基于可靠度和功能的框架—剪力墙结构抗震优化设计

作为结构抗震设计的发展方向,近年来基于功能的结构抗震设计思想引起了地震工程界的广泛重视,并取得了迅速发展,其基本思想就是在充分考虑结构抗震设计中的不确定性的情况下,采用基于“投资－效益”准则和强调结构“个性”的设计,本文讨论了基于可靠度和功能的结构抗震优化设计思想,建立了钢筋混凝土呆－剪力墙结构 抗震优化设计模型,给出了结构可靠度的近似计算方法,最后计算了钢筋混凝土框架－剪力墙的算例。     

基于功能的结构体系目标可靠度优化决策

根据“投资－效益”准则，提出了基于功能的结构体系目标可靠度优化决策的三种模型：概念模型、参数规划法模型和约束放松法模型；并根据最优性条件Kuhn-Tucher条件证明了当基于功能的结构体系可靠度约束均为作用约束时，参数规划法模型和约束放松法模型的等价性；最后对钢筋混凝土框架结构基于不同抗震功能的目标可靠度指标进行了优化计算。     

隔震结构的研究概况和主要问题

简要概括了国内外隔震技术的应用发展状况.系统总结、评述了隔震结构若干方向的研究进展,包括隔震结构的非线性地震反应分析和非线性动力学性态分析、可靠度分析、优化设计、系统识别、试验研究等内容.指出了隔震技术发展中需要解决的几个主要问题,例如新型隔震元件、隔震体系的开发,隔震结构的经济可行性分析,与隔震技术发展相适应的设计、施工规范等.最后在结束语中探讨了隔震设计与基于功能的设计、分灾设计等结构抗震设计思想的关系.      

地震作用下钢框架最大弹塑性层间变形的概率统计特性

近年来基于功能的结构抗震设计思想逐渐被世界各国地震工程界所接受，与现行抗震规范相比，它在遵循“投资—效益”准则的基础上，更加注重结构在进入弹塑性状态后的表现，并且采用具体的量化指标(结构最大层间变形)来衡量。由于结构抗震设计中存在着大量不确定性，结构可靠度分析成为结构设计中的一个重要工具。本文以钢框架结构为例，考虑了结构抗震设计中的各种不确定性，包括地震作用、结构构件面积、材料弹性模量、恒荷载和活荷载的随机性，采用概率统计理论中的K—S检验法，对最大弹塑性层间变形的概率统计特性进行了分析。结果表明，在给定烈度的地震作用下钢框架结构的最大弹塑性层间变形，在其均值较小时服从极值I型分布，在均值较大时服从极值Ⅱ型分布。以上结论可为研究钢结构弹塑性变形可靠度的近似分析提供参考。     

考虑设计规范的海洋平台结构选型优化

针对具体海洋环境条件和生产要求，对导管架平台结构进行选型优化——拓扑布局与构件尺寸的联合优化，充分考虑设计规范的要求，建立多设计准则、多约束条件和多荷载工况的设计模型，其中环境荷载包括：风、浪、流、海冰从不同方向对平台的作用。通过结构选型优化获得最佳的结构拓扑布局形式，在降低平台造价的同时，设计出满足结构的稳定特性、安全寿命等多种设计准则的新型平台结构。     

多层隔震结构地震作用取值的解析分析法

为建立多层隔震结构等效静态抗震设计法,对该结构基于规范反应谱的最大地震效应及其等效静态地震作用取值的解析分析法进行了系统研究。首先运用实振子解耦法,将非对称非经典隔震结构响应精确分解为系列标准振子位移与速度响应的线性组合;继而根据随机振动频域法和响应方差与最大响应平方成正比的性质,将结构位移的响应方差及最大响应平方精确分解为系列标准振子位移与速度响应方差及反应谱平方的线性组合,精确获得了隔震结构基于规范加速度谱的最大地震效应;最后基于静态效应与最大动态效应的等效准则,给出了基于最大位移响应的等效地震作用的新定义及其取值的解析计算法,使新定义的地震作用精确满足等效准则,并通过算例,验证了所提出方法的正确性。所建立的方法基于响应精确解耦和方差精确分解以及等效准则精确满足,属精确解析法,具有一般性,较基于响应近似解耦和方差近似分解以及等效准则近似满足的现有地震作用(即最大惯性力)计算方法更科学合理。     

基于三线性分灾模型的结构多目标抗震优化设计

基于分灾抗震设计概念,发展了基于三线性分灾模型的结构多目标优化设计方法。以防屈曲支撑为分灾构件的框架结构为例,针对分灾构件设计参数,采用多目标遗传算法进行分灾结构多目标优化设计。最终得到了分灾框架结构分灾构件用量和层间位移角等重要特性的多目标优化关系,并进行了相关讨论。结果表明,结构多目标分灾优化模型可以综合考虑结构造价和抗震性能等,并可以根据目标偏好有效地满足设计需求;分灾构件对抗震性能的作用随着震级增大而增强,使用分灾构件的结构能够更好地抵御强震的作用。     

MRD与滑移隔震混合控制结构及其优化设计

为了改善滑移隔震结构的减震效果和适用范围,提出3种磁流变阻尼器(MRD)与滑移隔震混合方案,建立了MRD与滑移隔震混合控制结构的动力分析模型,对6层MRD与滑移隔震混合控制结构进行地震反应分析。MRD与滑移隔震混合结构的3种混合方案的相对加速度峰值、相对速度峰值、相对位移峰值和层间剪力峰值分别比滑移隔震结构有不同程度的降低,而混合方案3的控制效果更加明显。在此基础上,建立了MRD与滑移隔震混合结构优化设计模型,采用IHGA程序对结构进行优化设计。结果表明,MRD与滑移隔震混合结构的各项地震反应均得到了更好地控制。     

双凹摩擦摆隔震烟风道结构地震响应

传统烟风道板式滑动支座可减少道体热胀冷缩时的摩擦阻力,但抗震耗能能力不足,缺少变形后的复位能力,且会约束道体的转动而可能导致结构破坏.将摩擦摆隔震支座用于烟风道,可同时具有热滑移、隔震功能,允许道体在温度作用下自由转动.本文对烟风道采用双凹摩擦摆中间隔震的结构体系地震响应进行了研究,建立了横向地震作用下简化的三自由度地震响应分析模型,其中双凹摩擦摆采用三线性滞回模型,推导了一阶状态空间微分运动方程.该模型的分析结果与有限元实体模型分析结果非常接近.利用简化模型研究了不同场地类别、不同强度地震激励作用下双凹摩擦摆的恢复力特点及隔震效果,结果表明:与非隔震结构相比,双凹摩擦摆隔震的烟风道的道体反力、支架剪力均得到了控制.     

计算近场地震作用下隔震结构支座破坏易损性曲线的概率凸集混合模型

用凸集模型模拟隔震结构参数的不确定性,而用随机模型模拟地震动输入的不确定性,提出了计算近场地震作用下在考虑双不确定性因素时隔震结构支座发生破坏的易损性曲线计算新方法;计算结果将给隔震支座力学参数的设计提供参考;通过计算对比可知,若不考虑结构参数不确定性将低估隔震支座破坏的地震易损性;对计算实例中基底最大位移敏感度分析发现,隔震支座的力学参数(如屈服力、屈服后刚度等)对基底最大位移影响较大,上部结构质量的影响次之,而上部结构的刚度对其影响不大;此外,本文的研究内容也为考虑结构参数和输入地震动双不确定性因素的情况下,计算各类结构地震易损性曲线提供了一种新的思路和途径。     

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of a structure with a friction-based seismic base isolation system

Many dynamical systems are subject to some form of non-smooth or discontinuous nonlinearity. One eminent example of such a nonlinearity is friction. This is caused by the fact that friction always opposes the direction of movement, thus changing sign when the sliding velocity changes sign. In this paper, a structure with friction-based seismic base isolation is regarded. Seismic base isolation can be employed to decouple a superstructure from the potentially hazardous surrounding ground motion. As a result, the seismic resistance of the superstructure can be improved. In this case study, the base isolation system is composed of linear laminated rubber bearings and viscous dampers and nonlinear friction elements. The nonlinear dynamic modelling of the base-isolated structure with the aid of constraint equations, is elaborated. Furthermore, the influence of the dynamic characteristics of the superstructure and the nonlinear modelling of the isolation system, on the total system’s dynamic response, is examined. Hereto, the effects of various modelling approaches are considered. Furthermore, the dynamic performance of the system is studied in both nonlinear transient and steady-state analyses. It is shown that, next to (and in correlation with) transient analyses, steady-state analyses can provide valuable insight in the discontinuous dynamic behaviour of the system. This case study illustrates the importance and development of nonlinear modelling and nonlinear analysis tools for non-smooth dynamical systems.     

层间隔震结构的能量平衡

从能量观点出发,引入设计用能量谱的概念,分析了地震输入能量在层间隔震结构中的分配和耗散。推导出了基于能量平衡的层间隔震结构的隔震层总剪力、最大变形以及基底剪力的地震响应预测式,分析了隔震层刚度、阻尼以及隔震层的设置位置等参数对层间隔震结构减震性能的影响,并阐明了其自身的减震控制机理。研究表明,基于能量平衡的分析方法是一种预测层间隔震结构地震响应和评价其减震性能的有效手段。     

A distributed mass structural system for soil-structure-interaction and base isolation studies

A base isolation system placed within a structure for seismic protection will perform differently in the presence of soil-structure-interaction phenomena, as compared to the case where the structure is founded on competent soil and/or rock. This is so for two basic reasons: (a) there is filtering affecting the input ground motion signal at the base of the structure, and (b) the overall mechanical characteristics of the combined soil-structure system have changed as compared to the original structure resting on firm ground. Thus, a base isolation design has to account for soil-structure-interaction in order to have the system fine-tuned to the particular geological conditions and seismicity of the construction site in question. In this work, we introduce a distributed mass representation of the superstructure that has four possible dynamic response modes, namely flexure, shearing, torsion and axial vibrations. The foundation is treated as a rigid block, and the soil is represented by the equivalent spring-damper-virtual mass system, whereby these mechanical parameters may be frequency dependent. Typical base isolation systems used nowadays are lead rubber bearing designs whose mechanical behavior comprises a spring element, a damper and a hysteretic component. In terms of analysis, a substructuring methodology is employed that is cast in the frequency domain, with conditions of equilibrium and compatibility enforced at the common structure-foundation-soil boundaries. This approach is both efficient and adequate for investigating soil-structure-interaction effects, but cannot handle the hysteretic behavior of the base isolator, which is better captured by using time-stepping algorithms. In closing, some comments are made regarding possible ways for incorporating the base isolator in the present soil-structural system analysis, along with some preliminary results.     

Seismic base isolation by nonlinear mode localization

Summary In this paper, the performance of a nonlinear base-isolation system, comprised of a nonlinearly sprung subfoundation tuned in a 1∶1 internal resonance to a flexible mode of the linear primary structure to be isolated, is examined. The application of nonlinear localization to seismic isolation distinguishes this study from other base-isolation studies in the literature. Under the condition of third-order smooth stiffness nonlinearity, it is shown that a localized nonlinear normal mode (NNM) is induced in the system, which confines energy to the subfoundation and away from the primary or main structure. This is followed by a numerical analysis wherein the smooth nonlinearity is replaced by clearance nonlinearity, and the system is excited by ground motions representing near-field seismic events. The performance of the nonlinear system is compared with that of the corresponding linear system through simulation, and the sensitivity of the isolation system to several design parameters is analyzed. These simulations confirm the existence of the localized NNM, and show that the introduction of simple clearance nonlinearity significantly reduces the seismic energy transmitted to the main structure, resulting in significant attenuation in the response. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant CMS 00-00060. The authors are grateful for this support.     

地震作用下结构的基于阻尼柔性连接MTMD控制

研究了基于阻尼柔性连接多重高谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)在减小结构地震反应方面的动力特性。利用导出的设置MTMD结构的传递函数，建立了设置MTMD结构的动力放大系数(DMF)设计公式，于是MTMD的优化准则可定义为结构最大动力放大系数的最小值的最小化(Min．Min．Max．DMF)。根据优化准则，得不同刚度比MTMD的最优参数和相应的Min.Min.Max．DMF值。为比较，同时给出了基于阻尼刚性连接(R＝0)MTMD的结果，广泛的数值分析表明，传统的阻尼刚性连接MTMD的性能可以扩展至一定刚度比范围的阻尼柔性连接MTMD。     

基于弹塑性模型的群桩-土-结构动力非线性数值分析

提出一种群桩-土弹塑性模型,结合动力文克尔理论,推导出了与桩(筏)-土属性及SSI体系频率相关的各项弹簧-阻尼单元动力阻抗,建立了三维框架土-结构相互作用有限元简化分析模型。针对不同地震激励,在不同桩-土条件下对模型进行了动力非线性时程分析,结果表明,在某些地震动和土-基础条件下,上部结构非线性作用效应结果可能大于固基假定情形,且桩-土弹塑性模型对上部结构柔弱层位置产生影响。应用本文简化方法可以快速、较准确有效地进行复杂的上下部结构动力时程分析及抗震评估。     

考虑人体耦合作用的结构竖向隔振研究

结构在环境振动或地震作用下的竖向振动不容忽略,有必要采取竖向隔振装置进行减振控制。考虑人体与结构耦合作用后不仅使隔振动力模型更加真实,还可以直接获得人体的动力响应。采用碟形弹簧支座对结构进行基础竖向隔振,并根据国际标准ISO5982规定的不同姿势下的人体动力模型,建立了考虑具有非经典阻尼的人与隔振结构耦合运动方程,利用复模态分析实现了方程的解耦,通过算例分析了竖向隔振以及人体作用对结构响应的影响。结果表明:对于一般的质量和刚度分布均匀的结构,人体对结构具有微弱的减振作用。碟形弹簧支座可以显著地降低结构的竖向振动并改善居住舒适度。     

Active vibration isolation of machinery and sensitive equipment using H ∞ control criterion and particle swarm optimization method

Isolating the sensitive equipment from vibrating base or the foundation from machinery vibration is of practical importance in a number of engineering fields. With the development of the vibration control techniques and increasing requirements for the higher-performance vibration isolation in industry and everyday life, active vibration isolation exhibits the best performances. In this paper, active vibration isolation reducing vibration transmitted from vibrating base to sensitive equipment and from machinery to foundation was investigated. Controller as static output feedback was considered to design components of active isolation system. An active control is provided by using H _∞ control criteria to design this controller. This criterion is presented as a cost function and then optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The approach is validated using numerical simulation. Results show that this static output feedback H _∞ controller using PSO algorithm can get good performance to reduce the effect of unwanted vibration and disturbances.