基于LBM-LES方法翼型纯音噪声数值研究

基于LBM-LES方法,对中低雷诺数下的NACA0012翼型纯音噪声进行了直接计算,研究了不同迎角和雷诺数对纯音噪声的影响。计算结果表明,翼型的声源主要位于翼型的分离区和后缘处,在不同迎角和雷诺数下的声辐射特征均具有偶极子声场的特点;迎角的增大将引起较大的旋涡尺度和湍流强度,吸力面声源区域前移。声压级频谱分析表明,随着迎角的增大,纯音噪声逐渐消失,噪声谱最终呈现宽频特征;随着雷诺数的增大,后缘压力脉动增大。声压级频谱中,主频频率随着雷诺数的增大而增大,且符合Paterson公式的幂律关系。此外,声压级频谱特性随着雷诺数的增大表现出由离散特性向宽频特性转变的趋势。     

一种可用于机翼优化设计中的气动噪声预测模型

发展了一种可用于翼型/机翼外形设计中的气动噪声快速预测方法。相较于传统的半经验噪声预测方法,该方法以两方程非线性k-ε湍流模型模化雷诺应力的雷诺平均方程为背景,考虑了升力系数、三维流动效应以及机翼几何参数等因素对后缘噪声的影响。而相对于直接数值模拟或声类比拟方法,该方法虽不能准确预测噪声强度,但其计算量小,能给出不同翼型/机翼的相对总声压级,以及总声压级随升力系数的变化情况,易于应用于翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中。通过计算分析二维NACA0012翼型几何参数或来流状态的改变所带来的气动噪声差异,与ANOPP软件及Brooks等计算结果进行对比,验证了该模型的可靠性。最后,计算分析二维、三维翼型/机翼气动噪声,凸显该方法在翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中的应用价值。     

多孔介质对翼型绕流边界层影响的数值研究

以多孔尾缘结构SD-7003翼型为研究对象,基于格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)研究了不同多孔介质材料对翼型边界层发展及尾缘流动的影响规律。研究结果表明:LBM方法可以精确地计算出可渗透壁的多孔翼型边界层特征,且数值模拟结果与文献参考值非常吻合;相对于实体翼型,多孔尾缘上、下面压差推动渗流穿过多孔区衰减翼型表面的气动载荷波动,其衰减程度依赖于多孔材料的流阻;多孔翼型压力面与吸力面的边界层厚度较实体翼型有明显的增加,且边界层厚度随流阻的减少而增加。     

洗扫车用离心风机气动噪声的优化

离心风机是洗扫车的关键部件,降低风机的气动噪声可极大提升产品性能。基于有限元分析软件和FW-H声比拟模型,对离心风机的气动噪声强度进行了计算。重点研究了蜗壳宽度和蜗舌半径两个结构参数对风机气动噪声的综合影响,结果表明:合理地减小蜗壳宽度和增大蜗舌半径能够在保持风机气动性能基本不变的情况下有效降低风机的气动噪声。基于数值分析软件,通过多项式拟合方法分别建立了蜗壳宽度和蜗舌半径与风机效率、全压以及总声压级之间的函数关系;并在不降低风机效率与全压的前提下,结合多目标优化遗传算法得到了最优的蜗壳宽度和蜗舌半径,优化之后风机的总声压级降低了2.8dB,降噪效果明显。     

仿生多孔翼型后缘自噪声数值研究

采用大涡模拟(LES)和声比拟(AA)结合的方法,在低马赫数条件下,对SD7003多孔翼型自噪声声场进行计算,研究多孔材料在不同来流迎角下对翼型自噪声远场声压的影响规律,并阐述噪声的影响机理。结果表明：LES与AA相结合的方法能够较为准确地计算多孔翼型的边界层特征以及远场声压,且数值模拟结果与实验结果非常吻合。来流迎角为0°时,多孔翼型整体声压级随着渗透率的减小先减小后增大,渗透率为5×10^-11 m²时多孔材料的降噪效果最佳。多孔翼型整体声压级随着迎角的增大而增大,但多孔材料的降噪效果随着迎角的增大而减小。多孔材料的存在能够有效地削弱翼型表面的大尺度相干结构,使得翼型表面的RMS压强脉动峰值减小,从而抑制翼型远场噪声。     

离心叶轮气动声场的数值计算与分析

采用SIMPLEC算法对Ghost叶轮的三维非定常流场进行了数值模拟。利用计算所得流场结果并结合Lighthill和Lowson声学方程计算了由叶片表面非定常脉动力产生的气动噪声。计算结果表明:气动噪声的峰值主要集中在基频及其谐波附近;与静止的点声源相比,运动的点声源不仅使声场存在明显的多普勒效应,还会使声场的强度产生较大的变化;但对转速恒定的旋转点声源,加速度的变化对声场的影响可以忽略;从声场的分布来看,整个旋转叶轮可以看成是一个按简谐变化的偶极子源,数值计算结果与理论分析的结果吻合良好。     

小口径膛口射流噪声的数值模拟

为了研究小口径武器的膛口气动噪声特性,采用CFD-CAA耦合算法对7.62 mm枪的射流噪声场进行了数值模拟。由于膛口流场结构复杂,在目前的计算发展水平下还不足以采用CAA直接法,因而本文中采用混合方法,即首先采用CFD方法计算7.62 mm枪的膛口流场,然后利用所得结果,采用声学方程计算射流噪声,具体为膛口近场采用LES进行计算,远场声场采用FW-H声拟法计算。通过对比验证实验,验证了该计算方法的可行性。然后,对7.62 mm枪射流噪声进行了数值模拟,分析了噪声指向性,绘制了声压级云图。研究表明:在本文的计算条件下,射流噪声强度主要集中在近膛口区域;且射流最大噪声主要分布在与轴线方向成30°~60°范围内。     

考虑地面效应的高速列车远场气动噪声计算方法研究

为研究高速列车远场气动噪声的计算方法,根据高速列车近地面运行的实际情况,利用半自由空间的Green函数求解FW-H方程;建立考虑地面效应时的远场声学积分公式,并研究地面效应对高速列车远场气动噪声的影响.研究表明,由于存在地面效应,原来的自由声场变成了相当于真实列车声场与镜像列车声场的叠加,并且作用在镜像列车上的力源和法向运动速度与真实列车上的相同.当列车运动速度为350 km/h时,不考虑地面效应时,远场测点的等效连续A计权声压级的最大值为90.76 dB;考虑地面效应之后,远场测点的等效连续A计权声压级的最大值为94.72 dB.     

带制退器的膛口射流噪声数值模拟与实验研究

为了研究膛口装置对膛口噪声气动特性的影响，对带膛口制退器的某小口径武器的膛口射流噪声进行了数值模拟和实验研究。采用计算流体力学CFD (computational fluid dynamics)-计算气动声学CAA (computational aeroacoustics)耦合算法对膛口噪声进行数值模拟，即对膛口流场进行瞬态CFD模拟，获取流场数据，然后利用所得到的结果采用声学方程模拟声源信息求解声场。基于数值模拟结果，分析了膛口流场变化及噪声的指向性分布，并与实验结果进行了对比。研究表明:膛口制退器的安装改变了膛口流场结构，影响了膛口射流噪声的指向性分布。计算结果与实验结果的误差小于9%，验证了该计算方法的可行性。研究结果可为膛口射流噪声的预测及膛口制退器的设计提供一定的参考。     

基于LBM-LES方法的翼型气动噪声直接数值计算

直接数值计算方法对航空飞行器机体气动噪声产生机理研究及噪声预测非常关键。本文基于在格子玻尔兹曼方法(LatticeBoltzmannMethod,LBM)框架下的大涡模拟方法(LargeEddy Simulation, LES)对SD-7003仿生翼型在较低马赫数条件下的气动噪声进行了直接数值计算,雷诺数选取为8.0×10~5。LBM方法采用多松弛时间近似,格子离散速度模型为D2Q9模型,LES方法的亚格子模型是动态Smagorinsky模型。噪声直接计算结果表明:LBM-LES方法能较精确地预测低马赫数及中低雷诺数条件下翼型气动噪声远场的声压,与实验结果相比,误差在10%以内;同时可以直接得到噪声声场及传播过程,并能揭示噪声的生成机理。     

Measurement of tonal-noise characteristics and periodic flow structure around NACA0018 airfoil

The characteristics of tonal noise and the variations of flow structure around NACA0018 airfoil in a uniform flow are studied by means of simultaneous measurement of noise and velocity field by particle-image velocimetry to understand the generation mechanism of tonal noise. Measurements are made on the noise characteristics, the phase-averaged velocity field with respect to the noise signal, and the cross-correlation contour of velocity fluctuations and noise signal. These experimental results indicate that the tonal noise is generated from the periodic vortex structure on the pressure surface of the airfoil near the trailing edge of the airfoil. It is found that the vortex structure is highly correlated with the noise signal, which indicates the presence of noise-source distribution on the pressure surface. The vorticity distribution on the pressure surface breaks down near the trailing edge of the airfoil and forms a staggered vortex street in the wake of the airfoil.     

Experimental investigation of a blunt trailing edge flow field with application to sound generation

The unsteady lift generated by turbulence at the trailing edge of an airfoil is a source of radiated sound. The objective of the present research was to measure the velocity field in the near wake region of an asymmetric beveled trailing edge in order to determine the flow mechanisms responsible for the generation of trailing edge noise. Two component velocity measurements were acquired using particle image velocimetry. The chord Reynolds number was 1.9 × 10⁶. The data show velocity field realizations that were typical of a wake flow containing an asymmetric periodic vortex shedding. A phase average decomposition of the velocity field with respect to this shedding process was utilized to separate the large scale turbulent motions that occurred at the vortex shedding frequency (i.e., those responsible for the production of tonal noise) from the smaller scale turbulent motions, which were interpreted to be responsible for the production of broadband sound. The small scale turbulence was found to be dependent on the phase of the vortex shedding process implying a dependence of the broadband sound generated by the trailing edge on the phase of the vortex shedding process.     

基于比拟理论的翼型扰流声场数值模拟

从二维模型方程的全离散形式出发,重点分析了差分格式的色散特性和各向异性效应,证实迎风紧致格式比对称格式有更好的色散和各向同性特性,故有利于声场的数值模拟,并采用三阶迎风紧致格式（ＵＣＤ３）和四阶对称紧致格式（ＳＣＤ４）计算了绕ＮＡＣＡ００１２翼型的可压缩非定常流场,并将此流场作为近场声源,运用声学比拟理论对气动声进行模拟。     

Experimental study of vortex–structure interaction noise radiated from rod–airfoil configurations

Vortex–structure interaction noise radiated from an airfoil embedded in the wake of a rod is investigated experimentally in an anechoic wind tunnel by means of a phased microphone array for acoustic tests and particle image velocimetry (PIV) for the flow field measurements. The rod–airfoil configuration is varied by changing the rod diameter (D), adjusting the cross-stream position (Y) of the rod and the streamwise gap (L) between the rod and the airfoil leading edge. Two noise control concepts, including “air blowing” on the upstream rod and a soft-vane leading edge on the airfoil, are applied to control the vortex–structure interaction noise. The motivation behind this study is to investigate the effects of the three parameters on the characteristics of the radiated noise and then explore the influences of the noise control concepts. Both the vortex–structure interaction noise and the rod vortex shedding tonal noise are analysed. The acoustic test results show that both the position and magnitude of the dominant noise source of the rod–airfoil model are highly dependent on the parameters considered. In the case where the vortex–structure interaction noise is dominant, the application of the air blowing and the soft vane can effectively attenuate the interaction noise. Flow field measurements suggest that the intensity of the vortex–structure interaction and the flow impingement on the airfoil leading edge are suppressed by the control methods, giving a reduction in noise.     

Fluid-structure-acoustic coupling for a flat plate

The present work deals with the aeroacoustic sound radiated by a forward–backward facing step in combination with a flexible wall behind the step. A numerical flow computation with coupled aeroacoustic and vibroacoustic simulation was carried out. The structural deformations of the oscillating plate like structure in the wake of the forward–backward facing step were considered to be small and therefore not affecting the flow field. The presented approach enables a separate consideration for the aeroacoustic as well as the structural borne noise. The influence of the interactions of the acoustic medium with the flexible structure on the vibroacoustic sound radiation is investigated. One-sided and two-sided coupling approaches for the vibroacoustic analysis are introduced. The two-sided vibroacoustic computation allows for considering the damping influence of the ambient fluid on the flexible plate vibration and therefore on the sound radiation. Additional to the simulations, aeroacoustic measurements in an acoustic wind tunnel were performed for validation purposes.     

Numerical simulation on the NACA0018 airfoil self-noise generation

Airfoil self-noise is a common phenomenon for many engineering applications. Aiming to study the underlying mechanism of airfoil self-noise at low Mach number and moderate Reynolds number flow, a numerical investigation is presented on noise generation by flow past NACA0018 airfoil. Based on a high-order accurate numerical method, both the near-field hydrodynamics and the far-field acoustics are computed simultaneously by performing direct numerical simulation. The mean flow properties agree well with the experimental measurements. The characteristics of aerodynamic noise are investigated at various angles of attack. The obtained results show that inclining the airfoil could enlarge turbulent intensity and produce larger scale of vortices. The sound radiation is mainly towards the upper and lower directions of the airfoil surface. At higher angle of attack, the tonal noise tends to disappear and the noise spectrum displays broad-band features.     

Investigation of three-dimensional dynamic stall on an airfoil using fast-response pressure-sensitive paint

Dynamic stall on a pitching OA209 airfoil in a wind tunnel is investigated at Mach 0.3 and 0.5 using high-speed pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) and pressure measurements. At Mach 0.3, the dynamic stall vortex was observed to propagate faster at the airfoil midline than at the wind-tunnel wall, resulting in a “bowed” vortex shape. At Mach 0.5, shock-induced stall was observed, with initial separation under the shock foot and subsequent expansion of the separated region upstream, downstream and along the breadth of the airfoil. No dynamic stall vortex could be observed at Mach 0.5. The investigation of flow control by blowing showed the potential advantages of PSP over pressure transducers for a complex three-dimensional flow.     

基于涡粘性模型的翼型湍流流场熵产率计算

利用有限体积法实现了基于非正交同位网格的SIMPLE算法。基于熵分析方法,采用涡粘性模型求解湍流熵产方程,系统研究了湍流模型对二维翼型绕流流场熵产率的影响。通过计算NACA0012翼型在来流雷诺数为2.88×10⁶时,0°攻角~16.5°攻角范围内的翼型表面压力系数分布和升阻力特性,验证了算法及程序的正确性。结果表明,选择不同湍流模型时,翼型流场熵产的计算结果存在差异,湍流耗散是引起流场熵产的主要原因;翼型流场的熵产主要发生在翼型前缘区、壁面边界层和翼型尾流区域,流场熵产率与翼型阻力系数线性相关;当产生分离涡时,粘性耗散引起的熵产下降。     

A zonal noise prediction method for trailing-edge noise with a porous model

In this contribution, a hybrid zonal simulation tool with volumetric inflow turbulence forcing is applied to trailing-edge noise of a NACA0012 airfoil with and without a porous insert at representative Mach and Reynolds number of 0.1118 and 1.0 × 10⁶, respectively. The governing equations constitute the non-linear perturbation equations with viscous terms (i.e., the full Navier–Stokes equations), in which the porous material is modelled by a volume-averaged approach. Generic simulations with a single vortex passing the trailing edge revealed the expected noise reduction as well as an additional noise source. This new source originates from the turbulent flow passing the transition from solid to porous surface and was shown to increase significantly with increasing permeability. 3D simulations with a solid and porous trailing-edge showed good agreement with experimental aerodynamic and aeroacoustic validation data. The application of porous material to trailing-edge noise confirms the results reported in literature and underlines the validity of the porous model as well as it illustrates possible applications.