Thermal Responses of Saturated Silty Clay During Repeated Heating–Cooling Processes

The thermal responses of the saturated silty clay to repeated heating–cooling are studied in laboratory. Results show that the pore pressure induced by undrained heating increases with increasing temperature, but the peak pore pressure appears a degradation trend with increasing temperature cycles. During the consolidation process at an elevated temperature, the specimen contracts due to the dissipation of the pore pressure; however, the thermally induced pore pressure is under no conditions fully dissipated to zero, therefore, there always exists a residual pore pressure in the specimens once a thermal loading higher than the ambient temperature is applied. During the undrained cooling, pore pressure continues to decline and eventually falls below zero. During the isothermal consolidation at the original temperature, the specimen begins to expand due to water absorption caused by the negative pore pressure, and eventually reaches a steady value. In addition, the consolidation volumetric strain generated during the drainage process at 50°C is greater than that during the water absorption process at 25°C, the difference seems to be most obvious for the first three cycles, and begins to diminish gradually thereafter.     

考虑固结的基坑开挖回弹问题有限层求解

在综述前人有关基坑变形研究成果的基础上,指出开挖回弹量直接影响到基坑的稳定性和建筑物的后期沉降,但相关研究很少考虑土体在开挖过程中的固结影响.现引入固结有限层法,通过增加开挖部分的耦合矩阵和开挖部分的渗透矩阵,建立三维横观各向同性土体考虑固结的开挖回弹问题的有限层求解格式,并编制了相应的计算程序,以分析开挖过程中坑底土体的动态固结过程和负孔压的消散规律,研究固结对坑底土体回弹的影响程度.结果表明坑底土体的孔压随时间逐步消散,从负孔压慢慢消散到零,且符合Mandel-Cryer效应,坑底的回弹量随时间不断增加,且中心点回弹量较大,边缘点回弹量相对较小,总体成中心对称的倒锅底形.     

Rheology on the drawing zone in glass spinning

This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study. By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.     

Nonlinear motion equations for a non-Newtonian incompressible fluid in an orthogonal coordinate system

This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study. By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.     

Comparison of the time-temperature superposition of the relaxation modulus and time-to-break of preswollen gels

This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study. By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.     

Pore water pressures in secondary consolidation

This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study.By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.     

Rhéologie particulière des solutions de polymères en millieus poreux

This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study. By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.     

An extension of Reiner’s “Deborah Number” concept to a wide field of rheological investigations

This paper describes the work carried out to investigate the pore pressures occurring in secondary consolidation. A theoretical approach and an experimental technique was developed in order to conduct the study. By considering compression to occur only due to water leaving the soil it was possible to derive an expression for the dissipation of pore pressure in the secondary phase. By further simplified assumptions which are based on experimental observations, the above general solution was reduced to a simple formula which predicted the observed behaviour of pore water pressures during secondary consolidation.     

A CONSOLIDATION MODEL OF GROUP WELLS ON COMPOSITE FOUNDATION1)

针对复合地基固结问题,考虑井阻和土体径竖向渗流的影响,建立 以"桩-土-桩"为单元的复合地基群井计算模型,采用解析解法,推导出瞬时载荷作用下复合地基群井固结解析解,讨论了复合地基固结特点和孔压等的变化规律。研究表明,复合地基群井固结模型为复合地基固结理论的研究提供了一种新思路,在井径比大于5 时,基于中心桩、边桩流量相等假设,复合地基群井固结理论所求固结度和传统固结理论所求固结度相差很小,可忽略不计;桩体渗透系数、内外扰动区土体径向渗透系数、土体竖向渗透系数越大,复合地基固结速率越快;堆载越大,最终达到稳定时的沉降量和竖向应变越大;地基表层土体的孔压消散速率和竖向应变速率大于地基深部土体。     

BIOT’S CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS FOR CYLINDRICAL SOIL-SAMPLE BASED ON HANSBO’S FLOW1)

诸多黏性土渗流试验表明,在低水力梯度下渗流会出现明显偏离Darcy定律的现象. 为了分析渗流的非Darcy特性对固结过程 的影响,引入Hansbo渗流方程描述圆柱土样内的渗流,重新推导轴对称条件下的Biot固结方程,并给出方程的Crank--Nicolson有限 差分格式. 通过与Darcy渗流条件下轴对称Biot固结方程解析解的对比,验证计算方法的有效性. 然后分析Hansbo模型参数对圆柱 土样固结过程的影响. 计算结果表明：与Darcy渗流相比,Hansbo渗流会延缓圆柱土样的固结过程. 随着Hansbo渗流参数m或I¹的增大,在固结前期,Mandel--Cryer效应会更加显著,即孔隙水压力峰值将提高,且达到该峰值的时间 会延迟;在固结中后期,孔压消散滞后的现象也更加明显. 不过,Hansbo渗流对位移的影响很小.     

Law of nonlinear flow in saturated clays and radial consolidation

It was derived that micro-scale amount level of average pore radius of clay changed from 0.01 to 0.1 micron by an equivalent concept of flow in porous media.There is good agreement between the derived results and test ones.Results of experiments show that flow in micro-scale pore of saturated clays follows law of nonlinear flow.Theoretical analyses demonstrate that an interaction of solid-liquid interfaces varies inversely with permeability or porous radius.The interaction is an important reason why nonlinear flow in saturated clays occurs.An exact mathematical model was presented for nonlinear flow in micro-scaie pore of saturated clays.Dimension and physical meanings of parameters of it are definite.A new law of nonlinear flow in saturated clays was established.It can describe characteristics of flow curve of the whole process of the nonlinear flow from low hydraulic gradient to high one.Darcy law is a special case of the new law.A math- ematical model was presented for consolidation of nonlinear flow in radius direction in saturated clays with constant rate based on the new law of nonlinear flow.Equations of average mass conservation and moving boundary,and formula of excess pore pressure distribution and average degree of consolidation for nonlinear flow in saturated clay were derived by using an idea of viscous boundary layer,a method of steady state in stead of transient state and a method of integral of an equation.Laws of excess pore pressure distribution and changes of average degree of consolidation with time were obtained.Re- suits show that velocity of moving boundary decreases because of the nonlinear flow in saturated clay.The results can provide geology engineering and geotechnical engineering of saturated clay with new scientific bases.Calculations of average degree of consolidation of the Darcy flow are a special case of that of the nonlinear flow.     

Analytical and numerical solutions for vacuum preloading considering a radius related strain distribution

A system of PVDs combined with other preloading methods such as vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading is an effective and economical method which is widely used in the ground treatment. The consolidation theories for drain wells under equal strain condition are often used in the design of ground treatment by PVDs. A radius related strain distribution is proposed to get analytical solutions for the excess pore water pressure and settlement. A linear distributed vacuum pressure along the drain depth and the smear zone as well as well resistance are considered. The numerical results for vacuum loading process are obtained by developed FEM model to compare with the analytical solutions. The results indicate that the influence of the equal strain hypothesis cannot be neglected when n is larger than 10, where n denotes the ratio of diameter of the model to diameter of the drain. The analytical solutions proposed in this paper are more consistent with the numerical results than the analytical results obtained employing the equal strain condition.     

CONSOLIDATION THEORY OF UNSATURATED SOIL BASED ON THE THEORY OF MIXTURE(Ⅱ)

The present paper uses the mathematics model for consolidation of unsaturatedsoil developed in ref.[1]to solve boundary value problems.The analytical solutionsfor one-dimensional consolidation problem are gained by making use of Laplacetransform and finite Fourier transform.The displacement and the pore water pressureas well as the pore gas pressure are found from governing equations simultaneously.The theoretical formulae of coefficient and degree of consolidation are also given inthe paper.With the help of the method of Galerkin Weighted Residuals,the finiteelement equations for two-dimensional consolidation problem are derived.A FORTRANprogram named CSU8 using8-node isoparameter element is designed.A plane strainconsolidation problem is solved using the program,and some distinguishing features onconsolidation of unsaturated soil and certain peculiarities on numerical analysis arerevealed.These achievements make it convenient to apply the theory proposed by theauthor in engineering practice.     

渗透固结试验装置的改进

针对传统固结仪不能进行渗透试验的不足,对固结仪进行了改装。改装后的固结仪不仅可以交叉进行固结、渗透试验,以研究不同荷载作用下土样的渗透特性,而且可以通过三通阀控制排水条件,进行双面排水固结试验,或在单面排水条件下量测固结过程中试样不排水面处的孔隙水压力,也可通过串联固结仪分别研究试样不同截面处孔隙水压力的消散规律。新仪器具有构造简单,密封性能好的特点。通过与常规固结、渗透试验的结果对比,验证了采用改装固结仪测定固结模型参数的可靠性。另外,通过单面排水固结试验发现了孔压滞后现象。     

考虑热渗效应的有限长圆柱热固结解

在作者已建立的饱和多孔介质耦合非线性热弹性理论基础上,考虑热渗效应,建立了饱和多孔介质耦合热弹性固结方程,并推导了有限长圆柱热固结问题的解析解,进而以温控三轴试验的试样为例进行了算例分析,同时利用COMSOL软件进行了数值模拟,并将解析结果和数值结果进行对比．结果表明：在不排水条件下,影响试样最终孔压大小的参数是：土的泊松比>弹性模量>水的体膨胀系数,渗透系数对孔压变化影响不大,考虑与不考虑水土压缩性不影响孔压的计算;相对线弹性情况,考虑非线弹性膨胀系数随温度变化时的孔压有所下降,轴向应变变化很小．     

行车荷载作用下冲填土变形特性试验研究

本文以上海临港新城冲填土地层分布区的道路在车辆振动荷载作用下路基变形为研究对象,以一定的动应力、不同的振动频率来模拟车辆振动荷载,进行了振动三轴试验研究,试验结果表明:在固结比相同,振动幅值相同的情况下,轴向应变随着振动次数的增加呈线性增大;轴向应变随孔隙水压力的增加先缓慢增长,当孔压比达到一定值后,轴向应变会迅速增加,直到破坏;轴向应变与剪应变和径向应变呈良好的线性关系。     

Consolidation Statistics Investigation via Thin Layer Method Analysis

In this paper, the Thin Layer Method (TLM) is adapted for solving one-dimensional primary consolidation problems. It is also combined with a stochastic formulation integrating Monte Carlo simulations to investigate primary consolidation of a random heterogeneous soil profile. This latter is modeled as a set of superposed layers extending horizontally to infinity, and having random properties. Spatial variability of soil properties is considered in the vertical direction only. Soil properties of interest are elastic modulus and soil permeability, modeled herein as spatially random fields. Lognormal distribution is chosen because it is suitable for strictly non-negative random variables, and enables analyzing the large variability of such properties. The statistics regarding final settlement and its corresponding time are investigated by performing a parametric study, which integrates the influence of variation coefficient of both elastic modulus and soil permeability, and vertical correlation length. Obtained results indicate that heterogeneity significantly influences primary consolidation of the soil profile, generating a quite different way of soil grain rearrangement and water pressure dissipation in comparison to the homogeneous case, and causing a delay in the consolidation process.     

一种考虑液相惯性的一维准静力固结模型

经典Terzaghi一维固结理论不考虑孔隙流体惯性影响,且该理论在不同时期模型推导和表述结果差别较大,导致当前仍存在诸多困惑甚至认识混乱的现象. 在笔者前期研究大变形动力固结理论框架内,忽略固相惯性而重点考虑液相惯性影响,经过合理简化建立反映孔隙流体惯性的一维小变形固结波动模型. 该固结波模型具有频散和耗散特性. 采用分离变量法,可得到单面排水和瞬时加载条件下无量纲形式固结波解析解答. 算例分析结果表明:固结波发展规律受无量纲数D_{\mathrm{c}}变化影响而呈现不同性态;D_{\mathrm{c}}数值较大时固结波响应会出现阶跃和正负波动现象;当D_{\mathrm{c}}值较小时,可能出现Mandel-Cryer效应等特殊现象. 通过对早期和后期Terzaghi固结模型的分析和对比,初步探明Terzaghi固结理论模型内部的矛盾性,在普通土体坐标和固相体积坐标两种不同解读条件下,早期Terzaghi (1923,1925)模型可以分别诠释为具有小变形和大变形属性的不同固结模型. 在经典一维固结理论模型的不同诠释背景下,固结波模型也可以据此作出相应拓展和表述. 固结波理论揭示缩尺固结试验中土体物理力学参数与固结波响应两种因素之间存在一种不确定性矛盾,据此建议微观土力学研究重视尺度效应. 固结波模型的意义还在于,可为Terzaghi经典固结模型理论精度分析提供新的依据.      

循环孔隙水压下混凝土常规三轴压缩损伤破坏特性分析

本文进行了孔隙水压不同循环次数(0次,10次,50次,100次和200次)以及不同应变速率下(10~(-5)/s,10~(-4)/s,10~(-3)/s和10~(-2)/s)混凝土常规三轴压缩试验,分析了混凝土峰值应变的变化规律、应力-应变曲线及损伤特性。结果表明:相同循环次数孔隙水压下,峰值应变随应变速率增加,整体呈现出增加的趋势;而相同应变速率下,峰值应变随孔隙水压循环次数的变化规律并不明显;在中低应变速率(10~(-5)~10~(-3)/s)下,混凝土的损伤变化受孔隙水压循环次数影响较大;当循环次数达到200次时,孔隙水压作用对混凝土产生较大的损伤。通过对循环孔隙水作用下混凝土动态损伤破坏机理的分析可知:混凝土的破坏过程实际上是内部裂纹不断形成、扩展、贯通,材料损伤不断产生、累积的过程;当损伤达到一定程度,混凝土发生宏观破坏,失去承载力。     

动力排水固结法加固吹填黏性土的模型试验研究

为了研究动力排水固结法加固吹填土地基的效果,研发了大比例尺的室内模拟试验装置并开展了试验。重点对夯沉量、土体内孔隙水压力的瞬时和长期变化进行了监测和分析,得到如下结论:夯击产生的能量以波的形式向土体内部传播,由于波的作用造成土体拉伸形成裂隙,这些裂隙成为初期的排水通道; 孔隙水压力的动态变化具有明显的脉动特性,夯击瞬间出现负增长,然后再累积增长; 不同深度土体的孔隙水压力增幅不一样; 土体表面铺设的砂垫层不仅可以用做排水,还可以作为静力荷载,有助于土体的排水固结。