一种基于平均场理论的格栅材料均匀化方法

将颗粒材料中发展的一种基于平均场理论的解析均匀化方法应用于二维周期格栅材料;依据尺度分离原理和统计均匀表征元概念构建了格栅材料的两尺度均匀化模型,包括细观杆件单元的本构关系、细观位移-宏观应变关系式以及应力的细观力学表达式;推导了两种二维周期格栅材料等效弹性参数包括弹性模量、泊松比和剪切弹性模量的细观力学表达式。结果表明:等边三角形结构等效为各向同性连续体时,弹性参数表达式与文献中其他方法所得结果一致;正方形结构均匀化为正交各向异性连续体时,主平面内弹性模量等于杆件单元轴向刚度,泊松比和剪切弹性模量分别由杆件单元的泊松比和剪切刚度决定,符合正方形格栅材料的力学特性;对于非主平面内的正方形本构矩阵,选取坐标轴与材料主轴夹角为45°的方向为例进行推导,本文方法与坐标变换方法所得结果一致。以上结果均验证了本文所发展方法的有效性。     

基于偶应力理论的格栅材料等效介质模型

考察了结构最小尺寸与材料特征长度量级相当的格栅材料等效性能,建议了基于偶应力理论的格栅材料等效介质模型以及确定等效模量的代表体元模型,给出了相应的位移边界条件. 在此基础上导出了正交各向异性偶应力介质的特征长度表达式和偶应力介质梁的抗弯刚度表达式,定义了偶应力影响因子\delta以表征梁的偶应力效应. 具体计算了几种典型的格栅材料的等效偶应力模量以及格栅梁在一定工况下的挠曲线,并与相应的有限元离散解进行对比,结果表明,等效结果具有较高精度,且当宏观结构的尺寸和微结构尺寸相差不大时,宏观结构表现出强烈的偶应力效应.偶应力介质的特征长度表征了偶应力效应的强弱,进而分析了格栅材料的相对密度,单胞尺寸以及几何构型对等效介质特征长度的影响.      

考虑内部胞元能量等效的代表体元法

具有周期性胞元的超轻质材料在制造和应用过程中,不可避免地会出现基体材料、微结构拓扑和尺寸的随机性变化.此时,评价材料的等效弹性性能需要借助基于均匀化方法(周期性边界条件)或代表体元法(周期性边界条件,均匀应力或均匀应变边界条件等)的蒙特卡洛模拟.该文首先通过算例分析和比较了不同边界条件下的数值结果,讨论了结果的尺度效应和对胞元选取的依赖性.为了提高和改善Dirichlet边界条件下的计算效率和结果,提出了一种考虑内部胞元能量等效的代表体元法.该方法能够有效削弱边界条件和胞元选取的影响,从而实现了采用较小的代表体元得到更好的结果.数值算例验证了方法在预测确定性材料和随机性材料等效模量时的有效性.     

周期性点阵类桁架材料等效弹性性能预测及尺度效应

比较了Dirichlet型和Neumann型边界条件下的代表体元法及均匀化方法对具有周期性结构的点阵类桁架材料等效弹性性能的预测结果．数值结果表明,Dirichlet型和Neumann型边界条件下的代表体元法所得结果随着参与模拟的单胞（微结构的最小周期）个数的增加,分别从上下界逼近均匀化方法的结果．对于一类具有特殊微结构的桁架材料,只需一个单胞即可充分逼近均匀化结果．指出产牛尺度效应的判据是,对Dirichlet型边界条件下的代表体元法,单胞公共边界处的节点支反力是否平衡;对Neumann型边界条件下的代表体元法,单胞边界间变形是否协调．最后,我们证明了对于一类均匀化方法求解中没有广义自由度的桁架材料,其均匀化结果就是各构件性能按照体积份数加权平均得到．     

两种五零能模式材料单胞构型及其性能分析

五零能模式材料是一种新型的人工超材料,虽属于弹性材料,但组成其单胞的特殊构型使其宏观静态表现为仅能承载一种受力状态,动态表现为仅能传播一种弹性波。本文首先构造了两种五零能模式材料的单胞构型,其具有不同的弹性特性,其中一种材料可传播弹性膨胀波,另一种可传播弹性剪切波。然后分别采用代表体元法和均匀化法分析这两种单胞的等效弹性模量。五零能模式材料的分析分为两步更直观,开始从单胞桁架模型入手,检验单胞构型是否满足五零能模式的定义,然后分析单胞实体模型,考察单胞构型的结构参数与其等效弹性模量的关系。研究表明对于这种低密度弹性材料的分析,代表体元法更适合。     

含正交排列夹杂和缺陷材料的等效弹性模量和损伤

研究含正交排列夹杂和缺陷材料的等效弹性模量和损伤,推导了以Eshelby－Mori－Tanaka方法求解多相各向异性复合材料等效弹性模量的简便计算公式,针对含三相正交椭球状夹杂的正交各向异性材料,得到了由细观参量（夹杂的形状、方位和体积分数）表示的等效弹性模量的解析表达式．在此基础上,提出了一个宏细观结合的正交各向异性损伤模型,从而建立了以细观量为参量的含损伤材料的应力应变关系．最后,对影响材料损伤的细观结构参数进行了分析．     

各向异性薄板的无网格法结构拓扑优化研究

将无网格Galerkin法引入正交各向异性薄板的结构拓扑优化中,建立了以节点相对密度为设计变量、以结构柔度为目标函数的结构拓扑优化模型;采用罚函数施加本质边界条件,结合固体各向同性惩罚插值模型和OC优化准则,推导了目标函数的灵敏度分析算法;利用数值算例验证了所建模型及算法的可行性,完成了单载荷工况、多载荷工况下各向异性材料的拓扑优化设计,探讨了材料性能与铺设角度对各向异性薄板结构拓扑优化结果的影响。结果表明,各向异性薄板在弹性模量较小的方向上,材料分布较多,且拓扑结构呈现周期性变化。     

正交各向异性Kagome蜂窝材料宏观等效力学性能

由于微结构的布局和尺寸的方向性,人造和天然的蜂窝材料都会不同程度呈现各向异性,其中正交各向异性的蜂窝材料较为常见.该文采用桁架模型推导了正交各向异性Kagome单胞蜂窝材料等效刚度和强度的解析表达式,给出了初始屈服函数和近似弹性屈曲强度,讨论了等效刚度与各向异性率和相对密度的关系.等效刚度的解析结果与单胞壁杆采用梁单元建模的刚架模型均匀化结果进行比较,结果令人满意.需要说明的是这类"组合蜂窝"材料具有多功能性和潜在的可设计性,正在受到人们关注.     

正交各向异性圆柱壳与平板连接处边缘应力分析

根据各向异性薄壳理论对承压圆柱壳与平板连接结构进行了力学分析,获得了圆柱壳连接处的剪力、弯矩、应力解,计算了各向异性弹性模量比对结构连接处的剪力、弯矩以及沿筒体纵向应力分布的影响,并与各向同性的结果进行了对比。结果表明:剪力和弯矩均随着各项异性弹性模量比的增大而增大;各项异性弹性模量与各项同性的情况相比对结构部位的应力影响显著;合理利用材料各向异性性能,可以降低承压结构连接部位的应力水平。研究结果为带有平板封头正交各向异性承压圆柱壳设计提供了参考。     

桁架板等效刚度分析

桁架材料的连续介质等效模型的研究已有相当基础,而工程中桁架材料往往以类板结构形式出现,其变形表现出明显的弯曲特征。将类板桁架材料采用弯曲板模型模拟,研究合理的方法确定等效板模型的刚度具有重要意义。本文在基于Kirchhoff假定的小挠度薄板弹性理论框架下,研究了类板桁架材料的等效弯曲薄板模型,提出了确定薄板模型等效刚度的基于Dirichlet位移边界条件的代表体元法,给出了确定各刚度系数所对应的代表体元的边界位移形式。具体计算了几种典型形式桁架板的等效刚度,并采用有限元离散模型和实验技术分析了桁架板在一定的边界约束和荷载作用下的响应,并与等效板模型的分析结果进行了对比。结果表明,在响应分析中,具有等效刚度的薄板模型可准确模拟类板桁架材料;连续介质板等效刚度计算的积分法不能给出准确的桁架板等效刚度,而基于Dirichlet位移边界条件的代表体元法获得的等效板的刚度具有很高的精度。     

材料三维微结构表征及其晶体塑性有限元模拟

材料的力学性能，尤其是在有限变形下所呈现的宏观各向异性，是材料结构设计和服役寿命考虑的关键因素。由于宏观模型不能较好地反映材料微观结构（晶粒的形貌和取向等）对宏观塑性各向异性的影响，因此，本文建立了能实际反映晶粒形貌的三维Voronoi模型，并基于晶体塑性理论对铝合金在有限变形下的响应进行计算。首先，建立反映材料微结构的代表性体积单元RVE模型进行计算，并与实验结果进行对比验证。然后，以单向拉伸为例，分析了有限变形过程中试件的晶粒形貌和取向分布等微观因素对宏观各向异性演化的影响，并从材料和结构两个层面讨论了微观结构对宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明，本文模型能够反映微观结构对宏观力学性能的影响，为实际生产制造领域构件的力学性能提供可靠的预测。     

The dynamic behaviour of a piezoelectric actuator bonded to an anisotropic elastic medium

Surface-bonded piezoelectric actuators can be used to generate elastic waves for monitoring damages of composite materials. This paper provides an analytical and numerical study to simulate wave propagation in an anisotropic medium induced by surface-bonded piezocermic actuators under high-frequency electric loads. Based on a one-dimensional actuator model, the dynamic load transfer between a piezoceramic actuator and an anisotropic elastic medium under in-plane mechanical and electrical loading is obtained. The wave propagation induced by the surface-bonded actuator is also studied in detail by using Fourier transform technique and solving the resulting integral equations in terms of the interfacial shear stress. Typical examples are provided to show effects of the geometry, the material combination, the loading frequency and the material anisotropy of the composite upon the load transfer and the resulting wave propagation.     

Stress concentration and surface instability of anisotropic solids with slightly wavy boundary

This paper presents a first order perturbation analysis of stress concentration and surface morphology instability of elastically anisotropic solids. The boundary of the solids under consideration is periodic along two orthogonal directions. The magnitude of the undulation is sufficiently small so that a half-space model can be used for simplification. We derive expressions for the stress concentration factors and the critical wavelength of the perturbation in terms of the remote stresses, surface energy anisotropy and the elastic anisotropy of the solid. Numerical applications to cubic materials using Barnett–Lothe integrals are also given.     

Near-zero Poisson's ratio and suppressed mechanical anisotropy in strained black phosphorene/SnSe van der Waals heterostructure: a first-principles study

Black phosphorene (BP) and its analogs have attracted intensive attention due to their unique puckered structures, anisotropic characteristics, and negative Poisson's ratio. The van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures assembly by stacking different materials show novel physical properties, however, the parent materials do not possess. In this work, the first-principles calculations are performed to study the mechanical properties of the vdW heterostructure. Interestingly, a near-zero Poisson's ratio v_zx is found in BP/SnSe heterostructure. In addition, compared with the parent materials BP and SnSe with strong in-plane anisotropic mechanical properties, the BP/SnSe heterostructure shows strongly suppressed anisotropy. The results show that the vdW heterostructure has quite different mechanical properties compared with the parent materials, and provides new opportunities for the mechanical applications of the heterostructures.     

Hierarchical honeycombs with tailorable properties

We investigated the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional hierarchical honeycomb structures using analytical, numerical and experimental methods. Hierarchical honeycombs were constructed by replacing every three-edge vertex of a regular hexagonal lattice with a smaller hexagon. Repeating this process builds a fractal-appearing structure. The resulting isotropic in-plane elastic properties (effective elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio) of this structure are controlled by the dimension ratios for different hierarchical orders. Hierarchical honeycombs of first and second order can be up to 2.0 and 3.5 times stiffer than regular honeycomb at the same mass (i.e., same overall average density). The Poisson’s ratio varies from nearly 1.0 (when planar ‘bulk’ modulus is considerably greater than Young’s modulus, so the structure acts ‘incompressible’ for most loadings) to 0.28, depending on the dimension ratios. The work provides insight into the role of structural organization and hierarchy in regulating the mechanical behavior of materials, and new opportunities for developing low-weight cellular structures with tailorable properties.     

A Quantitative study of minimum sizes of representative volume elements of cubic polycrystals—numerical experiments

The concept of representative volume element (RVE) plays a key role in correlating the properties of microscopically heterogeneous materials with those of their macroscopically homogenized ones. However, up to now little quantitative knowledge is available about RVE scales or sizes of various engineering materials, which have been becoming a necessity due to the rapid development of, for instance, microelectromechanical systems. A new and convenient definition of the minimum RVE size is introduced. Then more than 500 kinds of cubic polycrystalline material in the planar stress state are numerically tested. The major finding from these numerical experiments is that the RVE size for the effective shear modulus (as well as the Young's modulus) depends roughly linearly upon the anisotropy degree of the single crystal, while the effective area modulus does not. For the latter observation a theoretical proof is also given. With a maximum relative error 5%, all the materials tested (with one exception) have a minimal RVE size of 20 or less times as large as the grain size.     

Characterization of the Orthotropic Elastic Constants of a Micronic Woven Wire Mesh via Digital Image Correlation

Woven structures are steadily emerging as excellent reinforcing components in dual-phase composite materials subjected to multiaxial loads, thermal shock, and aggressive reactants in the environment. Metallic woven wire mesh materials in particular display good ductility and relatively high specific strength and specific resilience. While use of this class of materials is rapidly expanding, a significant gap in property characterization remains. This research classifies the homogenized, orthotropic material properties of a representative twill dutch woven wire mesh through the use of in-plane uniaxial tensile experiments incorporating a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) strain measurement technique. Values for elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are calculated from the experimental data, and shear modulus values are identified by means of constitutive modeling. This approach establishes a reproducible method for characterizing the in-plane elastic response of micronic metallic woven materials via macro-scale uniaxial tensile tests, and shows that a homogenous orthotropic constitutive model may be employed to describe the macro-scale elasticity of this class of materials with reasonable accuracy.     

考虑微结构连接性的双尺度结构自然频率拓扑优化

多孔材料因具有轻量化、高孔隙率和减振/散热等优良多物理特性,在航空航天等领域具有广阔应用前景。采用拓扑优化方法对含多种多孔材料的结构进行结构与材料微结构构型一体化设计,有助于获得具有优良力学性能的结构设计。然而,传统逆均匀化微结构设计方法无法确保不同多孔材料微结构之间的连接性,设计结果不具备可制造性。本文面向含多种多孔材料的双尺度结构基频最大化设计问题,考虑不同微结构之间的连接性,协同设计多孔材料的微结构构型及其在宏观尺度下的布局。采用均匀化方法计算多孔材料的宏观等效力学性能,通过对不同多孔材料微结构单胞的边界区域采用相同的拓扑描述确保双尺度优化过程中任意空间排布下不同微结构的连接性,并通过优化算法确定微结构间的连接形式及微结构拓扑。在宏观尺度,提出结合离散材料插值模型和RAMP插值模型RAMP (Rational Approximation of Material Properties)的多孔材料各向异性宏观等效刚度及质量插值模型,获得清晰的多孔材料宏观尺度布局并减轻优化过程中伪振动模态的影响。建立以双尺度结构基频最大化为目标,以材料用量为约束的优化列式,推导灵敏度表达式,并基于梯度优化算法求解双尺度结构拓扑优化问题。数值算例表明,采用本文优化方法能够有效确保基频最大化双尺度结构设计中不同多孔材料微结构之间的连接性,增强优化设计结果的可制造性。     

Connexions between the moduli for anistropic elastic materials

Summary For homogeneous isotropic elastic materials there are simple interrelations connecting Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, the rigidity modulus and the modulus of compression. However for anisotropic materials the situation is quite different. Young's modulus is a function of direction and Poisson's ratio and the rigidity modulus are functions of pairs of orthogonal directions. Here some simple universal connexions between the moduli for various directions are simply derived for general anisotropic materials. No particular symmetry is assumed in the material.