一种简单的精确捕捉接触间断的黎曼求解器

基于Godunov型数值格式的有限体积法是求解双曲型守恒律系统的主流方法,其中用来计算界面数值通量的黎曼求解器在很大程度上决定了数值格式在计算中的表现。单波的Rusanov求解器和双波的HLL求解器具有简单、高效和鲁棒性好等优点,但是在捕捉接触间断时耗散太大。全波的HLLC格式能够精确捕捉接触间断,但是在计算中出现的激波不稳定现象限制了其在高马赫数流动问题中的应用。本文利用双曲正切函数和五阶WENO格式来重构界面两侧的密度值,并且结合边界变差下降算法来减小Rusanov格式耗散项中的密度差,从而提高格式对于接触间断的分辨率。研究表明,相比于全波的HLLC求解器,本文构造的黎曼求解器不仅具有更高的接触分辨率,而且还具有更好的激波稳定性。     

高精度格式WCNS-E-5的Fourier分析与应用

对高精度加权紧致非线性格式WCNS-E-5进行了理论分析和应用研究。首先采用Fourier方法分析了WCNS-E-5与WCNS-5及其它高阶格式(迎风偏置格式EUW-5与标准格式)的差分误差特性,研究了它们在分辨效率方面的特性和相位误差在多维方向上的各向异性特性。分析结果显示WCNS-E-5与WCNS-5在色散与耗散特性方面优于EUW-5,分辨效率也普遍高于EUW-5和格式,而且它们的相位速度在多维方向上传播所表现的各向异性特性与其它高阶格式一致。WCNS-E-5的高精度特性与WCNS-5的一致,但在计算过程中少了三对角矩阵求解因而它的效率更高,于是采用WCNS-E-5数值模拟了二维/三维复杂流场,算例包括单涡斜向运动、二维Rie-mann问题以及存在分离的大攻角钝锥流动问题。计算结果体现了WCNS-E-5具有很低的数值耗散误差,它对激波、膨胀波和接触面等间断具有很好的捕捉能力,得到的图像清晰光滑,准确再现了真实流动现象。     

Contributions to numerical developments in shock waves attenuation in porous filters

The paper deals with the numerical method of the compressible gas flow through a porous filter emphasizing the treatment of the interface between a pure gaseous phase and a solid phase. An incident shock wave is initiated in the gaseous phase interacting with a porous filter inducing a transmitted and a reflected wave. To take into account the discontinuity jump in the porosity between the gaseous phase and the porous filter, an approximate Riemann solver is used to compute homogeneous non-conservative Euler equations in porous media using ideal gas state law. The discretization of this problem is based on a finite volume method where the fluxes are evaluated by a “volumes finis Roe” (VFRoe) scheme. A stationary solution is determined with a continuous variable porosity in order to test the numerical scheme. Numerical results are compared with the two-phase shock tube experiments and simulations of a shock wave attenuation and gas filtration in porous filters are presented.      

Harten-Lax-van Leer-contact (HLLC) approximation Riemann solver with elastic waves for one-dimensional elastic-plastic problems

A Harten-Lax-van Leer-contact (HLLC) approximate Riemann solver is built with elastic waves (HLLCE) for one-dimensional elastic-plastic flows with a hypoelastic constitutive model and the von Mises’ yielding criterion. Based on the HLLCE, a third-order cell-centered Lagrangian scheme is built for one-dimensional elastic-plastic problems. A number of numerical experiments are carried out. The numerical results show that the proposed third-order scheme achieves the desired order of accuracy. The third-order scheme is used to the numerical solution of the problems with elastic shock waves and elastic rarefaction waves. The numerical results are compared with a reference solution and the results obtained by other authors. The comparison shows that the presented high-order scheme is convergent, stable, and essentially non-oscillatory. Moreover, the HLLCE is more efficient than the two-rarefaction Riemann solver with elastic waves (TRRSE).     

Direct Riemann solvers for the time-dependent Euler equations

Approaches for finding direct, approximate solutions to the Riemann problem are presented. These result in three approximate Riemann solvers. Here we discuss the time-dependent Euler equations but the ideas are applicable to other systems. The approximate solvers are (i) assessed on local Riemann problems with exact solutions and (ii) used in conjunction with the Weighted Average Flux (WAF) method to solve the two-dimensional Euler equations numerically. The resulting numerical technique is assessed on a shock reflection problem. Comparison with experimental observation is carried out.     

Mie-Grneisen状态方程可压缩多流体流动的PPM方法

采用流体体积分数的混合型多流体数值模型，将piecewise parabolic method (PPM)方法应用于可压缩多流体流动的数值模拟，拓展了以前提出的模型和数值方法，使它能够处理一般的Mie-Grneisen状态方程。采用双波近似和两层迭代算法求解一般状态方程的Riemann问题；并根据多流体接触界面无振荡原则设计高精度计算格式，对典型的纯界面平移问题可以从理论上证明本算法在接触间断附近压力和速度没有振荡，而且数值模拟结果表明界面数值耗散也被控制在2~3个网格之内。模拟了多种复杂的可压缩多流体流动，算例结果表明本文方法可以有效地处理接触间断、激波等物理问题，且具有耗散小精度高的特点。     

基于WENO重构的真正多维黎曼求解器

具有良好守恒性与网格适应性的有限体积格式在流体力学的数值计算中占有重要地位。其中，求解数值流通量是实施有限体积法的关键步骤。一维情形下，通过求解局部黎曼问题来获得数值流通量的相关理论已经比较成熟。但是在计算多维问题时，传统的维度分裂方法仅考虑沿界面法向传播的信息，这不仅影响格式的精度，还可能会造成数值不稳定性从而诱发非物理现象。本文基于对流-压力通量分裂方法来构造真正多维的黎曼求解器，通过求解网格顶点处的多维黎曼问题来实现格式的多维特性。采用五阶WENO重构方法来获得空间的高阶精度，时间离散采用三阶TVD龙格-库塔格式。一系列数值实验的结果表明，真正多维的黎曼求解器不仅具有更高的分辨率还能有效克服多维强激波模拟中的数值不稳定性。     

Numerical simulation of compressible multifluid flows using an adaptive positivity-preserving RKDG-GFM approach

The Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method together with a refined real-ghost fluid method is incorporated into an adaptive mesh refinement environment for solving compressible multifluid flows, where the level set method is used to capture the moving material interface. To ensure that the Riemann problem is exactly along the normal direction of the material interface, a simple and efficient modification is introduced into the original real-ghost fluid method for constructing the interfacial Riemann problem, and the initial conditions of the Riemann problem are obtained directly from the solution polynomials of the discontinuous Galerkin finite element space. In addition, a positivity-preserving limiter is introduced into the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method to suppress the failure of preserving positivity of density or pressure for the problems involving strong shock wave or shock interaction with material interface. For interfacial cells in adaptive mesh refinement, the data transfer between different grid levels is achieved by using a L² projection approach along with the least squares fitting. Various numerical cases, including multifluid shock tubes, underwater explosions, and shock-induced collapse of a underwater air bubble, are computed to assess the capability of the present adaptive positivity-preserving RKDG-GFM approach, and the simulated results show that the present approach is quite robust and can provide relatively reasonable results across a wide variety of flow regimes, even for problems involving strong shock wave or shock wave impacting high acoustic impedance mismatch material interface.     

固定网格下的特征线法求解溃坝问题

溃坝问题是典型的非线性双曲方程的Riemann问题，其数值求解的难点在于对间断面的捕捉以及避免间断面处在数值计算过程中产生数值色散，因而为求解此问题所产生的各种数值计算方法的优劣也体现在这两个方面。本文针对溃坝问题提出一种新的计算方法。该方法基于对偶变量推导的浅水波方程，根据方程的特点，从方程的特征值和黎曼不变量出发，采用高精度的激波捕捉方法计算黎曼不变量的位置随时间的变化，然后映射至不随时间变化的固定网格。根据黎曼不变量的位置，采用保形分段三次Hermite插值将物理量映射至网格节点。计算结果显示，该方法不仅操作简单，计算量小，而且结果准确。     

Flux difference splitting for open-channel flows

A finite difference scheme based on flux difference splitting is presented for the solution of the one-dimensional shallow-water equations in open channels, together with an extension to two-dimensional flows. A linearized problem, analogous to that of Riemann for gas dynamics, is defined and a scheme, based on numerical characteristic decomposition, is presented for obtaining approximate solutions to the linearized problem. The method of upwind differencing is used for the resulting scalar problems, together with a flux limiter for obtaining a second-order scheme which avoids non-physical, spurious oscillations. The scheme is applied to a one-dimensional dam-break problem, and to a problem of flow in a river whose geometry induces a region of supercritical flow. The scheme is also applied to a two-dimensional dam-break problem. The numerical results are compared with the exact solution, or other numerical results, where available.     

一种鲁棒的HLLC格式及其稳定性分析

精确捕捉接触波和剪切波的Godunov型数值方法，如流行的HLLC格式，在模拟高超声速流动问题时会出现激波异常现象。对HLLC格式进行稳定性分析发现，流体主流方向的扰动都能有效衰减，但是横向的密度与剪切速度的扰动不会衰减。具有特殊对称性的二维Sedov爆轰波问题证明了横向通量和不稳定现象之间的密切联系。利用压力比和马赫数来探测数值激波层亚声速区的横向网格界面，并且在该界面的数值通量上增加熵波粘性和剪切波粘性来构造一种激波稳定的HLLC格式。分析表明，在熵波粘性和剪切波粘性的作用下，横向的所有扰动都会衰减。一系列数值测试证明了新格式不仅可以成功地抑制各类激波异常现象，还保留了原HLLC格式低耗散性的优点。     

An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method based on the adaptive Riemann solvers for general equations of state

Approximate or exact Riemann solvers play a key role in Godunov‐type methods. In this paper, three approximate Riemann solvers, the MFCAV, DKWZ and weak wave approximation method schemes, are investigated through numerical experiments, and their numerical features, such as the resolution for shock and contact waves, are analyzed and compared. Based on the analysis, two new adaptive Riemann solvers for general equations of state are proposed, which can resolve both shock and contact waves well. As a result, an ALE method based on the adaptive Riemann solvers is formulated. A number of numerical experiments show good performance of the adaptive solvers in resolving both shock waves and contact discontinuities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

管系内一维可压缩流动数值建模与特性分析

针对复杂管系内可压缩流体,基于有限体积法,采用HLLC(Harten-Lax-vanLeerContact)格式和黎曼求解器构建了有限控制体数值离散方法,引入虚拟节点用于连接有限控制体,借助虚拟节点给出控制体之间数值通量的计算格式,发展了一种管道内一维流动数值建模方法。针对含有分支管路的管系,在管道连接部位构建了分支管路拟一维流动数值计算模型。基于所发展的一维流动数值方法,建立了变径管道和含60°分支管道内流动计算模型,验证了该方法的收敛性和有效性;基于虚拟节点的数值格式处理变径管激波问题具有一定精度优势。研究了变径管和分支管模型中可压缩流体激波、稀疏波等的传播机理,分析了管径对相邻支管压力的影响,为工程管路设计提供了参考。     

Computation of shock wave diffraction at a ninety degrees convex edge

This paper presents a numerical study of shock wave diffraction at a sharp ninety degrees edge, using an explicit second-order Godunov-type Euler scheme based upon the solution of a generalized Riemann problem (GRP). The Euler computations produce flow separation very close to the diffraction edge, leading to a realistic development of the separated shear layer and subsequent vortex roll-up. The diffracted shock wave, and the secondary shock wave, are both reproduced well. In addition a pair of vortex shocks are shown to form, extending well into the vortex core.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

HLLE++格式在高马赫数空腔流动模拟中的应用

空腔流动存在剪切层运动、涡脱落与破裂,以及激波与激波、激波与剪切层、激波与膨胀波和激波/涡/剪切层相互干扰等现象,流动非常复杂,特别是高马赫数(M>2)时,剪切层和激波更强,激波与激波干扰更严重,对数值格式的要求更高,既需要格式耗散小,对分离涡等有很高的模拟精度,又需要格式在激波附近具有较大的耗散,可以很好地捕捉激波,防止非物理解的出现。Roe和HLLC等近似Riemann解格式在高马赫数强激波处可能会出现红玉现象,而HLLE++格式大大改善了这种缺陷,在捕捉高超声速激波时避免了红玉现象的发生,同时还保持在光滑区域的低数值耗散特性。本文在结构网格下HLLE++格式的基础上,通过改进激波探测的求解,建立了基于非结构混合网格的HLLE++计算方法,通过无粘斜坡算例,验证了HLLE++格式模拟高马赫数流动的能力,并应用于高马赫数空腔流动的数值模拟,开展了网格和湍流模型影响研究,验证了方法模拟高马赫数空腔流动的可靠性和有效性。     

Analytical and numerical investigations of the reflection of asymmetric nonstationary shock waves

The reflection of asymmetric nonstationary shock waves is analytically and numerically studied in this paper. An analytical approach, which is a combination of the shock dynamic and shock polar methods, is advanced to predict the reflection wave configurations. The numerical simulations are performed by the finite volume method based on the second-order MUSCL-Hancock scheme and the HLLC approximate Riemann solver, with the self-adaptive unstructured mesh. It is found that the transition between the overall regular reflection and overall Mach reflection in the asymmetric nonstationary reflection agrees with the detachment criterion, which is analogous to the reflection in pseudo-steady flows (i.e. shock reflection over a wedge). Some special reflection wave configurations, which have never been observed in steady or nonstationary shock reflections so far, are found to exist in this asymmetric reflection. Furthermore, the domains and boundaries of various overall reflection wave configurations are analytically predicted, and the effect of mis-synchronization is also discussed.     

Derivative artificial compression method for conservation laws with multi-dimensional extension

A new resolution-enhancing technique called derivative artificial compression method is developed with multi-dimensional extension. The method is constructed via applying high-resolution difference schemes on derivative equations of conservation laws. In this way, one could overcome the defect of accuracy decay at extreme points that has plagued almost all high-resolution schemes. The new method has high resolution, low dissipation and low diffusion properties, and could enhance the resolution (of numerical solution) both at discontinuities and at extreme points. Numerical experiments are implemented using initial value problems of single conservation law, one-dimensional shock-tube problem, two-dimensional Riemann problems, double Mach reflection problem, and a shock reflection from a wedge. Resolutions of discontinuities, extremes and fine structures are compared between the original TVD scheme, TVD scheme with artificial compression method and TVD scheme with derivative artificial compression method.     

两种高分辨率数值方法计算波前有非均匀流的变截面管内激波传播规律的比较

本文采用两种对间断解具有高分辨率的数值方法基于推广Riemann问题解的二阶Godunov型有限差分法和分裂算子的随机选取法,计算了微波在波前有非均匀定常流的一维变截面管道中的传播和波后流场特征,得到一致结果,用数值模拟方法揭示了这类运动的一些特殊规律。对比两种方法的计算过程和结果,可以看出,二阶Godunov型方法明显优于随机选取法。     

An extension of the TV-HLL scheme for multi-dimensional compressible flows

This paper investigates a very simple method to numerically approximate the solution of the multi-dimensional Riemann problem for gas dynamics, using the literal extension of the Toro Vazquez-Harten Lax Leer (TV-HLL) scheme as its basis. Indeed, the present scheme is obtained by following the Toro–Vazquez splitting, and using the HLL algorithm with modified wave speeds for the pressure system. An essential feature of the TV-HLL scheme is its simplicity and its accuracy in computing multi-dimensional flows. The proposed scheme is carefully designed to simplify its eventual numerical implementation. It has been applied to numerical tests and its performances are demonstrated for some two-dimensional and three-dimensional test problems.     

基于四阶半离散中心迎风格式的虚拟流方法的应用

给出了求解多维无粘可压Euler方程组的四阶半离散中心迎风格式,该格式根据非线性波在网格单元边界上传播的局部速度来更准确地估计局部Riemann的宽度,避免了计算网格的交错,降低了格式的数值粘性。同时,考虑到Level Set函数能隐式地追踪到界面的位置,而虚拟流的构造能隐式地捕捉到界面的边界条件,因此再将新的四阶半离散中心迎风格式与Level Set方法以及虚拟流方法相结合,成功地处理了非反应激波和多介质流中爆轰间断的追踪问题。