T-T吸收剂脱硫模型的改进及与双流体模型的耦合

原有T-T吸收剂固硫模型以时间作为反应状态参数,无法用于欧拉法脱硫模拟.为此,基于钙转化率的概念,对已有的T-T吸收剂脱硫模型进行了改进.改进的模型形式简单,反应速率与钙转化率的平方呈双线性分布,模型中快慢反应的转折点和反应终止点均随温度升高而增大,表征了反应活性的提高.进一步推导了吸收剂钙转化率的输运方程并对两相质量守恒方程和SO2组分方程进行了修改,将脱硫模型与两相流模型进行了耦合,为循环流化床脱硫数值模拟打下了基础.     

贝壳和石灰石的最佳固硫反应温度与微观结构特性

为寻找钙基材料最佳固硫反应温度存在的原因,在对其硫化反应过程进行分析的基础上,对贝壳和石灰石的微观结构特性进行了实验研究;研究认为:反应过程中气体在颗粒内部微孔内的扩散阻力是影响最佳固硫反应温度的主要因素。在流化床和热分析条件下,对贝壳、石灰石两类材料的硫化反应温度特性进行了实验验证,结果表明:由于贝壳的内部微孔连通性好,气体流动阻力小且平均孔径是石灰石的10-30倍,因而其最佳固硫反应温度比石灰石高出50-150℃。     

氧化铁对石灰中温烟气脱硫活化机理的流化床实验分析

运用小型热态流化床对石灰与氧化铁混合物的中温烟气脱硫反应特性再次进行了分析。研究表明:在石灰中掺入一定比例的氧化铁可以显著提高钙利用率,氧化钙晶粒以氧化铁颗粒为核心进行固硫反应,破坏了形成表层致密产物层的条件,改变了石灰表层孔隙结构,使更多的内部孔隙暴露,为同硫反应向纵深发展创造了条件。     

钙基CO2吸收剂的种类和粒径对循环煅烧/碳酸化的影响

在流化床反应器内研究了吸收剂种类(石灰石、白云石)和颗粒粒径(90～200μm和200～450μm)对钙基吸收剂碳酸化特性、煅烧特性以及循环稳定性的影响,并对新型CaO/Ca12Al14O33吸收剂的循环稳定性进行研究.结果表明:钙基吸收剂在流化床内均能有效吸收CO2.在碳酸化阶段,吸收剂种类对吸收剂的吸收特性影响较大,而颗粒粒径对其影响较小;在煅烧阶段,CaCO3分解速率随颗粒粒径的减小而增大.随着循环反应次数的增加,钙基吸收剂反应活性下降,相对于白云石和石灰石,CaO/Ca12Al14O33具有更高的循环稳定性,并在七次循环后活性不再发生变化.对于石灰石吸收剂,循环稳定性随循环次数的变化受粒径影响较小.白云石吸收剂由于在循环中容易破碎,因此粒径对其循环稳定性有一定的影响.     

蒸汽活化钙基吸收剂用于干法烟气脱硫的实验研究

本文简化模拟实验了燃煤锅炉省煤器后的干法烟气脱硫方案．在沉降炉上实验研究了蒸汽活化对钙基吸收剂脱硫（４００～８００℃）效果的影响．结果表明,蒸汽活化能显著改善钙基吸收剂的微孔结构,提高其转化率．在４００到６００℃下反应产物以亚硫酸钙为主,７００到８００℃反应产物以硫酸钙为主。     

惰性颗粒流化床中低浓度煤层气燃烧特性实验

采用实验的方法,在鼓泡流化床燃烧装置中研究了低浓度煤层气在床内的流动和燃烧特性,考察了床层温度、气体浓度、流化风速及床料颗粒特性等操作条件变化对甲烷转化率和燃烧产物的影响。研究表明:床层温度升高,甲烷转化率显著增加;增加流化风速及进气甲烷浓度,甲烷转化率减小;颗粒粒径增加,甲烷转化率增加;CO排放浓度随床层温度的升高先增加后降低,并在床层温度约850℃时达到其最大峰值,沿流化床轴向高度CO的排放浓度先增加后降低,呈钟型分布。     

高CO2浓度下钙基吸收剂脱硫的实验研究

本文进行了高CO2浓度下钙基吸收剂脱硫的实验研究.结果表明,高浓度CO2下钙基吸收剂的脱硫效率随脱硫时间的变化与空气条件下显著不同.孔隙结构分析及热重分析等手段表明高CO2浓度主要影响了钙基吸收剂的煅烧分解过程,形成了有利于脱硫反应的孔隙结构.实验结果还表明提高温度有利于改善高浓度CO2气氛下钙基吸收剂煅烧后孔隙结构,在适当的脱硫时间内,高温下高浓度CO2气氛比空气气氛更有利于炉内喷钙脱硫.     

纳米CaCO3作固硫剂的基础研究

本文主要研究纳米碳酸钙与固硫有关的微观物理特性和固硫特性。研究表明,纳米碳酸钙有较好的利于固硫反应的微观物理特性和固硫特性,但固硫效果的好坏同结构特性有关,并且固硫特性受温度条件的支配影响,纳米碳酸钙用作喷钙吸收剂已具备一定的实用意义     

CaO孔隙形成与钙转化的实验研究

本文采用变升温速率煅烧和改变煅烧温度探索孔隙形成的特点,同时利用热重分析进行硫化反应,分析煅烧产物的钙转化率,结果表明升温速率和煅烧温度对孔隙特性有重要影响,此外硫化反应对孔径分布有特定要求。     

NO2对中温干法脱硫反应影响的实验研究

利用鼓泡床反应器对NO2对中温干法脱硫反应的影响开展了实验研究.分别采用分析纯CaO和工业级石灰两种物质作为吸收剂,在250℃和350℃两个反应温度下研究NO2对吸收剂转化率的影响.结果表明,NO2的存在可以提高吸收剂转化率;250℃下NO2的作用显著高于350℃;250℃下NO2浓度的增加对吸收剂转化率基本没有影响;在350℃时,对于分析纯CaO,NO2浓度的增加降低了吸收剂转化率,这主要是由于SO2与NO2的竞争反应引起的;工业级石灰内含杂质较多,对一些反应有催化作用,因而其反应现象与分析纯CaO略有不同.     

对理想气体方程pV=NkBT的讨论

应用统计物理的方法重点研究量子理想气体,得到其物态方程为pV=NkBT(1 △),并对量子近独立粒子之间的统计关联作了讨论,从而证明pV=NkBT对理想气体不一定成立.     

部分回热回注蒸汽燃气轮机循环的研究

1前言自从美国国际动力技术公司的程大献先生于1976—1981年间提出“双工质平行一复合循环热机”发明专利后，这种回注蒸汽燃气轮机（STIG）循环已在数个国家的多种型号的燃气轮机装置上得到应用，并取得实效。众所周知，回热燃气轮机具有较高热效率，而STIG循环具有高比?..     

从量纲分析观点看气体物态方程

从量纲分析的观点出发讨论气体物态方程的形式.指出理想气体的物态方程由量纲特征确定到只差一常数;玻意耳气体族的物态方程族由量纲特征完全确定;还给出了非理想气体物态方程的一般形式.     

He/C3H8(60/40)气体增益的实验研究

利用正比计数管测量了氦基混合气体He/C3H8(60/40)在55Fe 5.9keV X射线下的气体增益，并对气体增益随高压、温度、气压及气体比分的变化作了研究. 作为比较还对He/CH4(60/40)及Ar/CO2/CH4(89/10/1)混合气体进行了相应的测量.     

小型天然气液化装置在我国天然气工业中的应用前景分析

天然气是一种洁净的能源,在国家环保安全和能源保障方面具有重要意义。液化天然气是天然气推广应用的重要形式。文中分析了小型天然气液化装置在我国天然气工业上游的零散气田和边远气田天然气、油田伴生气以及煤层气等领域和下游的液化天然气汽车和城市燃气调峰等领域的应用前景,指出小型天然气液化装置的应用将推动我国天然气工业的发展,为我国的能源结构调整和可持续发展发挥作用。     

关于理想气体的绝热过程方程

求出经典和量子理想气体的绝热过程方程，并进行了一些必要的讨论．     

Relaxation of femtosecond photoexcited electrons in a polar indirect band-gap semiconductor nanoparticle

A model calculation is given for the energy relaxation of a non-equilibrium distribution of hot electrons (holes) prepared in the conduction (valence) band of a polar indirect band-gap semiconductor, which has been subjected to homogeneous photoexcitation by a femtosecond laser pulse. The model assumes that the pulsed photoexcitation creates two distinct but spatially interpenetrating electron and hole non-equilibrium subsystems that initially relax non-radiatively through the electron (hole)-phonon processes towards the conduction (valence) band minimum (maximum), and finally radiatively through the phonon-assisted electron-hole recombination across the band-gap, which is a relatively slow process. This leads to an accumulation of electrons (holes) at the conduction (valence) band minimum (maximum). The resulting peaking of the carrier density and the entire evolution of the hot electron (hole) distribution has been calculated. The latter may be time resolved by a pump-probe study. The model is particularly applicable to a divided (nanometric) polar indirect band-gap semiconductor with a low carrier concentration and strong electron-phonon coupling, where the usual two-temperature model [1-4] may not be appropriate.     

Recent Progress in Chemiluminescence for Gas Analysis

Abstract

Chemiluminescence is frequently used as a powerful analytical tool for gas analysis. In this mini-review with 102 references, we summarize the recent advances in chemiluminescence-based analytical methodologies and their application in gas/volatile species analysis, mainly including applications of ozone-induced chemiluminescence, cataluminescence-based gas sensors and arrays, and dielectric barrier discharge–induced chemiluminescence for gas analysis. Efforts in the innovation of the methodologies, the exploration of new sensing materials, and the mechanism studies are discussed in detail.     

Oxide Materials for Development of Integrated Gas Sensors—A Comprehensive Review

In the recent past a great deal of research efforts were directed toward the development of miniaturized gas-sensing devices, particularly for toxic gas detection and for pollution monitoring. Though various techniques are available for gas detection, solid state metal oxides offer a wide spectrum of materials and their sensitivities for different gaseous species, making it a better choice over other options. In this article a critical parameter analysis of different metal oxides that are known to be sensitive to various gaseous species are thoroughly examined. This includes phase of the oxide, sensing gaseous species, operating temperature range, and physical form of the material for the development of integrated gas sensors. The oxides that are covered in this study include oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, ruthenium, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, and the mixed or multi-component metal oxides. They cover gases such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₅OH, C₃H₈, H₂, H₂S, NH₃, NO, NO₂, O₂, O₃, SO₂, acetone, dimethylamine (DMA), humidity, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), petrol, trimethylamine (TMA), smoke, and many others. Both doped and undoped oxides are analyzed for the compatibility with silicon processing conditions and hybrid microcircuit fabrication techniques. In silicon processing conditions, they are further analyzed for the suitability for simple silicon surfaces, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) surfaces, and micromachined silicon geometries for different operating temperatures. Discussion on gas-sensing properties of each material and its applications are described in the text in alphabetical order of the elemental oxides. Further, the gas-sensing properties like sensitivity, detection limits, operating temperature, and so on are summarized in tables al ong with relevant references. The figures incorporated in the present review are primarily based on discussions and data in tables. However, these figures provide a qualitative comparison and present a pictorial view to examine suitability of a material for a particular application. From the known parameters, the present study clearly indicates the suitability of certain materials and the gases that they cover for the development of integrated micro gas sensors. A clear picture has been brought out for the development of silicon-based processing technology. Various parameters are discussed for the selection of these materials, to examine their suitability and practical problems that are being associated. Etching of these metal oxides and the reliability of devices are also discussed.     

溢流期间气体沿井眼膨胀规律研究

气体沿井眼体积的变化规律对于溢流检测技术、压井方法和井控措施的及时采取至关重要,为了正确认识气体沿井眼上升体积变化规律,本文在接近钻井实际工况下对气侵进行了模拟,包括单个气泡沿井眼膨胀规律及连续进气时井底压力的变化规律,并取得了初步认识,对今后的安全钻井具有一定的指导意义.