可渗透壁对翼型声涡相互作用下流场及声场的影响

由仿生学原理构建的可渗透翼型对湍流气动噪声抑制作用已展现良好的应用前景。对NACA 0012可渗透翼型和实体翼型进行了数值计算，得到了声涡相互作用下气动噪声声场和流场，分析了可渗透壁对翼型流场和声场的影响。研究表明，相对实体翼型，可渗透壁通过减小声源强度降低了主纯音噪声声压级幅值和远场总声压级，消除了高阶离散纯音，但对噪声的指向性没有较大改变。进一步的流场分析表明，可渗透壁对翼型气动性能影响不大的情况下能够降低边界层扰动和翼型后缘大尺度涡旋强度，并推迟分离泡转捩和再附位置。     

仿生多孔翼型后缘自噪声数值研究

采用大涡模拟(LES)和声比拟(AA)结合的方法，在低马赫数条件下，对SD7003多孔翼型自噪声声场进行计算，研究多孔材料在不同来流迎角下对翼型自噪声远场声压的影响规律，并阐述噪声的影响机理。结果表明：LES与AA相结合的方法能够较为准确地计算多孔翼型的边界层特征以及远场声压，且数值模拟结果与实验结果非常吻合。来流迎角为0°时，多孔翼型整体声压级随着渗透率的减小先减小后增大，渗透率为5×10^-11 m²时多孔材料的降噪效果最佳。多孔翼型整体声压级随着迎角的增大而增大，但多孔材料的降噪效果随着迎角的增大而减小。多孔材料的存在能够有效地削弱翼型表面的大尺度相干结构，使得翼型表面的RMS压强脉动峰值减小，从而抑制翼型远场噪声。     

雷诺数效应对翼型抖振特性的影响

飞行器抖振是一种非线性气动弹性问题,当飞行器进入抖振阶段时,将会对飞行器的性能产生严重影响。而在跨声速条件下,激波附面层相互作用会诱导机翼抖振。本文开展了跨声速条件下翼型抖振特性雷诺数效应的实验研究,揭示了翼型跨声速抖振起始迎角、激波运动前缘边界、频谱特性、抖振频率与雷诺数变化的基本规律。结论如下:雷诺数变化会导致抖振起始边界的改变,对抖振起始迎角下的功率谱密度峰值有明显影响;随着雷诺数的增大,激波运动的前缘后移。雷诺数变化对抖振频率有明显影响,随着马赫数增大,雷诺数效应增强。     

多控制面尺寸对前掠翼静气弹响应影响分析

针对多控制面尺寸对弹性前掠翼静气弹响应的影响,基于计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,计算和分析了亚声速条件下前、后缘控制面弦向和展向尺寸对前掠翼模型气动特性和弹性变形特性的影响。计算结果表明:当前缘控制面弦向尺寸增大而后缘控制面弦向尺寸减小时,升力特性在迎角变化呈现相反特性,较小迎角条件下,升力特性逐渐变差,较大迎角条件下变好;当前缘控制面弦向尺寸增大而后缘控制面尺寸减小时,较小迎角条件下弯曲变形和扭转变形减缓,而较大迎角时相反;随着前、后缘控制面展向尺寸的增大,升力系数增大,升力特性提高;当前、后缘控制面展向尺寸逐渐增大时,较小迎角条件下弯曲变形加剧,扭转变形减缓,而较大迎角条件下弯曲和扭转变形均有所减缓。计算分析得到的规律可为前掠翼飞行器的设计及优化提供有益参考。     

雷诺数对运输类飞机气动特性影响的试验研究

开展了某背景飞机的高低速变雷诺数风洞试验,并对试验结果进行了分析;结合国外的一些变雷诺数风洞试验结论,给出了大展弦比运输类飞机雷诺数对升力、阻力以及俯仰力矩特性的影响规律。试验研究表明:升力特性方面,在中小迎角下,随着雷诺数增大,迎角相同时升力增加,大迎角时最大升力系数增大,失速迎角增大;阻力特性方面,随着雷诺数的增大阻力减小,并且最小阻力系数随着雷诺数对数的增加基本呈线性减小;俯仰力矩特性方面,随着雷诺数增大机翼后部载荷增大,低头力矩增大,稳定性增强。除此之外,文中还从雷诺数对气动特性影响机理角度出发,分析了这些规律形成的原因。     

低雷诺数俯仰振荡翼型等离子体流动控制

针对低雷诺数翼型气动性能差的特点, 通过介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge, DBD)等离子体激励控制的方法, 提高翼型低雷诺数下的气动特性,改善其流场结构. 采用二维准直接数值模拟方法求解非定常不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对具有俯仰运动的NACA0012翼型的低雷诺数流动展开数值模拟.同时将介质阻挡放电激励对流动的作用以彻体力源项的形式加入Navier-Stokes方程,通过数值模拟探究稳态DBD等离子体激励对俯仰振荡NACA0012翼型气动特性和流场特性的影响.为了进行流动控制, 分别在上下表面的前缘和后缘处安装DBD等离子体激励器,并提出四种激励器的开环控制策略,通过对比研究了这些控制策略在不同雷诺数、不同减缩频率以及激励位置下的控制效果.通过流场结构和动态压强分析了等离子体进行流场控制的机理. 结果表明,前缘DBD控制中控制策略B(负攻角时开启上表面激励器,正攻角时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,后缘DBD控制中控制策略C(逆时针旋转时开启上表面激励器,顺时针旋转时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,前缘DBD控制效果会随着减缩频率的增大而下降, 同时会导致阻力增大.而后缘DBD控制可以减小压差阻力, 优于前缘DBD控制,对于计算的所有减缩频率(5.01~11.82)都有较好的增升减阻效果.在不同雷诺数下, DBD控制的增升效果较为稳定, 而减阻效果随着雷诺数的降低而变差,这是由流体黏性效应增强导致的.      

一种可用于机翼优化设计中的气动噪声预测模型

发展了一种可用于翼型/机翼外形设计中的气动噪声快速预测方法。相较于传统的半经验噪声预测方法,该方法以两方程非线性k-ε湍流模型模化雷诺应力的雷诺平均方程为背景,考虑了升力系数、三维流动效应以及机翼几何参数等因素对后缘噪声的影响。而相对于直接数值模拟或声类比拟方法,该方法虽不能准确预测噪声强度,但其计算量小,能给出不同翼型/机翼的相对总声压级,以及总声压级随升力系数的变化情况,易于应用于翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中。通过计算分析二维NACA0012翼型几何参数或来流状态的改变所带来的气动噪声差异,与ANOPP软件及Brooks等计算结果进行对比,验证了该模型的可靠性。最后,计算分析二维、三维翼型/机翼气动噪声,凸显该方法在翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中的应用价值。     

低雷诺数俯仰振荡翼型等离子体流动控制

针对低雷诺数翼型气动性能差的特点,通过介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge, DBD)等离子体激励控制的方法,提高翼型低雷诺数下的气动特性,改善其流场结构.采用二维准直接数值模拟方法求解非定常不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对具有俯仰运动的NACA0012翼型的低雷诺数流动展开数值模拟.同时将介质阻挡放电激励对流动的作用以彻体力源项的形式加入Navier-Stokes方程,通过数值模拟探究稳态DBD等离子体激励对俯仰振荡NACA0012翼型气动特性和流场特性的影响.为了进行流动控制,分别在上下表面的前缘和后缘处安装DBD等离子体激励器,并提出四种激励器的开环控制策略,通过对比研究了这些控制策略在不同雷诺数、不同减缩频率以及激励位置下的控制效果.通过流场结构和动态压强分析了等离子体进行流场控制的机理.结果表明,前缘DBD控制中控制策略B(负攻角时开启上表面激励器,正攻角时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,后缘DBD控制中控制策略C(逆时针旋转时开启上表面激励器,顺时针旋转时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,前缘DBD控制效果会随着减缩频率的增大而下降,同时会导致阻力增大.而后缘DBD控制可以减小压差阻力,优于前缘DBD控制,对于计算的所有减缩频率(5.01~11.82)都有较好的增升减阻效果.在不同雷诺数下, DBD控制的增升效果较为稳定,而减阻效果随着雷诺数的降低而变差,这是由流体黏性效应增强导致的.     

飞艇尾翼脉动压力特性实验研究

在中航气动院FL-9低速风洞中,进行了飞艇尾翼脉动压力特性实验研究。测量了尾翼的脉动压力,着重分析了各测量点的脉动压力系数、频谱和相关性系数等特性。结果表明:脉动压力系数由尾翼前缘向后缘逐渐增大。尾翼的中部和前缘脉动压力系数随迎角无明显变化,在迎角超过8°以后,尾翼后缘的脉动压力系数随迎角增大而急剧增加。连续变迎角测量结果与固定迎角测量结果相比,脉动压力系数产生了明显的迟滞特性。尾翼上表面脉动压力的自相关系数和互相关系数从前缘到后缘逐渐降低,且前缘表现出显著自相关性,下翼面脉动压力基本互不相关。     

基于动网格技术的柔性后缘自适应机翼气动特性分析

研究了带柔性后缘的可变弯度自适应机翼在自适应变弯度过程中的气动特性.自适应变弯度过程中的气动力计算采用了基于弹簧理论的非结构动网格技术,求解NS方程时采用有限体积的二阶迎风格式离散,时间推进为隐格式双时间推进方法.通过计算柔性后缘机翼的升力特性、阻力特性及升阻比特性,并与带刚性后缘机翼的气动特性进行比较,发现柔性后缘机翼在后缘偏转时,其最大升阻比对应的迎角随着偏转角增大而降低.在中等迎角及接近失速迎角情况下,柔性后缘机翼升力系数明显优于刚性后缘机翼,并且其升力线变化较为平缓,有效迎角范围更大.     

Numerical simulation on the NACA0018 airfoil self-noise generation

Airfoil self-noise is a common phenomenon for many engineering applications. Aiming to study the underlying mechanism of airfoil self-noise at low Mach number and moderate Reynolds number flow, a numerical investigation is presented on noise generation by flow past NACA0018 airfoil. Based on a high-order accurate numerical method, both the near-field hydrodynamics and the far-field acoustics are computed simultaneously by performing direct numerical simulation. The mean flow properties agree well with the experimental measurements. The characteristics of aerodynamic noise are investigated at various angles of attack. The obtained results show that inclining the airfoil could enlarge turbulent intensity and produce larger scale of vortices. The sound radiation is mainly towards the upper and lower directions of the airfoil surface. At higher angle of attack, the tonal noise tends to disappear and the noise spectrum displays broad-band features.     

Experimental investigation of a blunt trailing edge flow field with application to sound generation

The unsteady lift generated by turbulence at the trailing edge of an airfoil is a source of radiated sound. The objective of the present research was to measure the velocity field in the near wake region of an asymmetric beveled trailing edge in order to determine the flow mechanisms responsible for the generation of trailing edge noise. Two component velocity measurements were acquired using particle image velocimetry. The chord Reynolds number was 1.9 × 10⁶. The data show velocity field realizations that were typical of a wake flow containing an asymmetric periodic vortex shedding. A phase average decomposition of the velocity field with respect to this shedding process was utilized to separate the large scale turbulent motions that occurred at the vortex shedding frequency (i.e., those responsible for the production of tonal noise) from the smaller scale turbulent motions, which were interpreted to be responsible for the production of broadband sound. The small scale turbulence was found to be dependent on the phase of the vortex shedding process implying a dependence of the broadband sound generated by the trailing edge on the phase of the vortex shedding process.     

Measurement of tonal-noise characteristics and periodic flow structure around NACA0018 airfoil

The characteristics of tonal noise and the variations of flow structure around NACA0018 airfoil in a uniform flow are studied by means of simultaneous measurement of noise and velocity field by particle-image velocimetry to understand the generation mechanism of tonal noise. Measurements are made on the noise characteristics, the phase-averaged velocity field with respect to the noise signal, and the cross-correlation contour of velocity fluctuations and noise signal. These experimental results indicate that the tonal noise is generated from the periodic vortex structure on the pressure surface of the airfoil near the trailing edge of the airfoil. It is found that the vortex structure is highly correlated with the noise signal, which indicates the presence of noise-source distribution on the pressure surface. The vorticity distribution on the pressure surface breaks down near the trailing edge of the airfoil and forms a staggered vortex street in the wake of the airfoil.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON LIFT INCREMENT OF A PLASMA CIRCULATION CONTROL AIRFOIL

利用等离子体激励器发展了新型的环量增升技术,并对二维NACA0012翼型绕流实施控制。由于NACA0012翼型为尖后缘构型,环量增升装置由2个非对称型介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器构成。一个等离子体激励器贴附于翼型吸力面靠近后缘处,其诱导的壁面射流沿来流方向指向下游;另一个等离子体激励器贴附于翼型压力面靠近后缘处,其诱导的壁面射流与来流方向相反指向上游。在风洞中通过时间解析二维PIV系统对翼型绕流流场进行了测量,基于翼型弦长的雷诺数Re=20 000。结果表明在等离子体激励器的控制下,翼型压力面靠近后缘处可以形成一个定常回流区,从而起到虚拟气动外形的作用,因此翼型吸力面的流场得到加速,压力面的流场得到减速,使得翼型压力面的吸力以及压力面的压力都得到增加,进而增加了翼型的环量。风洞天平测力实验进一步验证了该环量增升技术的有效性。在整个攻角范围内,施加控制的翼型的升力系数相比没有控制的工况有明显的提高。     

Parametric study of separation and transition characteristics over an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers

Time-resolved surface pressure measurements are used to experimentally investigate characteristics of separation and transition over a NACA 0018 airfoil for the relatively wide range of chord Reynolds numbers from 50,000 to 250,000 and angles of attack from 0° to 21°. The results provide a comprehensive data set of characteristic parameters for separated shear layer development and reveal important dependencies of these quantities on flow conditions. Mean surface pressure measurements are used to explore the variation in separation bubble position, edge velocity in the separated shear layer, and lift coefficients with angle of attack and Reynolds number. Consistent with previous studies, the separation bubble is found to move upstream and decrease in length as the Reynolds number and angle of attack increase. Above a certain angle of attack, the proximity of the separation bubble to the location of the suction peak results in a reduced lift slope compared to that observed at lower angles. Simultaneous measurements of the time-varying component of surface pressure at various spatial locations on the model are used to estimate the frequency of shear layer instability, maximum root-mean-square (RMS) surface pressure, spatial amplification rates of RMS surface pressure, and convection speeds of the pressure fluctuations in the separation bubble. A power-law correlation between the shear layer instability frequency and Reynolds number is shown to provide an order of magnitude estimate of the central frequency of disturbance amplification for various airfoil geometries at low Reynolds numbers. Maximum RMS surface pressures are found to agree with values measured in separation bubbles over geometries other than airfoils, when normalized by the dynamic pressure based on edge velocity. Spatial amplification rates in the separation bubble increase with both Reynolds number and angle of attack, causing the accompanying decrease in separation bubble length. Values of the convection speed of pressure fluctuations in the separated shear layer are measured to be between 35 and 50% of the edge velocity, consistent with predictions of linear stability theory for separated shear layers.     

Dynamics of co-rotating vortices in a flow around a bio-inspired corrugated airfoil

Bio-inspired corrugated airfoils show favourable aerodynamic characteristics such as high coefficient of lift and delayed stall at low Reynolds numbers. Two-dimensional (2D) direct numerical simulation has been performed here on a corrugated airfoil at various angles of attack (0°, +5°, -5°) and Reynolds number of 280 to 6700. The objective is to analyse the pressure variation inside the corrugations and correlate it to the vortex movement across the corrugations and the overall aerodynamic characteristics of the corrugated airfoil. The flow characteristics have been examined based on the local Strouhal numbers in the corrugations of the airfoil. It is observed that the pressure variation in each corrugation is the result of vortex merging and separation in the corrugation which plays a major role in changing the flow characteristics. The Strouhal number of the flow is dictated by the most dominant local Strouhal number. The numerical results are further compared with experimental results obtained using particle image velocimetry, and the two set of results are found to match well. These results are significant because they elucidate the effect of corrugation, angle of attack, and Reynolds number on flow over a corrugated airfoil.     

The flexibility effect of a plate according to various angles of attack in a free-stream

This paper presents a computational fluid–structure interaction analysis for a flexible plate in a free-stream to investigate the effects of flexibility and angle of attack on force generation. A Lattice Boltzmann Method with an immersed boundary technique using a direct forcing scheme model of the fluid is coupled to a finite element model with rectangular bending elements. We investigated the effects of various angles of attack of a flexible plate fixed at one of the end edges in a free-stream at a Reynolds number of 5000, which represents the wing flapping condition of insects and small birds in nature. The lift of the flexible plate is maintained at the large angle of attack, whereas the rigid plate shows the largest lift at angles of attack around 30–40° and then drastic reductions in the lift at the large angle of attack. If we consider the efficiency as the lift divided by the drag, the flexible plate shows better efficiency at angles of attack greater than 30° compared to the rigid plate. The better performance of the flexible plate at large angles of attack comes from the deformation of the plate, which produces an interaction between the trailing edge vortex and the short edge vortex. The horseshoe-shaped vortex produced by a large vortex interaction at the trailing edge side has an important role in increasing the lift, and the small projection area due to the deformation reduces the drag. Furthermore, we investigate the role of flexibility on the lift and the drag force of the rectangular plate in a free-stream as the Reynolds number increases. Whenever a large vortex interaction at the trailing edge side is shown, the efficiency of the rectangular plate is improved. Especially, the flexible plate shows better efficiency as the Reynolds number increases regardless of the angle of attack.     

基于雨燕翅膀的仿生三角翼气动特性计算研究

针对低雷诺数微型飞行器的气动布局, 设计出类似雨燕翅膀的一组具有不同前缘钝度的中等后掠($\varLambda =50^{\circ}$)仿生三角翼. 为了定量对比研究三角翼后缘收缩产生的气动效应, 设计了一组具有同等后掠的普通三角翼. 为了深入研究仿生三角翼布局的前缘涡演化特性以及总体气动特性, 采用数值模拟方法详细地探索了低雷诺数($Re=1.58\times 10^{4})$流动条件下前缘涡涡流结构和气动力随迎角的变化规律. 分析结果表明, 前缘钝度和后缘收缩对仿生三角翼前缘涡的涡流强度和涡破裂位置有显著影响. 相对于钝前缘来说, 尖前缘使仿生三角翼上下表面的压力差增大, 涡流强度也更大, 增升作用也更显著. 相对于普通三角翼构型, 仿生三角翼的前缘斜切使其阻力更大, 但后缘的收缩使涡破裂位置固定在此位置, 因此整个上翼面保持低压, 总的升力更大. 由于小迎角时升力增大更明显, 因此仿生三角翼的气动效率在小迎角时明显大于普通三角翼. 这些结论对于揭示鸟类的飞行机理以及未来微型仿生飞行器的气动布局设计具有重要的研究价值.