氮化钛沉积膜的摩擦性能研究

采用等离子电弧沉积法在9Crl8钢表面制备了厚约0．5μm的TiN薄膜，通过显微硬度测试以及纳米压痕和纳米划痕试验，对比考察了9Crl8钢及其表面T|N薄膜的机械和摩擦性能．结果表明，9Crl8钢及其表面T．N沉积膜的纳米硬度分别为8GPa和38GPa，弹性模量分别为250GPa和580GPa，9Crl8、TiN和有机薄膜的摩擦系数分别为0．40、0．12和0．10；TiN沉积膜可显著提高基体钢的承载和耐磨能力．     

镁合金表面磁控溅射CNx/SiC/Ti多层膜的摩擦磨损性能

采用室温磁控溅射技术在镁合金(AZ91D)表面制备了CNx/SiC/Ti(氮化碳/碳化硅/钛)多层膜(SiC、Ti为中间层),研究了CNx薄膜的纳米压痕行为和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:CNx薄膜具有低的纳米硬度(6.67GPa)、低的弹性模量(54.68GPa)和高的硬度与弹性模量比值(0.122);在以氮化硅球为对摩副的室温干摩擦条件下摩擦系数约为0.162,磨损率在10-6mm3/(m.N)级,薄膜经长时间(3.5h)磨损后未出现裂纹和剥落.分析表明,摩擦化学和硬度与弹性模量比值对摩擦系数和磨损率有重要影响.     

TA2表面磁控溅射CNx/SiC薄膜的纳米压痕与摩擦磨损性能

采用室温磁控溅射技术在工业纯钛(TA2)表面制备出氮化碳/碳化硅(CNx/SiC)双层薄膜,SiC为中间层.研究了CNx薄膜的纳米压痕行为和摩擦磨损性能.试验结果表明:CNx薄膜的纳米硬度(H)为15.80 GPa,杨氏弹性模量(E)为130.88 GPa,硬度与弹性模量比值(H/E)为0.121;与φ4mm的氮化硅球对摩,在载荷1.96 N、室温Kokubo人体模拟体液条件下,CNx薄膜的磨损速率为10-6mm3/(m·N)级,摩擦系数约为0.124,磨损后薄膜未出现裂纹和剥落.分析表明,薄膜具有的良好抗磨性能与其H/E高、抗腐蚀性强以及摩擦系统摩擦系数低相一致.     

亚微米氮化钛膜的纳米压痕和划痕测定

采用等离子电弧沉积的方法，分别在GT35和40CrNiMo钢上沉积厚约为0．5μm的氮化钛(TiN)膜．为了筛选基材，采用纳米压痕和划痕技术，评价膜基界面结合和固体润滑效果．纳米压痕结果，GT35，40CrNiMo和TiN的纳米硬度／弹性模量的典型值分别约为11．5GPa／330GPa，6．0GPa／210GPa，30GPa／450GPa．纳米划痕结果，GT35有较理想的膜基结合能力；GT35，40CrNiMo，TiN及其有机膜的摩擦系数分别约为0．25，0．45，0．i5，0．i0．同40CrNiMo相比，GT35是较为理想的基体材料．纳米压痕和划痕技术能提供丰富的近表面的弹塑性变形、断裂和摩擦等的信息，是评价亚微米薄膜力学性能的有效手段．     

磁过滤多弧离子镀C/C多层膜在模拟体液中的微磨粒磨损行为

采用磁过滤直流阴极真空弧源沉积技术在Ti6Al4V表面制备C/C多层DLC膜,利用纳米压痕划痕仪测试薄膜的纳米硬度和膜-基结合强度,采用微磨粒磨损试验机对C/C多层DLC膜在模拟体液环境中的磨损性能进行评价,并与Ti6Al4V的耐磨性能进行对比.结果表明:C/C多层DLC膜硬度达54.82 GPa,弹性模量和划痕临界载荷分别为342.27 GPa和0.52 N;在模拟体液环境中DLC膜的耐磨性能显著优于Ti6Al4V合金,DLC膜的磨损机制主要包括二体磨损及混合磨损;随着料浆浓度的增加,DLC膜的磨损机制从二体磨损向混合磨损过渡.     

真空磁过滤电弧离子镀法制备DLC膜的机械性能

采用真空磁过滤电弧离子镀法分别在9Cr18和40CrNiMo钢上沉积厚约为0.2μm的类金刚石（DLC）膜。为了检测成膜质量，分别使用纳米压痕和纳米划痕技术表征钢基材和DLC/基材的机械性能，对这种亚微米厚的膜，纳米压痕技术和纳米划痕技术能提供丰富的近表面的弹塑性变形，断裂和摩擦等的信息。同DLC/40CrNiMo相比。DLC/9Cr18的硬度高和固体润滑效果显著，9Cr18是较为理想的基体材料。     

纳米压痕法研究PZT压电薄膜的力学性能

PZT压电薄膜的力学性能如弹性模量、硬度等对于MEMS器件的结构设计、结构响应特性、服役性能等尤为重要。薄膜材料由于尺寸效应、表面效应等的作用，力学性能与宏观块体材料有显著差异。本文用纳米压痕法获得了PZT压电薄膜的弹性模量和硬度，考察了基底的影响，分析了退火时间对于其力学性能的影响，以及硬度和压入深度之间的压痕尺度效应。     

灵芝孢子孢壁的弹性模量和硬度研究

采用纳米压痕技术和数值模拟研究灵芝孢子孢壁的弹性模量和硬度.利用原位纳米力学测试与分析系统,测试灵芝孢子孢壁的弹性模量和硬度.得到了载荷--位移曲线图和硬度、弹性模量随压痕深度变化的值.并用有限元方法模拟压痕过程,利用ANSYS软件,按照灵芝孢子孢壁和Berkovich压头的结构,建立了二维计算模型,得到纳米压痕的等效应力分布以及压痕过程中加载和卸载时的载荷--位移曲线.考察了摩擦、压头尖端半径对模拟结果的影响.结果显示:灵芝孢子孢壁的平均弹性模量为2.0GPa,硬度为0.13GPa.模拟结果在趋势上与实验结果有较好的吻合,与理论分析的载荷--位移关系基本一致.摩擦、压头尖端半径小于100nm时对模拟结果不会造成明显影响.研究结果为分析孢子的破壁机理提供必要参数.     

纳米SiO2颗粒增强镍基复合镀层的组织与微动磨损性能研究

采用电刷镀技术在45#钢表面制备了纳米SiO2颗粒增强镍基复合镀层,用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察分析了复合镀层的表面形貌和微观组织形貌,用纳米压痕仪测试了复合镀层的微观力学性能,并采用PLINT型高温微动疲劳试验机考察了复合镀层在室温至500 ℃下的微动磨损行为.结果表明:纳米SiO2颗粒促进了镀层的晶粒细化,提高了镀层的力学性能,复合镀层的硬度和弹性模量分别比镍镀层提高了2.01GPa和5 GPa,从而改善了镀层的微动磨损性能;复合镀层的耐磨性能约为镍镀层的2倍,这是由于纳米SiO2颗粒对复合镀层具有超细晶强化、硬质点弥散强化以及高密度位错强化机制所致.     

磁过滤真空弧源沉积技术制备C/C多层类金刚石膜及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用磁过滤直流阴极真空弧源沉积技术在Si基体和GCr15基体表面制备了C/C多层DLC膜,通过X射线光电子能谱仪分析薄膜结构特征;用原子力显微镜观察C/C多层DLC膜的表面形貌;采用台阶仪测试薄膜厚度;利用纳米硬度仪测试薄膜纳米硬度;在销盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行C/C多层DLC膜在大气下的摩擦性能评价,同时比较了单层DLC膜、TiN膜和C/C多层DLC膜的耐磨性能.结果表明:C/C多层DLC膜表面光滑、致密,厚度达0.7 μm,硬度高达68 GPa,与SiC球对摩时的摩擦系数为0.10左右,耐磨性明显优于单层DLC膜和TiN膜.     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).