氢气在单壁碳纳米管束的吸附的密度泛函研究

作者利用密度泛函理论（DFT）计算了氢气在单壁碳纳米管束（SWNTs)中管内 和管间的吸附。考察了温度，孔径以及压力对吸附的分子数密度，重量百分比，单 位体积储存能力以及超额吸附量的影响。DFT计算发现，较大的孔径有利于氢气在 SWNTs中的吸附且氢气在管隙中的吸附不可忽略。计算表明在77 K和6 MPa时，氢气 在2.719 mm的SWNTs的总的吸附的重量百分比分别可达到13.2 wt%，这约是美国能 源部（DOE）目标值的两倍，而单位体积储存能力在DOE目标值附近，而在300 K和 6 MPa时，氢气在2.719 nm的SWNTs的总的吸附的重量百分比仅为1.5 wt%。通过实 验结果与计算结果的比较表明，密度泛函理论的计算结果支持SWNTs有较高的吸附 储氢能力的实验结论。     

密度泛函与分子模拟计算介孔孔径分布比较

用巨正则系综Monte Carlo模拟(GCMC)方法和密度泛函理论（ DFT）结合统计积分方程（SIE）计算了介孔材料的孔径分布.为比较这两种方法,以77 K氮气在介孔活性碳微球中的吸附数据为依据,求出其孔径分布.在GCMC模拟和DFT计算中,流体分子模型化为单点的Lerrnard-Jones球;流体分子与吸附剂材料之间的作用采用平均场理论中的10-4-3模型.在DFT方法中,自由能采用Tarazona 提出的加权近似密度泛函方法(weighted density approximation,WDA)求解.结果表明,对于孔径大于1.125 nm的介孔材料,GCMC和DFT两种方法都可以用来研究介孔材料的孔径分布;对于小于1.125 nm的介孔材料,不能用DFT方法计算孔径分布（DFT方法本身的近似产生了误差）,只能用分子模拟方法.     

氢气在Na-MAZ和Li-MAZ沸石原子簇上的吸附

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的广义梯度近似(GGA)/PBE(Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof)交换相关泛函和双数值基加p极化(DNP)基组对氢气分子在Na-MAZ和Li-MAZ沸石原子簇上的吸附进行了研究, 计算得到吸附复合物的平衡几何结构参数、振动频率以及吸附能等数据. 结果表明: MAZ沸石中存在四个稳定的吸附位点, 分别为SI′、SI″、SII′和SII″位点; 氢气分子在Na-MAZ沸石的SII″位点吸附时最稳定, 而在Li-MAZ沸石中, 氢气分子处于SI″和SII″位点时最稳定. 吸附能越大, 氢气分子键长越长, 振动频率减少也越多. Li-MAZ沸石对氢气的吸附能力要明显强于Na-MAZ沸石的吸附能力, 理论上Li-MAZ沸石具有更高的氢气储量, 可能是一种潜在的储氢材料.     

氢气在碳纳米管内吸附的密度泛函理论研究

本文应用密度泛函理论研究纯流体氢气在单壁碳纳米管内吸附过程,采用硬球状态方程改进的基本测量理论表征硬球的斥力作用,离子吸引项的贡献则用微扰理论描述.在温度为300k,氢气本体对比密度范围为0.2～0.7条件下,计算了三种不同尺寸的碳纳米管氢气吸附的密度分布,其密度泛函计算结果与计算机分子模拟数据完全一致.     

碳纳米管和碳纳米管-四氢呋喃水合物的储氢特性

研究了单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)干法储氢和碳纳米管(SWNTs)-四氢呋喃(THF)水合物法储氢的过程. 结果表明, 实验所用的SWNTs在16.5 MPa压力下, 温度为0.5 ℃时, 氢气的吸附存储量为0.75%(质量分数), 经浓酸处理后, 氢气的存储量可以达到1.15%, SWNTs-THF水合物法储氢量为0.37%, 与碳纳米管干法储氢相比, 储氢量有所降低.     

氢气吸附的密度泛函理论方法的基准研究

采用密度泛函理论方法对氢气吸附进行了基准研究.探讨了不同泛函方法,范德华作用及基组大小在计算中对预测氢气吸附能的影响.研究结果表明,不同泛函预测吸附能给出的偏差很大,范德华作用校正不容忽视;基组和模型尺寸影响相对较小;模型越大对基组依赖性越小;选择小的模型可以通过选择较大基组弥补计算的误差.     

嵌入配位不饱和金属位对多孔芳香骨架材料储氢性能的影响

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)和巨正则蒙特卡洛(GCMC)模拟方法,系统地研究了引入配位不饱和金属位(CUS)对PAF-30n (n = 1–4)材料储氢性能影响的规律。结果表明,77 K下PAF-302MgO₂_PBE100的最大过量质量储氢量达到7.97% (w);77 K、10 MPa下100%醇镁功能化改性PAF-302和PAF-303的绝对储氢量分别达到9.9% (w) (65.9 g∙L^-1)和15.0% (w) (50.5 g∙L^-1),分别超过美国能源部(DOE)标准80% (64.8%)和173% (26.3%),均超过在相同条件下目前储氢性能最佳的NU-1101 (9.1% (w), 46.6 g∙L^-1)。即使在243 K、10 MPa下,其绝对质量和绝对体积储氢量也能分别达到5.13% (w)和34.19 g∙L^-1,占DOE质量与体积储氢标准的93.3%和85.5%,是目前为止常温储氢性能较为均衡的多孔材料之一。结合等量吸附热(Q_st)、径向分布函数(RDF)和质心几率密度分布(MCPD)方法进一步分析,发现有机链长度增加导致孔隙率增加和体积比表面积减小,是引起多孔材料绝对质量和绝对体积储氢量此消彼长的根本原因。另外,引入CUS能提高PAFs材料对H₂分子亲和力,显著增强其体积储氢量。     

AB2型聚合物流体的表面结构性质

在密度泛函理论(DFT)框架下, 应用改进的基本度量理论(MFMT)表达硬球作用对自由能泛函的贡献, 根据统计力学理论结合加权密度近似(WDA)表达聚合作用对自由能泛函的贡献, 建立了描述AB2型聚合物流体的化学势, 得到了聚合物流体在硬球颗粒表面的密度分布表达式, 计算了聚合物流体在硬球颗粒表面附近的密度分布, 并探讨了体积分数、聚合程度和硬球颗粒尺度对体系密度分布的影响. 此外, 通过体系密度分布, 进一步分析了体积分数、聚合程度和硬球颗粒尺度与剩余吸附的关系.     

一氧化碳共吸附法确定叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位

采用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了78 K时单个叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位. 我们提出以共吸附的一氧化碳√3 ×√3 超结构为基底铜原子的标识方法, 确定了低覆盖度的叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位为顶位. 而采用单个一氧化碳分子标识基底铜原子的位置, 同样得出了叔丁胺分子的吸附位为顶位. 此外, 还采用DFT计算叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的优势吸附构型. 理论计算结果表明顶位吸附构型为能量最稳定的构型, 与实验结果相吻合.     

微波还原氧化石墨烯及其气体储存性能研究(英文)

通过微波辅助还原氧化石墨烯(GO)的方法,制备了多孔石墨烯材料(MWRGO),并对该材料的结构与性质进行了深入研究.结果表明,微波辐射使得GO有效还原,还原产物具有多孔、不规则堆积的结构,其比表面积达461.6 m2/g,孔径主要分布在0.67 nm左右.进一步的研究表明,MWRGO材料具有很好的气体储存性能.在77 K一个大气压下,MWRGO可储存0.52 wt%的H2,当压力增加到60 bar时,H2储存量高达10.7 wt%;在273 K一个大气压下,其对CO2的吸附量高达7.1 wt%.     

GCMC investigation into adamantane-based aromatic frameworks with diamond-like structure as high-capacity hydrogen storage materials

A new class of 3D adamantane-based aromatic framework (AAF) with diamond-like structure was computationally designed with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculation and molecular mechanics (MM) methods. The hydrogen storage capacities of these AAFs were studied by the method of grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The calculated pore sizes of three AAFs reveal that AAF-1 and AAF-2 belong to microporous materials, while AAF-3 is a member of mesoporous materials. The GCMC results reveal that at 77 K and 100 bar, AAF-3 exhibits the highest gravimetric hydrogen uptake of 29.50 wt%, while AAF-1 shows the highest volumetric hydrogen uptake of 63.04 g L(-1). In particular, the gravimetric hydrogen uptake of AAF-3 reaches the Department of Energy's target of 6 wt% at room temperature. The extraordinary performances of these new AAFs in hydrogen storage have made them enter the list of top hydrogen storage materials up to now.     

Lithium-doped MOF impregnated with lithium-coated fullerenes: a hydrogen storage route for high gravimetric and volumetric uptakes at ambient temperatures

We theoretically demonstrated that by the impregnation of Li-decorated IRMOF-10 with Li-coated C(60), the hydrogen storage capacity is improved to be 6.3 wt% and 42 g L(-1) at 100 bar and 243 K. Both the gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptakes reach the 2015 DOE target at near ambient conditions.     

Computational design of tetrahedral silsesquioxane-based porous frameworks with diamond-like structure as hydrogen storage materials

A novel type of three-dimensional (3D) tetrahedral silsesquioxane-based porous frameworks (TSFs) with diamond-like structure was computationally designed using the density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular mechanics (MM) calculations. The hydrogen adsorption and diffusion properties of these TSFs were evaluated by the methods of grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results reveal that all designed materials possess extremely high porosity (87–93 %) and large H₂ accessible surface areas (5,268–6,544 m² g^?1). Impressively, the GCMC simulation results demonstrate that at 77 K and 100 bar, TSF-2 has the highest gravimetric H₂ capacity of 29.80 wt%, while TSF-1 has the highest volumetric H₂ uptake of 65.32 g L^?1. At the same time, the gravimetric H₂ uptake of TSF-2 can reach up to 4.28 wt% at the room temperature. The extraordinary performances of these TSF materials in hydrogen storage made them enter the rank of the top hydrogen storage materials so far.     

Hydrogen storage in nanoporous carbon materials: myth and facts

We used Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation to model the hydrogen storage in the primitive, gyroid, diamond, and quasi-periodic icosahedral nanoporous carbon materials and in carbon nanotubes. We found that none of the investigated nanoporous carbon materials satisfy the US Department of Energy goal of volumetric density and mass storage for automotive application (6 wt% and 45 kg H(2) m(-3)) at considered storage condition. Our calculations indicate that quasi-periodic icosahedral nanoporous carbon material can reach the 6 wt% at 3.8 MPa and 77 K, but the volumetric density does not exceed 24 kg H(2) m(-3). The bundle of single-walled carbon nanotubes can store only up to 4.5 wt%, but with high volumetric density of 42 kg H(2) m(-3). All investigated nanoporous carbon materials are not effective against compression above 20 MPa at 77 K because the adsorbed density approaches the density of the bulk fluid. It follows from this work that geometry of carbon surfaces can enhance the storage capacity only to a limited extent. Only a combination of the most effective structure with appropriate additives (metals) can provide an efficient storage medium for hydrogen in the quest for a source of "clean" energy.     

Hydrogen adsorption in carbon nanostructures: comparison of nanotubes, fibers, and coals

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were reported to have record high hydrogen storage capacities at room temperature, indicating an interaction between hydrogen and carbon matrix that is stronger than known before. Here we present a study of the interaction of hydrogen with activated charcoal, carbon nanofibers, and SWNT that disproves these earlier reports. The hydrogen storage capacity of these materials correlates with the surface area of the material, the activated charcoal having the largest. The SWNT appear to have a relatively low accessible surface area due to bundling of the tubes; the hydrogen does not enter the voids between the tubes in the bundles. Pressure-temperature curves were used to estimate the interaction potential, which was found to be 580+/-60 K. Hydrogen gas was adsorbed in amounts up to 2 wt % only at low temperatures. Molecular rotations observed with neutron scattering indicate that molecular hydrogen is present, and no significant difference was found between the hydrogen molecules adsorbed in the different investigated materials. Results from density functional calculations show molecular hydrogen bonding to an aromatic C[bond]C that is present in the materials investigated. The claims of high storage capacities of SWNT related to their characteristic morphology are unjustified.     

氢在A、X及ZSM-5型沸石上的高压物理吸附

The hydrogen adsorption properties and uptake capacities of the A, X and ZSM-5 types of zeolites were investigated at temperatures of 77, 195 and 293 K and pressures up to 7MPa, using a conventional volumetric adsorption apparatus. All hydrogen adsorption isotherms were basically type I, but the maximum in isotherm,a unique feature of supercritical adsorption, was observed at high pressures of 2-5 MPa at 77 K. The isosteric heats of adsorption were determined from the isotherms and the factors that influence their variations were discussed. Different types of zeolites exhibited remarkably different hydrogen uptake, based on both the framework structure and the nature of the cations present. The highest gravimetric storage capacity of 2.55wt% was obtained for NaX-type zeolite at 4 MPa and 77 K. In CaA, NaX and ZSM-5 types of zeolites,hydrogen uptakes were proportional to the specific surface areas, which were associated with the available void volumes of the zeolites. A threshold in hydrogen adsorption observed in NaA and KA was attributed to a pore blocking effect by large cations in KA. A ratio of the kinetic diameter of adsorbate to the effective opening diameter of zeolite was used to judge the blocking effect for physisorption.     

Hydrogen storage capacity characterization of carbon nanotubes by a microgravimetrical approach

An accurate gravimetric apparatus based on a contactless magnetic suspension microbalance was developed. This unit was used to measure the hydrogen storage capacity for a variety of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at room temperature and hydrogen pressures up to 11.5 MPa. The results show that regardless of their synthesis methods, purities, and nanostructures all investigated CNT products possess relatively low hydrogen storage capacities (<0.2 wt %). For comparison, the adsorption characteristics of theses samples were also measured at a pressure of 0.1 MPa and liquid nitrogen temperature (approximately 77 K) by a conventional volumetric approach. The methodological aspects related to the accuracy of the hydrogen uptake measurements are also discussed.     

High H2 uptake in Li-, Na-, K-metalated covalent organic frameworks and metal organic frameworks at 298 K

The Yaghi laboratory has developed porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs), COF102, COF103, and COF202, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF177, MOF180, MOF200, MOF205, and MOF210, with ultrahigh porosity and outstanding H(2) storage properties at 77 K. Using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations with our recently developed first principles based force field (FF) from accurate quantum mechanics (QM), we calculated the molecular hydrogen (H(2)) uptake at 298 K for these systems, including the uptake for Li-, Na-, and K-metalated systems. We report the total, delivery and excess amount in gravimetric and volumetric units for all these compounds. For the gravimetric delivery amount from 1 to 100 bar, we find that eleven of these compounds reach the 2010 DOE target of 4.5 wt % at 298 K. The best of these compounds are MOF200-Li (6.34) and MOF200-Na (5.94), both reaching the 2015 DOE target of 5.5 wt % at 298 K. Among the undoped systems, we find that MOF200 gives a delivery amount as high as 3.24 wt % while MOF210 gives 2.90 wt % both from 1 to 100 bar and 298 K. However, none of these compounds reach the volumetric 2010 DOE target of 28 g H(2)/L. The best volumetric performance is for COF102-Na (24.9), COF102-Li (23.8), COF103-Na (22.8), and COF103-Li (21.7), all using delivery g H(2)/L units for 1-100 bar. These are the highest volumetric molecular hydrogen uptakes for a porous material under these thermodynamic conditions. Thus, one can obtain outstanding H(2) uptakes with Li, Na, and K doping of simple frameworks constructed from simple, cheap organic linkers. We present suggestions for strategies for synthesis of alkali metal-doped MOFs or COFs.     

New isoreticular metal-organic framework materials for high hydrogen storage capacity

We propose new isoreticular metal-organic framework (IRMOF) materials to increase the hydrogen storage capacity at room temperature. Based on the potential-energy surface of hydrogen molecules on IRMOF linkers and the interaction energy between hydrogen molecules, we estimate the saturation value of hydrogen sorption capacity at room temperature. We discuss design criteria and propose new IRMOF materials that have high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage densities. These new IRMOF materials may have gravimetric storage density up to 6.5 wt % and volumetric storage density up to 40 kg H2/m3 at room temperature.