一种有效的结构优化设计方法

基于非线性规划的对偶理论和函数的二阶台劳展开,得到了一种有效的结构优化设计方法,它具有通用性、可自动判别临界约束集合、计算效率高和适用于大型结构系统等优点,基于虚功原理,导出了性状参数的一阶和二阶导数计算式,利用圣维南原理,使性状参数二阶导数及相应的 Hessian 矩阵计算式大为简化,典型算例的计算结果表明本方法是相当有效的。     

离散变量框架结构的可靠性优化

以框架结构系统的可靠性分析为基础,给出离散变量框架结构可靠性优化的相对差商方法及迭代格式,并用算例证明了该法的有效性及实用性。     

结构设计中的混沌优化方法及其改进

在变尺度混沌优化方法研究中．结合结构优化问题的特点,提出了一种改进的混沌优化求解算法,用来解决带有多种约束条件的结构优化设计问题。在有限元分析和优化设计软件JEFIX中实现了上述算法．并通过数值算例讨论了变尺度混沌优化方法在结构优化中的可行性及存在的问题,得到了一些重要结论。     

一种考虑拉弯耦合的复合材料层板的优化设计方法

提出了以层压板分层为基本单位，用满应变设计层板厚度，以应变能原理调整分层比例的二级优化策略，给出了复合材料板壳结构铺层设计的方法，并将其编入COMPASS3．0版本中。工程应用表明，该方法实用可靠，设计效率高，优化设计软件COMPASS为工程技术人员提供了有效的设计手段。     

Third‐order sensitivity analysis for robust aerodynamic design using continuous adjoint

Robust design problems in aerodynamics are associated with the design variables, which control the shape of an aerodynamic body, and also with the so‐called environmental variables, which account for uncertainties. In this kind of problems, the set of design variables, which leads to optimal performance, taking into account possible variations in the environmental variables, is sought. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is by means of the second‐order second‐moment approach, which requires first‐order and second‐order derivatives of the objective function with respect to the environmental variables. Should the minimization problem be solved using a gradient‐based method, algorithms for the computation of up to third‐order sensitivity derivatives (twice with respect to the environmental variables and once with respect to the shape controlling design variables) must be devised. In this paper, a combination of the continuous adjoint variable method and direct differentiation to compute the third‐order sensitivities is proposed. This is shown to be the most efficient among all alternative methods provided that the environmental variables are much less than the design ones. Apart from presenting the method formulation, this paper focuses on the assessment of the so‐computed up‐to third‐order mixed derivatives through comparison with costly finite‐difference schemes. To this end, the robust design of a two‐dimensional duct is performed. Then, using the validated method, the robust design of a two‐dimensional cascade airfoil is demonstrated. Although both cases are handled as inverse design problems, the method can be extended to other objective functions or three‐dimensional problems in a straightforward manner. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于功能的基础隔震结构一体化优化设计

“投资-效益”准则作为基于功能的抗震设计的一个基本原则，反映了现代结构抗震设计思想的一个重要转变，即从以往只注重结构安全，向全面注重结构的功能、安全及经济等诸多方面发展。本文根据“投资-效益”准则，建立了基于功能的基础隔震结构一体化优化设计模型，其中目标函数考虑了结构生命周期内的总造价，包括结构初始造价和不同发生概率的大震、中震、小震作用下的结构损失期望，约束条件包括隔震层水平位移、上部结构层间变形等，优化过程中同时对上部结构截面尺寸和隔震器参数进行优化。算例表明，本文建立的基于功能的隔震结构优化模型是合理可行的，可为实际隔震结构的优化设计提供参考。     

Mesh adaptation as a tool for certified computational aerodynamics

Mesh convergence order is a key for certification of the accuracy of numerical solutions. A few available results and tools in mesh adaption are synthetized in order to specify a mesh converging method for adaptive calculation of compressible flows including shocks or viscous layers. The main design property for this method is early second‐order convergence, where early means that the second‐order convergence is obtained with coarse meshes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于应力的双方向结构拓扑优化算法

基于传统的渐进结构优化方法，提出了一种基于应力的双方向渐进拓扑优化算法。该方法是对传统方法和目前的双方向法的改进和完善。算例表明该方法能避免目前的双方向法具有的解的振荡问题，具有更高的可靠性，能获得更佳的拓扑结构。     

Robust design in aerodynamics using third‐order sensitivity analysis based on discrete adjoint. Application to quasi‐1D flows

In this paper, the second‐order second moment approach, coupled with an adjoint‐based steepest descent algorithm, for the solution of the so‐called robust design problem in aerodynamics is proposed. Because the objective function for the robust design problem comprises first‐order and second‐order sensitivity derivatives with respect to the environmental parameters, the application of a gradient‐based method , which requires the sensitivities of this function with respect to the design variables, calls for the computation of third‐order mixed derivatives. To compute these derivatives with the minimum CPU cost, a combination of the direct differentiation and the discrete adjoint variable method is proposed. This is presented for the first time in the relevant literature and is the most efficient among other possible schemes on condition that the design variables are much more than the environmental ones; this is definitely true in most engineering design problems. The proposed approach was used for the robust design of a duct, assuming a quasi‐1D flow model; the coordinates of the Bézier control points parameterizing the duct shape are used as design variables, whereas the outlet Mach number and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient are used as environmental ones. The extension to 2D and 3D flow problems, after developing the corresponding direct differentiation and adjoint variable methods and software, is straightforward. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

覆盖层地基上面板堆石坝区间优化设计

用区间分析方法研究覆盖层地基上面板堆石坝的断面优化设计，根据该坝型的结构特点和工作条件，提出了合适的优化设计数学模型，探讨了区间优化的求解方法。实例计算表明，方法的收敛性好，计算量小；所得到的设计方案经济合理，安合可靠。     

压电智能桁架的灵敏度分析与优化设计

在压电桁架结构的有限元分析方法基础上，考虑电荷载和机械荷载联合作用的机电耦合效应，给出了压电智能桁架的位移和自振频率对常规尺寸设计变量和形状设计变量的灵敏度计算公式，增加了电压这一类新的设计变量，给出了位移对电压的灵敏度计算方法。在此基础上实现了通过优化压电主动桁架的电压进行变形控制的方法，并在JIFEX软件中实现了压电桁架的灵敏度分析与优化设计。文中给出的数值算例验证了算法和程序的有效性。     

A new method for optimum design of parallel manipulator based on kinematics and dynamics

This paper presents a new method for the optimum design of parallel manipulators by taking both the kinematics and dynamic characteristics into account. The optimum design of a 3-DOF 4-RRR planar parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy is investigated to demonstrate the method. The kinematic performance indices such as the conditioning index, the velocity index, and workspace area are analyzed. Further, the dynamic dexterity, which is used to evaluate the dynamic characteristics, is investigated. The corresponding atlases are represented graphically in the established design space. Based on these atlases, the geometrical parameters without dimension are determined. Then the optimum dimensional parameters are achieved based on the optimum non-dimensional result. By using the method proposed in this paper, the designer can obtain the optimum result with respect to both kinematic performance indices and dynamic performance indices. Since the dynamic performance is considered in the process of optimum design by using the method proposed in this paper, it is expected to realize the high dynamics of parallel manipulators.     

Toward more rational criteria for determination of design earthquake forces

The preliminary design of most buildings is based on equivalent static forces specified by the governing building code. The height wise distribution of these static forces seems to be based implicitly on the elastic vibration modes. Therefore, the employment of such a load pattern in seismic design of normal structures does not guarantee the optimum use of materials. This paper presents a new method for optimization of dynamic response of structures subjected to seismic excitation. This method is based on the concept of uniform distribution of deformation. In order to obtain the optimum distribution of structural properties, an iterative optimization procedure has been adopted. In this approach, the structural properties are modified so that inefficient material is gradually shifted from strong to weak areas of a structure. This process is continued until a state of uniform deformation is achieved. It is shown that the seismic performance of such a structure is optimal, and behaves generally better than those designed by conventional methods. By conducting this algorithm on shear-building models with various dynamic characteristics subjected to 20 earthquake ground motions, more adequate load patterns are introduced with respect to the period of the structure and the target ductility demand.     

A novel method for predicting the power outputs of wave energy converters

This paper focuses on realistically predicting the power outputs of wave energy converters operating in shallow water nonlinear waves. A heaving two-body point absorber is utilized as a specific calculation example, and the generated power of the point absorber has been predicted by using a novel method(a nonlinear simulation method) that incorporates a second order random wave model into a nonlinear dynamic filter. It is demonstrated that the second order random wave model in this article can be utilized to generate irregular waves with realistic crest–trough asymmetries, and consequently, more accurate generated power can be predicted by subsequently solving the nonlinear dynamic filter equation with the nonlinearly simulated second order waves as inputs. The research findings demonstrate that the novel nonlinear simulation method in this article can be utilized as a robust tool for ocean engineers in their design, analysis and optimization of wave energy converters.     

变截面Timoshenko梁的单元刚度矩阵

变截面构件在工程中应用广泛,在对变截面梁进行数值计算时,需要建立变截面梁单元的刚度矩阵。该文采用势能驻值原理,考虑了轴力引起的几何非线性和剪切变形的影响,将梁截面刚度的变化率作为小量,得到了近似到二阶的单元刚度矩阵。在构造位移模式时,从梁的微分平衡方程出发,得到同样近似到二阶、分别以三次和五次多项式表示的剪切和弯曲位移模式。该文还证明了单元刚度矩阵的奇异性,给出了轴压刚度的表达式,定量论证了与某些精确解的误差,表明在一定范围内,该文的结果具有足够的精度。最后以一个计算实例说明该文的单元刚度矩阵具有较快的收敛性。     

按不允许破坏状态反演优化设计钢筋混凝土框架

按在给定荷载作用下结构所不允许发生的破坏，确定结构应有的有关参数(如钢筋混凝土框架结构的配筋率、混凝土标号、截面尺寸等)，是不同于传统结构设计的一种新的设计理念。结合根据结构的破坏状态反演确定结构的有关参数的方法和结构优化设计的思想，本文提出了一种根据结构在遭遇灾难性荷载时“不倒”的设计原则进行结构优化设计的方法，谓为反演优化设计两步法，首先采用奖惩法确定可行点，给出可用的结构参数，然后再进行定向搜索，给出最优的结构参数。文中通过具体算例，说明该方法对钢筋混凝土框架结构按不允许的破坏状态进行优化设计基本上是可行和有效的。     

点阵材料微极连续介质模型的应力优化设计

在将二维周期性点阵类材料等效为具有非局部化本构的微极连续介质的基础上，运用优化技术，探讨了基于材料相对密度和微单胞特征尺度两类变量的优化结构应力的方法，给出了针对最小化结构关键部位应力、结构最大应力最小化、最大化结构关键部位安全储备三类特定目标的结构与材料一体化协同优化结果．利用圆板小孔应力集中的数值算例验证了方法的有效性．     

解Drucker-Prager塑性问题的二阶锥互补法

基于经典弹塑性理论中多数屈服准则具有凸锥数学结构的事实,将在大规模计算中更具潜力的锥规划法引入弹塑性分析。考虑到弹塑性流动理论有关联与非关联之分,本文提出利用锥型互补法求解弹塑性问题。具体以Drucker-Prager弹塑性模型为例,首先利用最大塑性功耗散原理和圆锥对偶理论等工具,建立了弹塑性本构方程的等价二阶锥互补模型;然后,基于参变量变分原理和有限元技术,建立了弹塑性增量分析的二阶锥线性互补模型;最后,利用一类半光滑Newton算法求解。数值算例表明了本文方法的有效性。     

Correlation equations for optimum design of annular fins with temperature dependent thermal conductivity

Correlation equations for optimum design of annular fins with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity are obtained in the present work. The nonlinear fin equation which is associated with variable thermal conductivity condition is solved by Adomian decomposition method that provides an analytical solution in the form of an infinite power series. The optimum radii ratio of an annular fin which maximizes the heat transfer rate has been found as a function of Biot number and the fin volume for a given thermal conductivity parameter describing the variation of the thermal conductivity. The fin volume is fixed to obtain the dimensionless geometrical parameters of the fin with maximum heat transfer rate. The data from the present solutions is correlated for a suitable range of Biot number and the fin volume. The simple correlation equations presented in this work can assist for thermal design engineers for optimum design of annular fins with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity.     

结构可靠性优化中的灵敏度分析

文中构建了基于可靠性的工程结构优化设计数学模型，并利用二阶矩理论将结构位移和单元应力可靠性约束进行了等价化处理，在此基础上导出了位移和应力的可靠性指标函数对设计变量的灵敏度计算表达式。这一表达式简洁规范并具有普遍性，对于类似以二阶矩形式表出的可靠性指标函数的灵敏度求解均成立。算例表明本文给出的基于可靠性的结构敏度计算公式是有效和正确的。