PBX炸药本构关系的实验研究

在SHPB装置上开展了某典型PBX炸药的单轴压缩、间接拉伸实验。利用入射波整形技术,结合 半导体应变片和石英晶体联合测试的方法,实现了PBX炸药的应力平衡和恒应变率加载,得到了不同应变率 下某PBX炸药的压缩应力应变曲线,初步建立了该炸药的修正Sargin唯象模型;开展了3种PBX炸药的动 态巴西实验,通过高速摄影获得了炸药的破坏过程,结合数字相关技术,获得了试样裂纹附近的应变场分布, 初步建立了描述3种炸药动态拉伸行为的修正Johnson-Cook模型。模型曲线与实验结果符合较好。     

非均质结构PBX炸药的动态压缩过程模拟

采用离散元方法,构建了考虑PBX炸药晶体颗粒与黏结剂非均匀性的计算模型,通过在炸药试样两端采用相向飞片加载、将原SHPB实验的应力边界替代为速度边界的方法,开展了PBX炸药的动态压缩数值模拟研究,再现了考虑PBX炸药非均质特性的SHPB实验过程,获得了不同加-卸载路径下炸药应力应变曲线以及相应的损伤破坏图像。模拟结果表明:在动态压缩过程中,虽然PBX炸药处于整体应力平衡,由于PBX高度非均质性,内部应力分布并不均匀,晶体间应力以应力桥形式传递;应力曲线为试样整体平均,试样内局部所受真实应力可能高于曲线峰值应力;出现卸载回滞曲线的试样发生局部损伤破坏,而完全软化曲线的试样发生整体失稳破坏。     

激光选区熔化增材制造GP1不锈钢动态拉伸力学响应与层裂破坏

采用选择性激光熔化增材制造技术，制备了GP1不锈钢单轴拉伸板条试样和层裂圆片试样，并对材料微观结构进行了表征。借助Zwick-HTM5020 高速拉伸试验机，并结合数字图像相关性全场应变测量技术，开展了增材制造GP1不锈钢材料的轴向拉伸力学性能实验研究，得到了不同应变率下材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线，结果显示:(1) GP1不锈钢流动应力具有比较显著的应变强化效应；(2)通过回收试样的电子背散射衍射表征，发现GP1不锈钢在拉伸变形过程中会发生奥氏体与马氏体之间的相变；(3) GP1不锈钢的屈服应力随着应变率呈幂指数增大，断裂应变在中低应变率下保持不变，但在高应变率下则显著减小。采用一级轻气炮实验装置和激光干涉粒子速度测量技术，开展了增材制造GP1不锈钢的层裂实验，发现GP1不锈钢的层裂强度随着飞片撞击速度增大而减小。单轴拉伸试样断口和层裂试样断口的显微分析结果表明:随着应变率增大，单轴拉伸断裂模式和断裂机理都发生了转变；层裂损伤易成核于激光熔池边界线的交汇处，断口韧窝形貌明显区别于单向拉伸断口。     

一种基于材料细观特征量的PBX拉伸强度理论模型

为给塑性黏结炸药(PBX)的力学强度设计提供支撑、探索材料细观特征量与材料强度之间的定量规律,应用微裂纹扩展区理论,将PBX炸药的单轴拉伸过程中力学响应特征的变化归结为扩展裂纹取向角度的增加,将扩展裂纹最大取向角与拉伸强度相关联,构建了基于材料细观特征量的拉伸强度理论模型,并采用不同温度的单轴拉伸实验验证了该理论模型的有效性。研究表明:该拉伸强度理论模型可以实现对PBX炸药拉伸强度与炸药微裂纹密度、颗粒/黏结剂界面性能以及颗粒/黏结剂体系的表观杨氏模量、泊松比等细观特征量之间关系的定量描述。     

不同点火方式下HMX基PBX炸药反应演化过程的特征分析

在长管强约束条件下对HMX基PBX炸药点火实验进行了数值模拟,分析了点火方式对炸药反应演化规律的影响,获得了弱冲击点火条件下炸药反应演化过程的特征图像。针对黑火药和雷管2种点火方式,分别构建了PBX炸药黑火药点燃和冲击起爆2类实验的唯象模型和数值模拟方法,通过数值模拟获得了钢管内炸药柱反应演化进程的特征图像,柱壳膨胀历程与实验结果符合较好。研究表明,不同点火方式下炸药反应演化进程存在较大差异。如果使用雷管点火,PBX炸药会在几微秒内发生爆轰反应;而使用黑火药点火,PBX炸药会在数毫秒内从缓慢燃烧转化为剧烈爆炸,但随着壳体破裂解体,管内压力骤降,抑制了反应演化向爆轰转变。黑火药点燃条件下整个反应演化过程可以分为4个主要阶段,其中管壁附近炸药柱表面燃烧传播优先于炸药柱中心基体反应,是弱冲击点火反应演化过程的重要特征之一。     

半结晶聚合物损伤演化的实验表征与数值模拟

损伤本构模型对研究材料的断裂失效行为有重要意义, 但聚合物材料损伤演化的定量表征实验研究相对匮乏. 通过4种高密度聚乙烯(high density polythylene, HDPE)缺口圆棒试样的单轴拉伸实验获得了各类试样的载荷-位移曲线和真应力-应变曲线, 采用实验和有限元模拟相结合的方法确定了HDPE材料不同应力状态下的本构关系, 并建立了缺口半径与应力三轴度之间的关系;采用两阶段实验法定量描述了4种HDPE试样单轴拉伸过程中的弹性模量变化, 并建立了基于弹性模量衰减的损伤演化方程, 结合中断实验和扫描电子显微镜分析了应力状态对HDPE材料微观结构演化的影响. 结果表明缺口半径越小, 应力三轴度越大, 损伤起始越早、演化越快; 微观表现为: 高应力三轴度促进孔洞的萌生和发展, 但抑制纤维状结构的产生;基于实验和有限元模拟获得的断裂应变、应力三轴度、损伤演化方程等信息提出了一种适用于聚合物的损伤模型参数确定方法, 最后将本文获得的本构关系和损伤模型用于HDPE平板的冲压成形模拟, 模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好.      

RDX基PBX的做功能力及JWL状态方程参数确定

为研究RDX基PBX炸药的做功能力并确定其爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数,对RDX基PBX炸药和TNT炸药进行?50 mm标准圆筒实验,获得了圆筒膨胀位移和速度的时程曲线,对比得出RDX基PBX炸药的做功能力明显高于TNT炸药;基于能量守恒对实验数据进行非线性拟合,得到2种炸药爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数。TNT炸药的拟合参数和通过AUTODYN软件计算得到的结果符合较好;将采用上述方法得到的RDX基PBX炸药爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数用于数值模拟,计算结果与实验值吻合较好,符合数值模拟标定JWL状态方程参数的要求。     

铝合金 2A12韧性断裂机制的实验研究

用轴对称圆棒静拉伸实验研究了铝合金2A12韧性断裂的特点,并探讨了临界空穴扩张比参数-VGC在实验材料上的适用性。实验测试了实验材料的拉伸特性参数及VGC参数。实验证实实验材料在不同应力状态下会发生断裂形式的转变,光滑试样表现为剪切破坏,而缺口试样为拉伸破坏,VGC参数对材料的断裂形式较为敏感。用SEM观测了试样断口显示缺口试样为空穴聚合型断裂机制。VGC参数只适用于以拉伸型断裂为主的缺口试样,对以剪切断裂为主的光滑拉伸试样不适用。     

炸药柱限定性热爆炸实验研究

在Frank kamenetskii热平衡方程基础上建立了二个 12 .7mm 2 5 .4mm炸药柱的限定性热爆炸实验装置、实验条件和实验方法 ,用于测定限定性热爆炸临界温度、反应延滞期 ,评价限定性热爆炸实验的反应水平。对于PBX 1炸药 ,限定性热爆炸的临界温度为 189 5℃ ,而30mm 30mm的炸药柱非限定热爆炸的临界温度为 197 5℃ ,表明在限定性体系中 ,由于炸药柱限定在金属铝的反应器里 ,热分解产物不易逸出 ,热量不易向环境传递 ,比非限定性体系易达到热爆炸临界条件 ,使热爆炸临界温度降低。此外 ,在相同环境温度下 ,PBX 6炸药柱的热爆炸延滞期比PBX 1炸药柱短 ,表明PBX 6炸药柱的热感度高 ,安全性低。     

单轴压缩下2种PBX炸药的动态变形损伤及其温升效应

通过炸药单轴压缩实验,利用高速摄影和高速红外热像仪,对2种典型PBX炸药变形损伤过程和温升效应进行了实时观测。实验结果表明,2种典型PBX炸药的损伤以及温升效应表现出明显差别:低粘结剂含量的炸药表现出明显的脆性特征,材料应力应变曲线中的应变软化阶段是伴随着材料损伤的演化过程,最终的失稳破坏导致样品中贯穿裂纹的形成,非均匀的裂纹分布对应于局部高温带的出现; 高粘结剂含量的炸药表现出明显的韧性特征,材料应力应变曲线未出现应变软化现象,变形损伤分布较均匀,但剪切方向出现网络状的温升分布。     

Cohesive fracture simulation and failure modes of FRP–concrete bonded interfaces

A work-of-fracture method using three-point bend beam (3PBB) specimen, commonly employed to determine the fracture energy of concrete, is adapted to evaluate the mode-I cohesive fracture of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite–concrete adhesively bonded interfaces. In this study, a bilinear damage cohesive zone model (CZM) is used to simulate cohesive fracture of FRP–concrete bonded interfaces. The interface cohesive process damage model is proposed to simulate the adhesive–concrete interface debonding; while a tensile plastic damage model is used to account for the cohesive cracking of concrete near the bond line. The influences of the important interface parameters, such as the interface cohesive strength, concrete tensile strength, critical interface energy, and concrete fracture energy, on the interface failure modes and load-carrying capacity are discussed in detail through a numerical finite element parametric study. The results of numerical simulations indicate that there is a transition of the failure modes controlling the interface fracture process. Three failure modes in the mode-I fracture of FRP–concrete interface bond are identified: (1) complete adhesive–concrete interface debonding (a weak bond), (2) complete concrete cohesive cracking near the bond line (a strong bond), and (3) a combined failure of interface debonding and concrete cohesive cracking. With the change of interface parameters, the transition of failure modes from interface debonding to concrete cohesive cracking is captured, and such a transition cannot be revealed by using a conventional fracture mechanics-based approach, in which only an energy criterion for fracture is employed. The proposed cohesive damage models for the interface and concrete combined with the numerical finite element simulation can be used to analyze the interface fracture process, predict the load-carrying capacity and ductility, and optimize the interface design, and they can further shed new light on the interface failure modes and transition mechanism which emulate the practical application.     

纤维复合材料界面横向拉伸分析

以单纤维十字型横向拉伸试验为研究对象,对纤维/基体界面采用弹性-软化双线性内聚力模型,建立了纤维复合材料在横向拉伸作用下界面法向失效过程的解析模型。得到了沿纤维/基体圆周界面的法向应力分布,纤维/基体界面的状态与界面承载力和单纤维复合材料承载力的关系,以及内聚力参数和试件几何尺寸对它们的影响。结果表明:纤维/基体圆周界面在脱粘前经历全部弹性及弹性+软化两种状态;当界面为弹性状态时,界面法向应力随界面强度线性增加;当界面为弹性+软化状态时,界面软化范围随界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增大;界面初始脱粘位置与拉伸荷载方向重合;界面初始脱粘时的界面承载力随界面强度及界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增加,随界面裂纹生成位移的增加而降低;单纤维复合材料的脱粘荷载受基体截面尺寸的影响,当纤维体积含量相同时,沿荷载方向截面尺寸的增大对提高脱粘荷载更显著。     

粘弹性夹心夹层结构卸载后的裂纹持续扩展现象研究

以聚氨酯弹性体钢夹层板为研究对象,对其进行了三点弯曲实验,对不同类型试件的实验结果进行了总结。实验发现,在加载过程中,在弯曲挠度超过一定程度时,夹层板结构的角点位置出现开裂,由于层间强度不足和夹心材料的粘弹性性质,卸载后裂纹会在一段时间内沿层间继续发生扩展,最后导致整个面板发生脱粘或夹心撕裂。针对这一现象,以弹性地基梁理论为基础,计算了上下面板的挠度差异,并使用层间粘结强度来分析试件的临界状态,获得了软夹芯试件和硬夹芯试件的临界破坏的裂纹长度。结果表明,使用层间粘结强度分析方法,获得的结果都能够描述聚氨酯弹性体钢夹层板的层间延迟破坏的特点。     

Dynamic interfacial debonding initiation induced by an incident crack

When a crack propagates towards a weak interface, interface debonding may occur before the incident crack reaches the interface. This phenomenon refers to the “Cook–Gordon mechanism”. In this investigation, an equivalent dynamic Cook–Gordon mechanism is studied both experimentally and analytically. Two strength-based criteria incorporating dynamic fracture mechanics analysis are proposed to predict the initiation location of interface debonding ahead of a dynamic incident crack. As validation, a comparison is made between the analytical predictions and experimental measurements. Results show that the strength-based criteria can effectively predict the initiation of interface debonding. Meanwhile, effects of the stress intensity factor and the T stress of the incident crack, on the interfacial debonding initiation are investigated. It is concluded that high-stress intensity factors of the incident cracks will easily induce interfacial debonding initiation, and changing the T stress is an effective way to control interfacial debonding initiation. Furthermore, high-interfacial tensile strengths rather than shear strengths, tend to suppress interfacial debonding initiation induced by a mode-I incident crack.     

The Mori–Tanaka method for composite materials with nonlinear interface debonding

We have used the Mori–Tanaka method to study the effect of nonlinear interface debonding on the constitutive behavior of composite material with high particle volume fraction. The interface debonding is characterized by a nonlinear cohesive law determined from the fracture test of the high explosive PBX 9501. Using the example of the composite material with spherical particles subject to hydrostatic tension, we show that the particle size has an important effect on the behavior of the composite material, namely hardening for small particles and softening for large particles. The critical particle size that separates the hardening and softening behavior of the composite material is determined. For the composite material with large particles, the particle/matrix interface may undergo catastrophic debonding, i.e., sudden, dynamic debonding even under static load. The energy release during catastrophic debonding can be very large, thus may trigger the reaction or detonation of high explosives. For the high explosive PBX 9501, the energy release due to catastrophic debonding of coarse (large) particles is equivalent to the free drop of the high explosive from a height of 110 m. This value become much higher, 455 m, once the debonding of fine (small) particle is accounted for.     

基于弹性-塑性内聚力模型的纤维拔出界面宏观行为分析

用解析法分析了单纤维从聚合物基体中的拔出过程,采用弹性—塑性内聚力模型模拟裂纹的扩展和界面失效,确定了临界纤维埋入长度,该值区分两种不同长度的纤维拔出过程. 在纤维拔出过程,界面经历不同的阶段. 纤维埋长小于临界长度时,界面的脱粘载荷与纤维的埋长成正比;超过临界长度后,界面的脱粘载荷近似为常数. 分析了界面参数对脱粘载荷的影响:增加界面的剪切强度和界面的断裂韧性,或减小界面裂纹萌生位移,均能提高界面的脱粘载荷;界面脱粘后无界面摩擦应力时,拔出载荷—位移曲线的峰值载荷等于界面的脱粘载荷;界面摩擦应力存在时,使峰值载荷大于脱粘载荷,需要较长的纤维埋入长度和较大的界面摩擦应力.      

Gigacycle fatigue behaviors of two SNCM439 steels with different tensile strengths

Gigacycle fatigue behaviors of two SNCM439 steels with different tensile strengthes were experimentally studied by rotating bending tests,to investigate the effects of the tensile strength obtained by different heat treatment processes on very high cycle fatigue failure mechanisms.The material with higher tensile strength of 1 710 MPa exhibited typical gigacycle fatigue failure characteristics,whereas one with lower tensile strength of 1 010 MPa showed only traditional fatigue limit during the tests and no gigacycle failure could be found even when the specimen ran up to more than 10 8 cycles.Metallographic and fractographic analysis were carried out by an optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).It showed two different crack initiation mechanisms that for the specimen with lower tensile strength the crack prefers surface initiation and for that with higher strength the crack initiates from subsurface inclusions revealed by a fish-eye like microstructure.     

An elastic–plastic crack bridging model for brittle-matrix fibrous composite beams under cyclic loading

A fibrous composite beam with an edge crack is submitted to a cyclic bending moment and the crack bridging actions due to the fibers. Assuming a general elastic-linearly hardening crack bridging model for the fibers and a linear-elastic law for the matrix, the statically indeterminate bridging actions are obtained from compatibility conditions. The elastic and plastic shake-down phenomena are examined in terms of generalised cross-sectional quantities and, by employing a fatigue crack growth law, the mechanical behaviour up to failure is captured. Within the framework of the proposed fracture mechanics-based model, the cyclic crack bridging due to debonding at fiber–matrix interface of short fibers is analysed in depth. By means of some simplifying assumptions, such a phenomenon can be described by a linear isotropic tensile softening/compressive hardening law. Finally, numerical examples are presented for fibrous composite beams with randomly distributed short fibers.