剪切可变形梁非线性静态响应的精确解

本文给出了纵横向载荷作用下,梁非线性静态问题的精确解。基于非线性一阶剪切变形梁理论,导出了梁非线性静态问题的基本方程。将三个非线性方程化简为一个关于横向挠度的非齐次四阶非线性积分-微分方程,当只有轴向载荷作用时,该方程和相应的边界条件构成微分特征值问题。直接求解该方程,得到了梁非线性静态变形闭合形式的解,这个解显式地给出了梁的变形与外载荷之间的非线性关系,描述了梁变形后的非线性平衡路径。利用这个解,得到了梁临界屈曲载荷的一阶结果与经典结果。为考察载荷、长高比以及边界条件的影响,根据得到的解析解给出了一些数值算例,并讨论了梁不同阶屈曲模态下非线性静态响应的一些性质。结果表明:对应于方程特征参数λ的不同取值区间,梁的轴向载荷-挠度曲线有不同的解支;而对应于参数λ的同一取值区间,梁分别对应两个不同的屈曲模态。     

功能梯度材料梁自由振动的线性与非线性振动

基于数值模拟和理论分析两种方法,研究了功能梯度材料(functional gradient materials,FGM)梁自由振动下的线性与非线性振动问题。通过解析法求解了FGM梁在经典理论下以及一阶剪切理论下的力学行为,得到了FGM梁在简支和固端约束下的固有频率。理论分析了不同边界条件、不同梁理论下、梯度指数、长细比等因素对于FGM梁固有频率的影响;不论经典梁理论还是一阶剪切理论,随着梯度指数的增加,FGM梁的固有频率都随之减小。通过ABAQUS仿真模拟,得到FGM梁数值模拟下的非线性固有频率。将理论解与数值解进行对比,完善力学模型。在多种理论下,利用解析法和数值模拟的方法,给出FGM梁结构振动响应的线性与非线性解。     

单广义位移的深梁理论和中厚板理论

经典的梁板弯曲理论由于未考虑横向剪切变形的影响而只能适用于细长梁和薄板，传统的多广义位移的深梁理论和中厚板理论由于忽视了转角与挠度之间的内在关系而只能适用于短粗梁和中厚板。     

基于修正偶应力和高阶剪切变形理论的变截面微梁的自由振动

基于修正偶应力和高阶剪切理论建立了仅含有一个尺度参数的Reddy变截面微梁的自由振动模型,研究了变截面微梁自由振动问题的尺度效应和横向剪切变形对自振频率计算的影响。基于哈密顿原理推导了动力学方程与边界条件,并采用微分求积法求解了各种边界条件下的自振频率。算例结果表明,基于偶应力理论预测的变截面微梁的自振频率均大于经典梁理论的预测结果,即捕捉到了尺度效应。另外,梁的几何尺寸与尺度参数越接近,尺度效应就越明显,而梁的长细比越小,横向剪切变形对自振频率的影响就越明显。     

Timoshenko固端梁特征值问题近似计算方法

利用模态摄动法将Timoshenko梁特征值问题的求解转化为一组非线性代数方程组的求解，不仅可以简化计算过程，而且计算结果具有较高的精度，对同一类问题具有适用性。通过算例，计算了在不同长细比条件下，剪切变形和转动惯量对固端梁的各阶主频率的影响。     

剪切变形对FGM圆板轴对称屈曲的影响

基于一阶剪切变形板理论，推导了功能梯度材料圆形板在边界面内均布压力作用下的轴对称屈曲方程。在推导过程中，忽略了前屈曲耦合变形。利用一阶板理论与经典板理论屈曲方程之间在数学形式上的相似性，得到了一阶板理论下功能梯度材料圆板与经典板理论下均匀圆板临界屈曲载荷之间的解析关系。利用这个解析关系，可以直接从已有的较为简单的经典理论的结果，获得一阶板理论下功能梯度材料板的临界屈曲载荷。     

经典梁热过屈曲问题的解析解

基于非线性经典梁理论,建立了控制轴向和横向变形的基本方程,将两个非线性方程化简为一个关于横向挠度的四阶非线性积分-微分方程。对于本文所考虑的三类边界条件,该方程与相应的边界条件构成了微分特征值问题;直接求解该问题,得到热过屈曲构形的解析解,该解是外加热载荷的函数。为考察热载荷以及边界条件的影响,根据得到的解析解给出了一些数值算例,讨论了梁过屈曲行为的性质。本文得到的解析解可用于验证或改进各类近似理论和数值方法。     

考虑尺度效应的微梁静态弯曲数值分析

基于修正偶应力理论及表面弹性理论,本文提出了一种新的双曲线剪切变形梁模型,用于均匀微尺度梁的静态弯曲分析。该理论可以直接利用本构关系获得横向剪切应力,满足梁顶部和底部的无应力边界条件,避免了引入剪切修正因子。根据广义Young-Laplace方程建立了梁的内部与表面层的应力连续性条件,单一的变量场可以描述梁的位移模式。通过在位移场中考虑表面层厚度以及表面层的应力连续条件,可以使新模型能够更准确地预测微尺寸和表面能相关的尺度效应。通过Hamilton原理推导出了梁的控制方程和边界条件。应变能除了考虑经典弹性理论,还要考虑微结构效应和表面能。Navier-type的解析解适用于简支边界条件,而基于拉格朗日插值的微分求积法(DQEM)可以研究在不同边界条件下的力学响应。把该数值解与Navier方法得出的解析解作了对比,得出:微尺度梁在考虑表面能或微尺寸效应、不同载荷和梁高变化下的响应一致;当不考虑微结构相关性和表面能效应时,该模型退化为经典的欧拉梁模型。     

粘弹性Timoshenko梁的自由振动

本文利用Kelvin-voigt模型研究了粘弹性梁的横向自由振动.指出对于各向同性的粘弹性体,剪应力与角应变之间的关系应为: 据此导出了考虑剪切变形效应和转动惯量效应的粘弹性梁的运动微分方程,并求得了粘弹性简支梁固有频率的解析解。数值计算表明,对于高阶频率,剪切变形和转动惯量的影响均不可忽视,且剪切变形的影响更为重要。对于低阶频率,粘性的影响可以不加考虑。     

功能梯度变截面梁自由振动和稳定性研究

基于忽略了梁截面剪切变形和转动惯量效应的Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,研究了轴向力作用下轴向功能梯度变截面梁的横向自由振动问题,将轴向功能梯度Euler-Bernoulli梁自由振动固有频率和临界荷载的计算转化为变系数常微分方程特征值问题。运用插值矩阵法可一次性计算出轴向功能梯度变截面梁各阶振动固有频率和临界荷载,分析了轴向荷载对轴向功能梯度Euler-Bernoulli梁自由振动固有频率的影响,即轴向压力使梁的第1阶固有频率降低,轴向拉力使梁的第1阶固有频率增大。在简支-简支梁(H-H)边界条件下、不同截面宽锥度系数c_b和截面高锥度系数c_h,且区间划分点数n为40时,本文计算结果与已有文献计算结果之间的最大相对误差不超过0.00768%;在简支-简支梁(H-H)、固端-自由梁(C-F)、固端-固端梁(C-C)这三种不同边界条件下,不同c_b和c_h,且n为40时,最大相对误差不超过0.101%,说明了本文方法的有效性和良好的计算精度。     

Higher-order shear beam theories and enriched continuum

The buckling of higher-order shear beam-columns is studied in the light of enriched continuum. We show the equivalence between the enriched kinematics of usual higher-order shear beam theories with the nonlocal and gradient nature of the associated constitutive law. These equivalences are useful for a hierarchical classification of usual beam theories comprising Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, Timoshenko and third-order shear beam theories. A consistent variationnally presentation is derived for all generic theories, leading to meaningful buckling solutions. It is shown that Timoshenko or some other higher-order shear theories can be considered as nonlocal or gradient Euler-Bernoulli theories. The buckling problem of a third-order shear beam-column is analytically studied and treated in the framework of gradient elasticity Timoshenko theory. Some different gradient elasticity Timoshenko models are presented at the end of the paper with available buckling solutions for repetitive structures and microstructured beams.     

饱和多孔弹性Timoshenko梁的大挠度分析

基于微观不可压饱和多孔介质理论和弹性梁的大挠度变形假设,考虑梁剪切变形效应,在梁轴线不可伸长和孔隙流体仅沿轴向扩散的限定下,建立了饱和多孔弹性Timoshenko梁大挠度弯曲变形的非线性数学模型.在此基础上,利用Galerkin截断法,研究了两端可渗透简支饱和多孔Timoshenko梁在突加均布横向载荷作用下的拟静态弯曲,给出了饱和多孔 Timoshenko梁弯曲变形时固相挠度、弯矩和孔隙流体压力等效力偶等随时间的响应.比较了饱和多孔Timoshenko梁非线性大挠度和线性小挠度理论以及饱和多孔 Euler-Bernoulli梁非线性大挠度理论的结果,揭示了他们间的差异,指出当无量纲载荷参数q＞l0时,应采用饱和多孔Timoshenko梁或Euler-Bernoulli梁的大挠度数学模型进行分析,特别的,当梁长细比λ＜30时,应采用饱和多孔Timoshenko梁大挠度数学模型进行分析.     

A microstructure-dependent Timoshenko beam model based on a modified couple stress theory

A microstructure-dependent Timoshenko beam model is developed using a variational formulation. It is based on a modified couple stress theory and Hamilton's principle. The new model contains a material length scale parameter and can capture the size effect, unlike the classical Timoshenko beam theory. Moreover, both bending and axial deformations are considered, and the Poisson effect is incorporated in the current model, which differ from existing Timoshenko beam models. The newly developed non-classical beam model recovers the classical Timoshenko beam model when the material length scale parameter and Poisson's ratio are both set to be zero. In addition, the current Timoshenko beam model reduces to a microstructure-dependent Bernoulli-Euler beam model when the normality assumption is reinstated, which also incorporates the Poisson effect and can be further reduced to the classical Bernoulli-Euler beam model. To illustrate the new Timoshenko beam model, the static bending and free vibration problems of a simply supported beam are solved by directly applying the formulas derived. The numerical results for the static bending problem reveal that both the deflection and rotation of the simply supported beam predicted by the new model are smaller than those predicted by the classical Timoshenko beam model. Also, the differences in both the deflection and rotation predicted by the two models are very large when the beam thickness is small, but they are diminishing with the increase of the beam thickness. Similar trends are observed for the free vibration problem, where it is shown that the natural frequency predicted by the new model is higher than that by the classical model, with the difference between them being significantly large only for very thin beams. These predicted trends of the size effect in beam bending at the micron scale agree with those observed experimentally. Finally, the Poisson effect on the beam deflection, rotation and natural frequency is found to be significant, which is especially true when the classical Timoshenko beam model is used. This indicates that the assumption of Poisson's effect being negligible, which is commonly used in existing beam theories, is inadequate and should be individually verified or simply abandoned in order to obtain more accurate and reliable results.     

Microstructure-dependent couple stress theories of functionally graded beams

A microstructure-dependent nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories which account for through-thickness power-law variation of a two-constituent material are developed using the principle of virtual displacements. The formulation is based on a modified couple stress theory, power-law variation of the material, and the von Kármán geometric nonlinearity. The model contains a material length scale parameter that can capture the size effect in a functionally graded material, unlike the classical Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories. The influence of the parameter on static bending, vibration and buckling is investigated. The theoretical developments presented herein also serve to develop finite element models and determine the effect of the geometric nonlinearity and microstructure-dependent constitutive relations on post-buckling response.     

An Euler-Bernoulli-like finite element method for Timoshenko beams

In this paper a new finite element approach for the solution of the Timoshenko beam is shown. Similarly to the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, it has been considered a single fourth order differential equation governs the equilibrium of the Timoshenko beam. The results obtained by this approach are very good, both in terms of accuracy and computational effort.     

ANALYTICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN EIGENVALUES OF CIRCULAR PLATE BASED ON VARIOUS PLATE THEORIES

Based on the mathematical similarity of the axisymmetric eigenvalue problems of a circular plate between the classical plate theory(CPT), the first-order shear deformation plate theory(FPT) and the Reddy's third-order shear deformation plate theory (RPT), analytical relations between the eigenvalues of circular plate based on various plate theories are investigated. In the present paper, the eigenvalue problem is transformed to solve an algebra equation. Analytical relationships that are expressed explicitly between various theories are presented. Therefore, from these relationships one can easily obtain the exact RPT and FPT solutions of critical buckling load and natural frequency for a circular plate with CPT solutions. The relationships are useful for engineering application, and can be used to check the validity, convergence and accuracy of numerical results for the eigenvalue problem of plates.     

计及剪切变形的Timoshenko梁的刚-柔耦合动力学

研究带中心刚体的Timoshenko梁的刚-柔耦合动力学问题。从力学的基本原理出发,基于Timoshenko梁假设,用虚功原理建立了带中心刚体的柔性梁的刚-柔耦合动力学方程。仿真计算结果表明,随着梁的惯量矩和横截面积比逐渐增大,剪切变形对梁的刚-柔耦合动力学性态产生了一定的影响。此外,本文还对不计剪切变形的Euler-Bernoulli梁假设的适用性进行了研究。     

Free vibration of functionally graded beams based on both classical and first-order shear deformation beam theories

The free vibration of functionally graded material （FGM） beams is studied based on both the classical and the first-order shear deformation beam theories. The equations of motion for the FGM beams are derived by considering the shear deforma- tion and the axial, transversal, rotational, and axial-rotational coupling inertia forces on the assumption that the material properties vary arbitrarily in the thickness direction. By using the numerical shooting method to solve the eigenvalue problem of the coupled ordinary differential equations with different boundary conditions, the natural frequen- cies of the FGM Timoshenko beams are obtained numerically. In a special case of the classical beam theory, a proportional transformation between the natural frequencies of the FGM and the reference homogenous beams is obtained by using the mathematical similarity between the mathematical formulations. This formula provides a simple and useful approach to evaluate the natural frequencies of the FGM beams without dealing with the tension-bending coupling problem. Approximately, this analogous transition can also be extended to predict the frequencies of the FGM Timoshenko beams. The numerical results obtained by the shooting method and those obtained by the analogous transformation are presented to show the effects of the material gradient, the slenderness ratio, and the boundary conditions on the natural frequencies in detail.     

Shear deformable bending solutions for nonuniform beams and plates with elastic end restraints from classical solutions

Summary The relationships of bending solutions between Timoshenko beams and Euler-Bernoulli beams are derived for uniform and non-uniform beams with elastic rotationally restrained ends. Extensions of these relationships for the cylindrical bending of Mindlin and Kirchhoff plates and for the bending of symmetrically laminated beams are also discussed. The new set of general relationships is useful because the more complex Timoshenko beam and Mindlin plate solutions may be readily obtained from their simpler Euler-Bernoulli beam and Kirchhoff plate solutions respectively, without much tedious mathematics. Received 16 March 1997; accepted for publication 26 November 1997     

Free vibration characteristics of sectioned unidirectional/bidirectional functionally graded material cantilever beams based on finite element analysis

Advancements in manufacturing technology, including the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM), allow the fabrication of complex functionally graded material (FGM) sectioned beams. Portions of these beams may be made from different materials with possibly different gradients of material properties. The present work proposes models to investigate the free vibration of FGM sectioned beams based on onedimensional (1D) finite element analysis. For this purpose, a sample beam is divided into discrete elements, and the total energy stored in each element during vibration is computed by considering either the Timoshenko or Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Then, Hamilton's principle is used to derive the equations of motion for the beam. The effects of material properties and dimensions of FGM sections on the beam's natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes are then investigated based on a dynamic Timoshenko model (TM). The presented model is validated by comparison with three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulations of the first three mode shapes of the beam.