大冲击后力反馈微加速度计吸合失效与防止

冲击载荷强迫微加速度计的敏感质量大大偏离平衡位置,使差动静电力发生器的非线性效应体现出来,其结果是使正常工作时敏感质量仅在平衡位置附近有微小位移的状况下成立的负反馈闭环系统模型不再适用,敏感质量的受控特性可能变为正反馈,从而使微加速度计失效。为提高微加速度计受外界大载荷冲击后的可靠性,分析了加速度计的敏感质量在不同限制的静电反馈力下的受控特性及对应的闭环系统特性,推导了在已知止挡机械参数下确定微加速度计相应电气参数从而避免此类失效的防吸合准则。多次的验证实验表明,按防吸合准则设计了系统参数的静电力反馈加速度计,在受到远超过其本身量程的载荷冲击后,可以100%地防止吸合现象的出现。     

闭环硅微加速度计非线性补偿（英文）

为了降低闭环硅微加速度计的非线性,分析了其主要误差源并提出了相应的补偿方法。首先,分析了闭环状态下检测质量块偏离几何中心位置所造成的非线性问题,并确定了电路零位是主要误差源;其次,利用闭环反馈控制进行了非线性的优化分析;最后,提出了非线性补偿的工程调试方法。离心试验结果表明,采用该调试方法可将加速度计的非线性减小一个数量级以上。该结果验证了非线性误差分析和补偿方法的有效性,且适用于同批次加工的其它加速度计。     

高量程压阻式加速度计的Hopkinson杆冲击测试及失效分析

为了保证高量程加速度计在冲击过程中的可靠性、有效性,减小其失效几率,以Hopkinson杆作为加载手段,采用激光干涉法对量程为1.0′10~5 g_n的4端全固支压阻式梁-岛结构微加速度计进行冲击试验,并分析了高量程加速度计抗过载能力及在冲击环境下失效模式和失效机理。试验中抽样对同种结构的10只传感器分别进行了冲击测试,根据测试结果可知,该结构的微加速度计抗过载能力为1.3′10~5g_n。通过分析可知失效模式主要表现为微结构梁的断裂、裂纹、键合点脱落现象。通过研究失效模式产生的原因发现,造成结构出现断裂、裂纹现象的原因主要有两种:一是重复连续冲击测试引起微结构疲劳产生失效;二是由于在冲击过程中加速度计芯片与该过程中产生的高频信号分量发生共振导致过载瞬间增大加速度计芯片结构位移失控使结构失效。通过采用不同手段完善传感器结构,提高了其可靠性。     

翘翘板摆式MEMS加速度计振动整流误差

MEMS加速度计凭借其体积小、成本低、可靠性高及可批量生产等优势,已经在战术级精度的武器领域得到了广泛应用。但是,在振动环境下的输出误差(振动整流误差)成为其向导航级精度发展的主要指标瓶颈。为了减小MEMS加速度计的振动整流误差,对传感器芯片结构不对称性和电路零位误差引起的力矩器结构非线性进行了理论分析,然后按照振动法测非线性的方式对上述误差源引起的系统级误差模型进行了仿真试验验证,确定了各误差源与加速度计非线性系数间的影响关系。最后,对主要误差源(电路零位)优化前后的MEMS加速度计振动整流误差和非线性系数进行了测试对比,结果表明:优化后,在50~1500 Hz频率范围内MEMS加速度计二阶非线性的最大值可由1E-4g/g~2降至5E-6g/g~2。     

静电负刚度调谐加速度计的力平衡闭环检测控制方法

静电负刚度调谐加速度计(EFMA)在设计原理上具有兼顾电容式加速度计和谐振式加速度计相关优点的潜力。然而由于静电刚度对应的极板位移具有明显的非线性效应,使得EFMA在大量程应用中标度因数非线性较差,成为了当前制约EFMA量程提升的重要因素。基于EFMA频率输出的特点,推导了力平衡控制量并开展了力平衡控制环路的设计与研究;结合EFMA敏感器件完成实验室样机的调试与性能测试,对比了有、无力平衡闭环检测电路的量程与标度因数非线性,在保证EFMA零偏稳定性、标度因数稳定性不受影响的情况下将其标度因数从5 Hz/g提升到了24.5 Hz/g,量程从±1 g提升到了±25 g,结果验证了基于频率检测的力平衡闭环检测控制方法的可行性和优越性。     

谐振式加速度计非线性振动的建模与优化

实验发现硅微谐振式加速度计非线性效应的弱化可以降低测量噪声,对非线性振动进行了推导与建模,利用扫频数据得到模型中的未知参数,并根据模型计算出使非线性效应消失所需的激励电压,给闭环工作点的设计提供了理论指导。实验结果表明:模型与实际系统在各激励电压幅值下均保持一致,非线性效应消失点和实验吻合。根据闭环工作点的设置进行了方案优化,最终在0.25 mV激励电压下的闭环实验中,实现了5.5×10~(-5) Hz的频率输出噪声,对应加速度噪声为1.7μg,与之前30μg的噪声水平相比改善了数十倍。     

基于等效变预载法的静电加速度计闭环零点调节

闭环零点位置对差动电容式静电加速度计性能具有重要影响,闭环零点偏离机械零点会增大标度因子非线性。为精确调节闭环零点,提出了一种等效变预载闭环零点调节方法,能够在预载和反馈电压不对称情况下实现闭环零点位置的精确辨识和调节。利用静电加速度计原理样机测试了闭环零点调节前后的系统非线性特性,实验结果表明采用上述方法进行闭环零点调节后,表征标度因子非线性的二次项系数由-1.7×10-7降低为-3.3×10-8,验证了上述方法的有效性。     

一种电容式微加速度计标度因数温漂抑制方法

电容式硅微机械加速度计作为一种惯性传感器件广泛运用于导航系统,但其温度特性较差,制约其综合性能的提高。为进一步提高闭环电容式微机械加速度计的标度因数稳定性,针对标度因数的温度漂移问题,提出了一种标度因数温漂抑制方法。通过调节预载电压来抑制标度因数温度漂移,根据测温电路输出对预载电压进行调节。实验结果表明,在-30℃~60℃的温度范围内,加速度计的标度因数温度系数由补偿前的213.7′10~(-6)/℃降低至42.7′10~(-6)/℃。所提出的抑制方法使标度因数温度性能得以显著提高。     

捷联惯导系统尺寸效应误差及其补偿算法

在捷联惯导系统中,陀螺和加速度计直接感测载体的角运动、线运动和干扰运动,由于载体角运动的影响,当三个加速度计测量质心与载体质心不重合时,将引起加速度计的测量误差(即尺寸效应误差)。对于中高精度的捷联惯导系统,当载体处于高动态情况下,尺寸效应误差已不能忽略,需要对其进行误差补偿。首先对加速度计组件在一般安装关系下的尺寸效应误差模型进行推导,然后提出一种新的利用陀螺输出角度增量信息和尺寸效应参数来计算加速度计尺寸效应误差的积分表达式,将其从加速度计输出速度增量中去除,即可完成尺寸效应误差补偿。最后通过仿真证明,新补偿算法产生的导航系统定位误差的舒拉周期振荡幅值明显减小,定位精度比补偿前提高了5-6倍左右。     

加速度计在精密离心机上的标定方法与误差分析

为了提高加速度计非线性误差系数在离心机上的标定精度,应对离心机的误差源进行准确地分析和有效地分离。首先,通过分析双轴离心机的误差源建立了相应的坐标系,利用齐次变换法推导了加速度计在离心机上的精确比力输入并建立了加速度计的标定模型。其次,分析了相应误差项对加速度计零偏、标度因子和非线性误差项系数的标定影响,设计了加速度计在离心机上标定时的误差分离方法。最后,通过实验对加速度计的误差模型系数进行了辨识。结果表明,该方法能够准确分离出失准角误差和偏心误差,非线性误差系数的标定不确定度量级为10~(-4),能够有效提高加速度计的标定精度。     

Open-plus-closed-loop control for chaotic motion of 3D rigid pendulum

An open-plus-closed-loop （OPCL） control problem for the chaotic motion of a 3D rigid pendulum subjected to a constant gravitationM force is studied. The 3D rigid pendulum is assumed to be consist of a rigid body supported by a fixed and frictionless pivot with three rotational degrees. In order to avoid the singular phenomenon of Euler＇s angular velocity equation, the quaternion kinematic equation is used to describe the motion of the 3D rigid pendulum. An OPCL controller for chaotic motion of a 3D rigid pendulum at equilibrium position is designed. This OPCL controller contains two parts： the open-loop part to construct an ideal trajectory and the closed-loop part to stabilize the 3D rigid pendulum. Simulation results show that the controller is effective and efficient.     

基于Gauss伪谱法的3D刚体摆姿态最优控制

研究Gauss伪谱法求解3D刚体摆姿态最优控制问题．针对其最优姿态控制问题,既要满足由任意位置运动到平衡位置姿态运动规划问题,又要满足系统含有动力学约束的力学模型问题,提出基于四元数来描述3D刚体摆的数学模型,建立3D刚体摆姿态的动力学和运动学方程,为了解决3D刚体摆在平衡位置处的姿态最优控制问题,设计基于Gauss伪谱算法的最优姿态开环控制器,得到了3D刚体摆的姿态最优控制轨迹,得到满足的可行解,通过仿真实验验证了其开环解在平衡位置的控制姿态最优性．     

Output feedback stabilization of the inverted pendulum system: a Lyapunov approach

In this work, we present an output feedback stabilization method for the Inverted Pendulum Cart (IPC) system around its unstable equilibrium point. The pendulum is initialized in the upper-half plane, and the position of the cart and the pendulum angular positions are always available. Our strategy was accomplished introducing a suitable coordinate change to obtain a nonlinear version of the original system, which is affine in the unmeasured velocities state. This fact allows us to adapt an observer based controller devoted to render the closed-loop system to the origin. The proposed observer based controller was designed using the direct Lyapunov method. This allows estimating the corresponding attraction domain for the whole system, which can be as large or as small as desired. While the corresponding closed-loop stability analysis was made using the LaSalle Invariance Theorem. Convincing numerical simulations were included to show the performance of the closed-loop system.     

Controlled pendulum on a movable base

A plane motion of a multilink pendulum hinged to a movable base (a wheel or a carriage) is considered. The control torque applied between the base and the first link of the pendulum is independent of the base position and velocity and is bounded in absolute value. The coordinate determining the base position is cyclic. The mathematical model of the system permits one to single out the equations describing the pendulum motion alone, which differ from the well-known equations of motion of a pendulum with a fixed suspension point both in the structure and in the parameters occurring in these equations. The phase portrait of motions of a control-free one-link pendulum suspended on a wheel or a carriage is obtained. A feedback control ensuring global stabilization of the unstable upper equilibrium of the pendulum is constructed. Time-optimal control synthesis is outlined.     

Thermal optimization on micromachined convective accelerometer

 A kind of micromachined convective accelerometer without solid proof mass is numerically and experimentally studied in this paper. The accelerometer consists of a micro heater and two temperature sensors which measure the temperature difference between two symmetrical positions on both sides of the micro heater. The temperature difference is caused by free convection due to acceleration. Thermal optimization on the accelerometer is conducted based on numerical simulation. Three important indexes of the accelerometer, linearity, sensitivity and frequency response are discussed respectively. The results show that linearity relates with the non-dimensional number Gr, only when Gr is in the range from 10⁻² to 10³, good linearity can be achieved. The optimum sensor position for high sensitivity and good linearity is near at x/D=0.3. An increase of heating power or cavity size leads to an increase in the sensitivity. The working media that has small density ρ and large thermal diffusivity α is favorable for fast frequency response, the one having large density ρ and small kinematic viscosity υ will be advantageous for high sensitivity. Experimental tests prove that the optimized convective accelerometer has good linearity, high sensitivity and preferable frequency response. Received on 9 March 2001 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

Numerical study on heat and mass transfer mechanisms of Janus particle sedimentation considering corrosion

Janus particle is a research hotspot due to its novelty and settlement in acid liquid during wastewater treatment. Heat and mass transfer mechanisms of Janus particle sedimentation considering corrosion are numerically investigated based on immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method. Chemical reaction heat ratio, Damkohler number, Peclet number, and particle number effects on temperature field, concentration field, Janus particle mass reduction, position, and velocity are investigated. The uniform particle has an equilibrium position of about 1/4 times the channel width for two corroded uniform particle settlement processes. The Janus particle horizontal position deviates from the uniform particle equilibrium position due to the force caused by nonuniform buoyancy and particle rotation. When the chemical reaction heat ratio is more than 1, the Janus particle horizontal position is closer to the channel centerline and has a positive deviation. However, the converse trend happens when the chemical reaction heat ratio is less than 1, and the Janus particle horizontal position has a negative deviation. The Janus particle horizontal position deviation magnitude increases with increasing Damkohler number and decreasing Peclet number. The horizontal position deviation phenomenon exists for the single corroded Janus particle and two corroded Janus particle settlement processes.     

Equilibrium of an Inverted Mathematical Double-Link Pendulum with a Follower Force

A discrete model of an elastic pendulum with a follower force is studied. This model is an inverted mathematical two-link pendulum with viscoelastic hinges. It is shown that divergent bifurcations are possible for some absolute values of the follower force and the stiffness of the restraint of the pendulum's upper end. As a result, the vertical position of the equilibrium becomes unstable and two new nonvertical stable equilibrium states (fork bifurcation) occur.     

石英挠性加速度计二元调宽数字脉冲控制系统的研制

本文介绍了石英挠性加速度计二元调宽数字脉冲控制系统的研制及其应用。提出了通过提高系统采样频率来抑制石英挠性加速度计摆片摆幅，从而最大限度地减小其疲劳强度的方法。并基于这一思想设计了石英挠性加速度计二元调宽数字脉冲控制模型，对模型进行了模拟仿真，证明该方案是合理可行的。其已成功地应用于各新型导航产品中     

两位置法快速测定近钻头惯性测量模块的温漂模型

近钻头惯性测量模块(Near-bit Inertial Measurement,NIM)用于石油钻井中实时测量导向外套的姿态角,是导向钻进闭环控制中的重要组成部分。它采用三轴加速度计组合测量重力加速度实现姿态角测量。为了提高加速度计在工作温度范围内的测量精度,需对其进行温漂模型标定。针对三轴加速度计组合的传统12位置翻滚温度模型测定方法存在耗时长、操作效率低的局限性,提出一种新的加速度计三轴组合温度模型标定方法——两位置法,并通过实验验证了温度补偿的效果。在10℃~150℃的温度范围内,补偿后加速度的测量精度达5×10~(-4)g,完全满足NIM测量姿态角的要求。