modified TiO2 and ZrO2, prepared by a deposi‐tion–precipitation (DP) method, featuring high surface areas and uniform pore size distributions were used as supports for gold catalysts. The supported gold catalysts were assessed for the cata‐lytic abatement of air pollutants, i.e., CO, CH3OH, and (CH3)2O. The gold was supported on the mes‐oporous oxides by a DP method. The supports and catalysts were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, and temperature‐programmed reduction technique. A high degree of synergistic interaction be‐tween ceria and mesoporous ZrO2 and TiO2 as well as a positive modification of the structural and catalytic properties by ceria was observed. The ceria additive interacts with the mesoporous oxides and induces a strong effect on the reducibility of the supports. The catalytic behavior of the catalysts was discussed to determine the role of the ceria modifying additive and possible interaction be‐tween the gold nanoparticles and ceria‐mesoporous oxide supports. The gold catalysts supported on ceria‐modified mesoporous ZrO2 displayed superior catalytic activity (~100%conversion of CO at 10 °C and CH3OH at 60 °C). The high catalytic activity can be attributed to the ability of the sup‐port to assist oxygen vacancies formation. The studies indicate that the ceria‐modified mesoporous oxide supports have potential as supports for gold‐based catalysts.     

Cobalt catalysts supported on silica nanotubes for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Silica nanotubes(SNT) have been synthesized using carbon nanotubes(CNT) as a template.Silica-coated carbon nanotubes(SNT-CNT) and SNT were loaded with a cobalt catalyst for use in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by N2 physisorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),hydrogen temperature programmed reduction(H2-TPR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).FTS performance was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor at 493 K and 1.0 MPa.Co/CNT and Co/SNT catalysts showed higher activity than Co/SNT-CNT in FTS because of the smaller cobalt particle size,higher dispersion and stronger reducibility.The results also showed that structure of the support affects the product selectivity in FTS.The synergistic effects of cobalt particle size,catalytic activity and diffusion limitations as a consequence of its small average pore size lead to medium selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons and CH4 over Co/SNT-CNT.On the other hand,the Co/CNT showed higher CH4 selectivity and lower C5+ selectivity than Co/SNT,due to its smaller average pore size and cobalt particle size.     

助剂对Co／HMS催化剂结构和F-T合成性能的影响

详细研究了钍、锆、锗及铈助剂对钴质量分数为15％的Co／HMS催化剂结构、 F-T合成CO转化率、CO2选择性及烃分布的影响,结果表明：钍能适当提高F-T合成 活性,且低温下具有较强的链增长能力;锆、锗、铈降低了催化剂CO转化率,催化 剂加氢能力变强,导致低碳烃增加较快,汽柴油馏分段减低,相应的链增长能力降 低,并以锰和铈较为明显;XRD,TPR及TG表征表明：锆和铈可提高催化剂Co还原度 ,但F-T合成反应时金属Co易披氧化,反应中金属Co量明显减少,CO转化率降低, 并以铈最为显著;Th助催化剂Co还原度稍有减低,Co分散度高于Co／HMS,且反应 中金属Co较为稳定,Co转化率得以提高;添加Mn助剂后,催化剂难以还原,反应中 活性相金属Co量较小,CO转化率较低．     

Fundamentals of melt infiltration for the preparation of supported metal catalysts. The case of Co/SiO2 for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

We explored melt infiltration of mesoporous silica supports to prepare supported metal catalysts with high loadings and controllable particle sizes. Melting of Co(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O in the presence of silica supports was studied in situ with differential scanning calorimetry. The melting point depression of the intraporous phase was used to quantify the degree of pore loading after infiltration. Maximum pore-fillings corresponded to 70-80% of filled pore volume, if the intraporous phase was considered to be crystalline Co(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O. However, diffraction was absent in XRD both from the ordered mesopores at low scattering angles and from crystalline cobalt nitrate phases at high angles. Hence, an amorphous, lower density, intraporous Co(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O phase was proposed to fill the pores completely. Equilibration at 60 °C in a closed vessel was essential for successful melt infiltration. In an open crucible, dehydration of the precursor prior to infiltration inhibited homogeneous filling of support particles. The dispersion and distribution of Co(3)O(4) after calcination could be controlled using the same toolbox as for preparation via solution impregnation: confinement and the calcination gas atmosphere. Using ordered mesoporous silica supports as well as an industrial silica gel support, catalysts with Co metal loadings in the range of 10-22 wt % were prepared. The Co(3)O(4) crystallite sizes ranged from 4 to 10 nm and scaled with the support pore diameters. By calcination in N(2), pluglike nanoparticles were obtained that formed aggregates over several pore widths, while calcination in 1% NO/N(2) led to the formation of smaller individual nanoparticles. After reduction, the Co/SiO(2) catalysts showed high activity for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, illustrating the applicability of melt infiltration for supported catalyst preparation.