Free vibration of functionally graded beams based on both classical and first-order shear deformation beam theories

The free vibration of functionally graded material （FGM） beams is studied based on both the classical and the first-order shear deformation beam theories. The equations of motion for the FGM beams are derived by considering the shear deforma- tion and the axial, transversal, rotational, and axial-rotational coupling inertia forces on the assumption that the material properties vary arbitrarily in the thickness direction. By using the numerical shooting method to solve the eigenvalue problem of the coupled ordinary differential equations with different boundary conditions, the natural frequen- cies of the FGM Timoshenko beams are obtained numerically. In a special case of the classical beam theory, a proportional transformation between the natural frequencies of the FGM and the reference homogenous beams is obtained by using the mathematical similarity between the mathematical formulations. This formula provides a simple and useful approach to evaluate the natural frequencies of the FGM beams without dealing with the tension-bending coupling problem. Approximately, this analogous transition can also be extended to predict the frequencies of the FGM Timoshenko beams. The numerical results obtained by the shooting method and those obtained by the analogous transformation are presented to show the effects of the material gradient, the slenderness ratio, and the boundary conditions on the natural frequencies in detail.     

Natural dynamic characteristics of a circular cylindrical Timoshenko tube made of three-directional functionally graded material

The natural dynamic characteristics of a circular cylindrical tube made of three-directional(3 D) functional graded material(FGM) based on the Timoshenko beam theory are investigated. Hamilton’s principle is utilized to derive the novel motion equations of the tube, considering the interactions among the longitudinal, transverse,and rotation deformations. By dint of the differential quadrature method(DQM), the governing equations are discretized to conduct the analysis of natural dynamic charact...     

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded material beams based on Levinson beam theory

Free vibration response of functionally graded material (FGM) beams is studied based on the Levinson beam theory (LBT). Equations of motion of an FGM beam are derived by directly integrating the stress-form equations of elasticity along the beam depth with the inertial resultant forces related to the included coupling and higherorder shear strain. Assuming harmonic response, governing equations of the free vibration of the FGM beam are reduced to a standard system of second-order ordinary differential equations associated with boundary conditions in terms of shape functions related to axial and transverse displacements and the rotational angle. By a shooting method to solve the two-point boundary value problem of the three coupled ordinary differential equations, free vibration response of thick FGM beams is obtained numerically. Particularly, for a beam with simply supported edges, the natural frequency of an FGM Levinson beam is analytically derived in terms of the natural frequency of a corresponding homogenous Euler-Bernoulli beam. As the material properties are assumed to vary through the depth according to the power-law functions, the numerical results of frequencies are presented to examine the effects of the material gradient parameter, the length-to-depth ratio, and the boundary conditions on the vibration response.     

Modal analysis of cracked continuous Timoshenko beam made of functionally graded material

Abstract

The article addresses development of the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) for free vibration of cracked continuous Timoshenko beam made of Functionally Graded Material (FGM). The governing equations of free vibration are established for the beam based on the power law of material grading, actual position of neutral plane and double spring model of crack. There is conducted frequency equation of the beam with intermediate rigid supports using the TMM after the transverse displacements at rigid supports have been disregarded. Therefore, the frequency equation is simplified and becomes more useful to compute natural frequencies of continuous FGM Timoshenko beam with a number of cracks. The obtained numerical results show the essential effect of cracks, material properties and also number of spans on natural frequencies of the beam.     

Free vibration of axially loaded thin-walled composite Timoshenko beams

Based on shear-deformable beam theory, free vibration of thin-walled composite Timoshenko beams with arbitrary layups under a constant axial force is presented. This model accounts for all the structural coupling coming from material anisotropy. Governing equations for flexural-torsional-shearing coupled vibrations are derived from Hamilton’s principle. The resulting coupling is referred to as sixfold coupled vibrations. A displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model is developed to solve the problem. Numerical results are obtained for thin-walled composite beams to investigate the effects of shear deformation, axial force, fiber angle, modulus ratio on the natural frequencies, corresponding vibration mode shapes and load–frequency interaction curves.     

Homogenized and classical expressions for static bending solutions for functionally graded material Levinson beams

The exact relationship between the bending solutions of functionally graded material (FGM) beams based on the Levinson beam theory and those of the corresponding homogenous beams based on the classical beam theory is presented for the material properties of the FGM beams changing continuously in the thickness direction. The deflection, the rotational angle, the bending moment, and the shear force of FGM Levinson beams (FGMLBs) are given analytically in terms of the deflection of the reference homogenous Euler-Bernoulli beams (HEBBs) with the same loading, geometry, and end supports. Consequently, the solution of the bending of non-homogenous Levinson beams can be simplified to the calculation of transition coefficients, which can be easily determined by variation of the gradient of material properties and the geometry of beams. This is because the classical beam theory solutions of homogenous beams can be easily determined or are available in the textbook of material strength under a variety of boundary conditions. As examples, for different end constraints, particular solutions are given for the FGMLBs under specified loadings to illustrate validity of this approach. These analytical solutions can be used as benchmarks to check numerical results in the investigation of static bending of FGM beams based on higher-order shear deformation theories.     

Initial value method for free vibration of axially loaded functionally graded Timoshenko beams with nonuniform cross section

Free vibration of nonuniform axially functionally graded Timoshenko beams subjected to combined axially tensile or compressive loading is studied. An emphasis is placed on the effect of tip and distributed axial loads on the natural frequencies and mode shapes for an inhomogeneous cantilever beam including material inhomogeneity and geometric non-uniform cross section. The initial value method is developed to determine the natural frequencies. The method’s effectiveness is verified by comparing our results with previous ones for special cases. Natural frequencies of standing/hanging Timoshenko beams are calculated for four different cross sections. The influences of shear rigidity, taper ratio, gradient index, tip force, and axially distributed loading on the natural frequencies of clamped-free beams are discussed. Material inhomogeneity and geometric non-uniform cross-section strongly affect higher-order vibration frequencies and mode shapes.     

Transverse free vibration of non uniform rotating Timoshenko beams with elastically clamped boundary conditions

In the present paper the Differential Quadrature Method, DQM, and the domain decomposition are used to carry out the free transverse vibration analysis of non-uniform multi-span rotating Timoshenko beams with perfect and not perfect boundary conditions. The cross section could vary in a continuous or discontinuous fashion along the beam length. The material of the beam could be different in each beam span. The influence of elastically clamped boundary conditions at hub end are studied and discussed. The effect of an arbitrary hub radius is considered. The governing differential equations of motion for rotating Timoshenko beams come from the derivation of Hamilton’s principle. The first six natural frequencies of vibration are obtained for many particular situations and for some of them the mode shapes are also available. The examples of applications of the method indicated its effectiveness. The results for particular cases are in excellent agreement with published results and results obtained by means of the finite element method.     

An analytical study on the nonlinear vibration of functionally graded beams

Nonlinear vibration of beams made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is studied in this paper based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and von Kármán geometric nonlinearity. It is assumed that material properties follow either exponential or power law distributions through thickness direction. Galerkin procedure is used to obtain a second order nonlinear ordinary equation with quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms. The direct numerical integration method and Runge-Kutta method are employed to find the nonlinear vibration response of FGM beams with different end supports. The effects of material property distribution and end supports on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of FGM beams are discussed. It is found that unlike homogeneous beams, FGM beams show different vibration behavior at positive and negative amplitudes due to the presence of quadratic nonlinear term arising from bending-stretching coupling effect.     

THERMAL POST-BUCKLING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL TIMOSHENKO BEAMS

Analysis of thermal post-buckling of FGM (Functionally Graded Material) Timoshenko beams subjected to transversely non-uniform temperature rise is presented. By accurately considering the axial extension and transverse shear deformation in the sense of theory of Timoshenko beam, geometrical nonlinear governing equations including seven basic unknown functions for functionally graded beams subjected to mechanical and thermal loads were formulated. In the analysis, it was assumed that the material properties of the beam vary continuously as a power function of the thickness coordinate. By using a shooting method, the obtained nonlinear boundary value problem was numerically solved and thermal buckling and post-buckling response of transversely non-uniformly heated FGM Timoshenko beams with fixed-fixed edges were obtained. Characteristic curves of the buckling deformation of the beam varying with thermal load and the power law index are plotted. The effects of material gradient property on the buckling deformation and critical temperature of beam were discussed in details. The results show that there exists the tension-bend coupling deformation in the uniformly heated beam because of the transversely non-uniform characteristic of materials.     

复合材料叠层梁和金属梁的固有振动特性

对根据三种梁理论得到的金属梁和复合材料叠层梁的固有振动特性进行了对比性的研究对常用的三种梁理论在弹性碰撞分析中的应用进行了分析和比较     

Non-uniform rational B-spline based free vibration analysis of axially functionally graded tapered Timoshenko curved beams

The free vibration of axially functionally graded (FG) tapered Timoshenko curved beams is studied with the numerical approach. By using the non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) basis functions, the exact geometry and the generalized displacement field are formulated. Variable geometric parameters and material properties, including the curvature, cross-sectional area, area moment of inertia, mass density, and Young’s modulus, are expanded as functions of the coordinate in a parametric domain. Based on Hamilton’s principle, the weak formulation is derived by applying a refined constitutive relation which considers the thickness effect. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained from the eigenvalue equation. Circular, elliptic, and parabolic curved beams are considered in numerical examples. The obtained results are in good agreement with those in the existing studies and those calculated by the finite element software ANSYS. Moreover, the effects of the material gradient, taper ratio, slenderness ratio, and heightspan ratio on vibration behaviors are discussed.     

功能梯度梁与均匀梁静动态解间的相似转换

基于Euler-Bernoulli 梁理论, 研究了功能梯度材料梁的弯曲、屈曲和自由振动. 通过分析和比较功能梯度材料梁 和均匀梁的控制方程, 得到了功能梯度材料梁与均匀梁的解之间的相似转换关系. 在给定功 能梯度材料梁的材料性质在横向按幂函数分布的情况下, 导出了解之间的相似转换系数的解 析表达式. 该系数集中反映了功能梯度梁的材料非均匀性. 因此, 可将功能梯度材料梁的静 动态问题的求解转换为同样载荷和边界条件下均匀梁的静动态问题求解以及相似转换系数的 计算.     

考虑剪切效应的旋转FGM楔形梁刚柔耦合动力学建模与仿真

本文对一类中心刚体-柔性梁系统在大范围转动下的刚柔耦合动力学问题进行了研究. 柔性梁为功能梯度材料(functionally graded materials, FGM)楔形变截面梁,材料体积分数在梁轴向呈幂律分布变化. 以弧长坐标来描述柔性FGM梁的几何位移关系,分别使用倾角和拉伸应变变量描述柔性梁的横向弯曲和纵向拉伸变形,并计及剪切效应. 采用假设模态法离散变形场,运用第二类拉格朗日方程进行方程推导,得到系统考虑剪切效应的刚柔耦合动力学模型. 基于全新的刚柔耦合动力学建模理论,研究不同轴向材料梯度分布的FGM楔形梁,通过数值仿真计算,分析讨论不同的转速、梯度分布规律以及变截面参数对系统动力学特性的影响. 结果表明,剪切效应对大高跨比的FGM楔形梁的变形影响较为明显,不容忽略;材料梯度分布规律和截面参数的选取均会对旋转FGM楔形梁的动力学响应和频率产生较大影响. 本文提出的考虑剪切效应的倾角刚柔耦合动力学模型是对以往非剪切模型的进一步完善,可应用于工程中的 Timoshenko梁结构的动力学问题求解.      

Free vibration analysis of axially functionally graded tapered Timoshenko beams using differential transformation element method and differential quadrature element method of lowest-order

The present paper investigates the free vibration characteristics of Timoshenko beams whose cross-sectional profile and material properties vary along the beam axis with any arbitrary functions. Free vibration analysis of these beams is carried out through solving the governing differential equations of motion. Since the application of differential transformation method (DTM) does not necessarily converge to satisfactory results, an element-based differential transformation method, namely differential transformation element method (DTEM), is introduced which significantly enhances the accuracy of the results. Furthermore, differential quadrature element of the lowest order (DQEL) is introduced which is based on differential quadrature element method (DQEM). DQEL formulates the problem on the basis of the interpolation of the first differential of the functions; therefore, in contrast with DQEM higher differentials of functions are not employed in DQEL. The competency of DQEL and DTEM in free vibration analysis is verified through several numerical examples. The effects of taper ratio and material non-homogeneity on natural frequencies are investigated.     

Thermal vibration of functionally graded porous nanocomposite beams reinforced by graphene platelets

The thermal vibration of functionally graded(FG) porous nanocomposite beams reinforced by graphene platelets(GPLs) is studied.The beams are exposed to the thermal gradient with a multilayer structure.The temperature varies linearly across the thickness direction.Three different types of dispersion patterns of GPLs as well as porosity distributions are presented.The material properties vary along the thickness direction.By using the mechanical parameters of closed-cell cellular solid,the variation of Poisson's ratio and the relation between the porosity coefficient and the mass density under the Gaussian random field(GRF) model are obtained.By using the Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model,the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite is achieved.The equations of motion based on the Timoshenko beam theory are obtained by using Hamilton's principle.These equations are discretized and solved by using the generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM) to obtain the fundamental frequencies.The effects of the weight fraction,the dispersion model,the geometry,and the size of GPLs,as well as the porosity distribution,the porosity coefficient,the boundary condition,the metal matrix,the slenderness ratio,and the thermal gradient are presented.     

Natural frequencies of composite beams with a variable fiber volume fraction including rotary inertia and shear deformation

The present study is concerned with the vibration analysis of symmetric composite beams with a variable fiber volume fraction through thickness. First-order shear deformation and rotary inertia have been included in the analysis. The solution procedure is applicable to arbitrary boundary conditions. Continuous gradation of the fiber volume fraction is modeled in the form of an m-th power polynomial of the coordinate axis in the thickness direction of the beam. By varying the fiber volume fraction within the symmetric composite beam to create a functionally graded material （FGM）, certain vibration characteristics are affected. Results are presented to demonstrate the effects of shear deformation, fiber volume fraction, and boundary conditions on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of composite beams.     

多孔功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁的自由振动分析

基于Timoshenko梁理论研究多孔功能梯度材料梁(FGMs)的自由振动问题.首先,考虑多孔功能梯度材料梁的孔隙率模型,建立了两种类型的孔隙分布.其次,基于Timoshenko梁变形理论,给出位移场方程、几何方程和本构方程,利用Hamilton原理推导多孔功能梯度材料梁的自由振动控制微分方程,并进行无量纲化,然后应用微分变换法(DTM)对无量纲控制微分方程及其边界条件进行变换,得到含有固有频率的等价代数特征方程.最后,计算了固定-固定(C-C)、固定-简支(C-S)和简支-简支(S-S)三种不同边界下多孔功能梯度材料梁自由振动的无量纲固有频率.将其退化为均匀材料与已有文献数据结果对照,验证了正确性.讨论了孔隙率、细长比和梯度指数对多孔功能梯度材料梁无量纲固有频率的影响.     

一类多孔固体的等效偶应力动力学梁模型

一维多孔固体结构可采用等效连续介质梁模型来研究其动力学行为. 当类梁结构的高度尺寸和多孔固体单胞结构尺寸相近时,等效模型的力学行为会产生尺寸效应现象. 等效经典模型由于不包含尺度参数而无法描述尺寸相关特点,而广义连续介质力学模型则可以准确地考虑尺寸效应的影响. 基于偶应力理论,对一类单胞含有圆形孔洞的周期性多孔固体类梁结构,给出了分析其横向自由振动的等效连续介质铁木辛柯梁模型. 通过对单胞分析,在应变能等价和几何平均的意义下,定义了等效偶应力介质的材料常数. 利用已有的材料常数,推导了等效铁木辛柯梁的动力学微分方程. 将实际多孔固体结构进行完全的动力学有限元离散计算,所获得的解作为精确解以检验等效梁模型所获得的频率和振型的精度. 振型的比较借助于模态置信准则矩阵方法. 大量算例表明,等效偶应力铁木辛柯梁模型在频率和振型两方面均具有较高的计算精度. 重点研究了单胞孔径的相对大小、类梁结构高度与单胞尺寸比以及类梁结构长高比对等效梁模型精度的影响. 在此基础上,偏保守地建议了多孔固体类梁结构自振分析方法.      

On dynamic optimization of Timoshenko beam

The present paper discusses the minimum weight design problem for Timoshenko and Euler beams subjected to multi-frequency constraints. Taking the simply-supported symmetric beam as an example,we reveal the abnormal characteristics of optimal Timoshenko beams,i.e.,the frequency corresponding to the first symmetric vibration mode could be higher than the frequency of antisymmetric vibration mode if a very thin and high strip is suitably formed at the middle of the beam,and,optimal Timoshenko beams subjected to two different sets of frequency.constraints could have the same minimum weight. The above abnormal characteristics demonstrate the need for including maximum cross sectional area constraint in the problem formulation in order to have a well-posed problem.