An Experimental Technique for the Dynamic Characterization of Soft Complex Materials

We describe an experimental technique to study the dynamic behavior of complex soft materials, based on high-speed microscopic imaging and direct measurements of dynamic forces and deformations. The setup includes high sensitivity dynamic displacement measurements based on geometric moiré interferometry and high-speed imaging for in-situ, full-field visualization of the complex micro-scale dynamic deformations. The method allows extracting dynamic stress-strain profiles both from the moiré interferometry and from the high-speed microscopic imaging. We discuss the advantages of using these two complementing components concurrently. We use this technique to study the dynamic response of vertically aligned carbon nanotube foams subjected to impact loadings at variable deformation rates. The same technique can be used to study other micro-structured materials and complex hierarchical structures.     

3D Morphology and Permeability of Highly Porous Cellulosic Fibrous Material

Fibrous materials are structures whose complexity depends on the size and geometry of the fibres and on their arrangement induced by the manufacturing process. We interest here in the permeability for air of wood-based fibrous materials with high porosity on which experimental measurements are difficult to be implemented without structural modifications. In this study, we show the usefulness of 3D X-ray tomography imaging in both experimental and numerical permeability measurements. Image analysis tools derived from mathematical morphology are used to access quantitative structural parameters of the interconnected pores (porosities, pore size distributions and correlation lengths), as well as needed information on the experimental samples (cross-section area and length). A specific experimental setup and methodology is proposed to assess the permeability derived from Darcy’s law. Results are then compared to direct numerical simulation of Stokes flow carried out on 3D representative volumes of the fibrous materials.     

基于霍普金森压杆系统的动态压痕实验

设计了基于分离式Hopkinson压杆系统(SHPB)的动态压痕实验装置,使其能够获得动态压痕实验中试样的压痕位移和所受冲击载荷的实验数据,从而得到一种新的材料动态性能测试技术.对3种不同的材料进行了动态压痕实验,得到了材料的动态硬度和率敏感性等动态性能,与采用其他实验技术所测得的性能数据具有很好的一致性,并实现了利用...     

AN EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE TO STUDY IMPULSE- WAVE PROPAGATION IN MATERIALS

A reliable experimental technique designed to study impulse-wave propagation in materials is described. This technique uses a mechanical shaker to subject vertically mounted cylindrical specimens to impulsive forces. The method is applicable to the study of impulse-wave propagation in cylindrical specimens when the length of the pulse is great compared to the diameter of the specimen, and the material is not stressed beyond its proportional elastic limit. The procedure is particularly suited for biomechanical measurements in which the specimen is to be subjected to repeated impulsive loading. Shockabsorption capacity of bone joints can be studied with this setup. The apparatus can also be used for modal analysis.     

Free torsion of thin-walled structural members of open- and closed-sections

Free torsion of thin-walled structures of open- and closed-sections is a classical elastic mechanics problem, which, in literature, is often solved by the method of membrane analogy. The method of membrane analogy, however, can be only applied to structures of a single material. If the structure consists of both open- and closed-sections, the method of membrane analogy is difficult to be applied. In this paper, a new method is presented for solving the free torsion of thin-walled structures of open- and/or closed- sections with multiple materials. By utilizing a simple statically indeterminate concept, torsional equations are derived based on the equilibrium and compatibility conditions. The method presented here not only is very simple and easy to understand but also can be applied to thin-walled structures of combined open- and closed-sections with multiple materials.     

The computer-aided holophotoelastic method

The computer-aided holophotoelastic method (CAHPM) is presented and validated. With it complete experimental stress analyses of transparent structures subjected to two-dimensional states of stress can be conducted based solely on experimental data without resort to either a hybrid, iterative, or other numerical procedure. The stress analysis is determined from photoelastic and holographic data, i.e., isochromatic, isoclinic, and absolute retardation results. The experimental setup and procedures are discussed and the algorithms used for the data reduction are also presented. The method is validated using a disk in diametral loading.     

Large deflection and post-buckling analysis of non-linearly elastic rods by wavelet method

We propose a wavelet method in the present study to analyze the large deflection bending and post-buckling problems of rods composed of non-linearly elastic materials, which are governed by a class of strong non-linear differential equations. This wavelet method is established based on a modified wavelet approximation of an interval bounded L²-function, which provides a new method for the large deflection bending and post-buckling problems of engineering structures. As an example, in this study, we considered the rod structures of non-linear materials that obey the Ludwick and the modified Ludwick constitutive laws. The numerical results for both large deflection bending and post-buckling problems are presented, illustrating the convergence and accuracy of the wavelet method. For the former, the wavelet solutions are more accurate than the finite element method and the shooting method embedded with the Euler method. For the latter, both bifurcation and limit loads can be easily and directly obtained by solving the extended systems. On the other hand, for the shooting method embedded with Runge–Kutta method, to obtain these values usually needs to choose a good starting value and repeat trial solutions many times, which can be a tough task.     

Automated Control of Stable Crack Growth for R-Curve Measurements in Brittle Materials

Stable crack advance is required for a reliable crack growth resistance (R-Curve) measurement. In bending experiments, manual control of the mechanical load and observation of the growing crack is still being done by the operator. This work presents an approach to partly and fully automated R-curve measurements, where stable crack growth is achieved solely via computer control. The experimental setup in conjunction with an intelligent control algorithm leads to reliable results, even for brittle materials like alumina ceramics, silicon nitride, and glass. Furthermore, it allows for a novel type of measurement, because the device detects any kind of energy release in the specimen, actually also without visible crack extension. The setup has been used successfully for about 3 years. The operating principle is explained and some of the results are presented exemplarily. The method is realized in 4-point-bending, but can be implemented also for other types of specimen and loading to automatically achieve stable crack growth.     

A Novel Fluid Structure Interaction Experiment to Investigate Deformation of Structural Elements Subjected to Impulsive Loading

This paper presents a novel experimental methodology for the study of dynamic deformation of structures under underwater impulsive loading. The experimental setup simulates fluid–structure interactions (FSI) encountered in various applications of interest. To generate impulsive loading similar to blast, a specially designed flyer plate impact experiment was designed and implemented. The design is based on scaling analysis to achieve a laboratory scale apparatus that can capture essential features in the deformation and failure of large scale naval structures. In the FSI setup, a water chamber made of a steel tube is incorporated into a gas gun apparatus. A scaled structure is fixed at one end of the steel tube and a water piston seals the other end. A flyer plate impacts the water piston and produces an exponentially decaying pressure history in lieu of explosive detonation. The pressure induced by the flyer plate propagates and imposes an impulse to the structure (panel specimen), which response elicits bubble formation and water cavitations. Calibration experiments and numerical simulations proved the experimental setup to be functional. A 304 stainless steel monolithic plate was tested and analyzed to assess its dynamic deformation behavior under impulsive loading. The experimental diagnostic included measurements of flyer impact velocity, pressure wave history in the water, and full deformation fields by means of shadow moiré and high speed photography.     

空隙分布对功能梯度板件宏观响应的影响

提出了一种新的功能梯度结构分析的细观元法. 细观元法对结构的常 规有限单元内部设置密集细观单元以反映材料细观构造,又通过协调条件将各细观元结点自 由度转换为同一常规有限元自由度. 此方法实现了材料细观结构到构件宏观响 应的直接过渡分析. 用细观元法来分析细观构造上空隙存在对宏观响应影响,给出了含 有不同分布与形状、位置空隙的功能梯度板件的力学量三维分布形态,实现功能梯度材料结 构宏、细观间跨尺度分析.     

爆炸驱动下飞板运动速度的实验研究

在理论分析的基础上 ,建立了双反射镜法实验测量系统 ,设计了一套实验装置和闪光灯充电电路 ,解决了双反射镜实验中被测试件的安装精度和外照明光源问题。实验测量了滑移爆轰作用下 ,不同爆炸焊接复板材料的运动速度 ,结果表明该方法有效实用。     

AXISYMMETRIC BENDING OF TWO-DIRECTIONAL FUNCTIONALLY GRADED CIRCULAR AND ANNULAR PLATES

Assuming the material properties varying with an exponential law both in the thick- ness and radial directions,axisymmetric bending of two-directional functionally graded circular and annular plates is studied using the semi-analytical numerical method in this paper.The de- flections and stresses of the plates are presented.Numerical results show the well accuracy and convergence of the method.Compared with the finite element method,the semi-analytical nu- merical method is with great advantage in the computational efficiency.Moreover,study on ax- isymmetric bending of two-directional functionally graded annular plate shows that such plates have better performance than those made of isotropic homogeneous materials or one-directional functionally graded materials.Two-directional functionally graded material is a potential alter- native to the one-directional functionally graded material.And the integrated design of materials and structures can really be achieved in two-directional functionally graded materials.     

基于均匀材料微结构模型的热弹性结构与材料并发优化

研究由宏观上均匀多孔材料制成的结构的优化设计问题,待设计的结构受到给定的外力与温度载荷作用,优化设计旨在给定结构允许使用的材料体积约束下,设计宏观结构的拓扑及多孔材料的徼结构,使得结构柔度最小.本文提出了一种宏观结构与微观单胞构型并发优化设计的方法.在此方法中,引入宏观密度和微观密度两类设计变量,在微观层次上采用带惩罚的实心各向同性材料法SIMP(Solid Isotropic Material with Penalty),在宏观层次上采用带惩罚的多孔各向异性材料法PAMP(Porous Anisotropic Material with Pemlty),借助均匀化方法建立两个层次阃的联系,通过优化方法自动确定实体材料在结构与材料两个层次上的分配,得到优化设计;提供的数值算例检验了本文所提方法及计算模型,并讨论了温度变化、材料体积及计算参数对优化结果的影响.研究结果表明同时考虑热和机械载荷时,采用多孔材料可以降低结构柔顺性.     

Physical Principles of Methods for Measuring Viscoelastic Properties

The main methods used to measure viscoelastic properties of materials in a wide range of frequencies from 10^?4 to 10⁶ Hz are reviewed. It is demonstrated that the accuracy of many experimental methods can be increased by taking into account the form factors, which depend on the specimen type. An example of the form factor for a cylindrical specimen is provided, which is determined numerically on the basis of a two-dimensional deformation model taking into account the specimen geometry and Poisson’s ratio. The importance of the precise determination of Poisson’s ratio for rubber-like and complex-structured materials is demonstrated. Requirements to such measurements and a setup satisfying these requirements are described. Two methods for measuring viscoelastic properties of living tissues (compliance and disturbance propagation velocity) are considered. Based on the developed method of measuring these parameters for materials with a fixed thickness, methods for the creation of a unified standard of measurements of viscoelastic characteristics of living tissues are proposed.     

考虑材料各向异性的熔丝制造PLA点阵结构弹性各向同性设计

增材制造技术的兴起激发了国内外学者对结构创新设计的热情. 然而, 增材制造材料的各向异性为结构力学性能的预测与设计带来了一定的困难. 为了准确预测熔丝制造聚乳酸(PLA)材料和点阵结构的弹性性能, 并实现点阵结构的弹性各向同性设计, 首先, 本文采用正交各向异性弹性模型来描述PLA材料的弹性行为, 通过实验和计算得到了正交各向异性模型需要的9个独立的弹性常数. 然后, 设计了一种力学性能可调的二维组合桁架点阵结构, 基于代表体元法, 在不考虑材料各向异性的情况下推导出了其平面内等效弹性性能的解析表达式及弹性各向同性条件. 最后, 根据PLA材料的各向异性调整点阵结构内部杆件的弹性模量和厚度, 并基于代表体元法重新推导出了点阵结构平面内等效弹性性能的解析表达式及其弹性各向同性条件. 研究结果表明, 正交各向异性弹性模型适用于描述熔丝制造PLA材料的弹性行为, 基于该模型能够准确预测PLA材料在任意方向上的弹性模量. 在预测与设计熔丝制造点阵结构的力学性能时需要充分考虑材料的各向异性. 在考虑材料的各向异性之后, 基于代表体元法调整点阵结构的几何尺寸, 能够实现部分点阵结构的弹性各向同性设计.      

功能梯度材料构件三维分析的细观元模型

提出一种新颖的功能梯度构件分析的细观元法,给出了方法模型、基本算式及特点与功能。细观元法对构件的常规有限单元内部设置密集细观单元以反映材料特性梯度变化,又通过协调条件将各细观元结点自由度转换为同一常规有限元自由度,再上机计算。这种细观元法既能充分反映材料功能梯度及组分变化特性,而其计算单元与自由度又与常规有限元一样,是一种针对功能梯度构件分析的有效数值方法。算例表明了细观元法对不同情况下功能梯度构件分析的适应性与精度。     

Temperature dependent bulge test for elastomers

The bulge test is a particularly convenient testing method for characterizing elastomers under biaxial loading. In addition, it is convenient to utilize this test for validating material models in simulation due to the heterogeneous strain field induced during inflation. During the bulge test the strain field for elastomers covers uniaxial tension at the border to pure shear and equibiaxial tension at the pole. Elastomeric materials exhibit a hyperelastic material behavior, with a dependency on temperature and loading rate. The temperature effect on the mechanical behavior during biaxial loading is considered in the present study. A bulge test setup combined with a temperature chamber is developed in order to characterize this effect, and an exemplary temperature dependent characterization of a poly(norbornene) elastomer is performed with this setup. The equibiaxial stress–strain curves measured at 60 °C, 20 °C and −20 °C are presented.     

Modeling and simulation of relaxation in viscoelastic open cell materials and structures

Open cell materials with cubic anisotropy and structures made thereof are investigated with respect to their linear viscoelastic properties, in particular their relaxation behavior. The study is concerned with the prediction of the effective behavior which results from the isotropic bulk material properties as well as the cellular architecture. Finite Element Method simulations of three-dimensional structures are employed to predict the effective response to a wide range of loading modes in the time domain.For predicting the properties of the cellular materials and structures by the Finite Element Method different modeling strategies are employed. The first approach is a periodic unit cell method modeling an infinite medium by means of periodic boundary conditions. This way the entire effective linear viscoelastic constitutive behavior can be computed. However, it is not possible to capture effects as being attributed to traction free faces and load introduction in specimens or structures. A second approach follows to account for these effects by generating finite sample models to represent situations which occur in experimental testing. Finally, an analytical constitutive material law is developed to model linear viscoelasticity for cubic anisotropy in the time domain. It is implemented into the commercial Finite Element software ABAQUS/Standard and the material parameters are gained from the unit cell investigations. This enables the simulation of structures, parts, and components which consist or contain such cellular materials.     

Development of a Hybrid Method of Reflection Photoelasticity for Crack Problems in Anisotropic Plates

Reflection type photoelastic experiment can be used more effectively than a transmission type photoelastic experiment especially in industrial fields. Moreover, composite materials have been widely used in engineering applications and structures because of their outstanding advantages which individual isotropic components do not have. The development of these materials requires a promising technique such as reflection photoelasticity to analyze their behaviors in service. Unfortunately, there are few experimental studies based on this technique. Therefore, a hybrid method based on this technique was developed in this research to analyze the fracture behavior of opaque anisotropic materials. The application of this method will help to understand the fracture behaviors of anisotropic materials used in engineering components and structures. The validity of this method was verified by comparison of the results obtained from this method with ones obtained from the hybrid methods for isotropic material on the same isotropic specimen. The reflection type photoelastic experiment for orthotropic materials was then applied to orthotropic plates with a central crack of various inclination angles. Using this hybrid method for anisotropic materials, stress intensity factors and separated stress components were obtained at the vicinity of the crack-tip in orthotropic plates from only the isochromatic fringe patterns of the isotropic coating material.