声波多次往返叠加对相位比较法测量声速的影响

相位比较法测量声速实验中,由于声波在传输过程中存在衰减、反射以及在收、发换能器之间多次反射叠加,当收、发换能器间距较小时,发射信号和接收信号合成的李萨如图形变化规律与理论不一致,即,接收器移动1个波长的距离,示波器中观察到合成直线段在同相和反相区域分别连续出现多次,该现象影响了学生对实验现象的判断和实验测量.本文通过理论计算分析,声波在收、发换能器之间的多次往复反射叠加次数增加,声波传输衰减小和换能器表面反射系数大会增大该现象产生的强度和持续的空间范围,理论计算直观地说明了接收器接收的声压信号与空气振动信号之间的关系和利用相位比较法测量声速的合理性.     

水中声速测量实验的模型修正

在共振干涉法和相位比较法测量介质的声速实验中,通常的实验模型是考虑发射声波与在接收换能器上反射的声波进行叠加,在特定条件下形成驻波.然而在水中的声速测量中,实验现象与该模型不完全相符.考虑声波在发射和接收换能器间的多次反射,同时叠加声波在水-空气界面反射的影响,提出了修正模型并进行Mathematica仿真.结果表明液面高度对实验现象有较大影响.     

驻波法测量声速实验的系统误差分析

在驻波法测量声速的实验中,系统误差产生的主要原因是:声波在两端面间多次反射,入射波与反射波并非形成理想驻波;能量损耗以及回程差等。为此,在实验中应采取的措施是:选定压电换能器的反射面与接收面的距离后开始测量;准确判断测量点(极大值的位置);以及改进仪器设备等。     

声速测定数据的处理方法

１引言用极值法测定声波波长［１］：当超声声速测定仪接收器与声源的距离改变时，接收器处的声压振幅将交替出现极大值和极小值，两相邻极大值或极小值之间的距离为λ２，极大值与极小值的数值不随接收器与声源的距离而变化。据此可以测定声波波长λ。实验测量各极大值之...     

原子光刻中驻波场与基片距离的判定方法研究

原子光刻实验中, 激光驻波场能起到原子透镜的效果, 实现原子汇聚. 激光驻波场与沉积基片间的距离对形成纳米条纹结构的质量具有重要影响. 利用高斯光束传播规律, 提出了一种能够定量判断激光驻波场与沉积基片相对位置的实验方法. 该方法通过调节装载有凸透镜和反射镜的精密位移台改变驻波场距基片的距离, 利用光电探测器接收反射光强的变化, 将位移改变量转变为接收器的电压信号. 利用驻波场激光束光斑直径值, 实现准确定位驻波场与基片的距离. 对上述实验过程进行数值模拟, 数值计算的结果和实验结果高度符合. 该方法实现了准确定位驻波场距基片的距离, 为后续深入研究驻波场和基片间距离对沉积纳米条纹结构质量的影响提供实验基础.     

固体板中超声驻波场的高阶光弹条纹

利用动态光弹法观测了超声波在固体板内多次反射形成的驻波。通过相干叠加增大声波应力,使得动态光弹实验中偏振光的相位变化大于一个周期,从而观测到固体内超声波由行波转化为驻波的过程,并对高阶干涉条纹反映的驻波场特性进行了讨论。通过对声波应力进行定量测量,评估了固体板中超声驻波的激发效率。本文的工作为利用动态光弹法研究透明固体中的高强度声波提供了一种可行的方法。      

驻波法测量声速实验的探讨

通过建立起声波无限次反射的模型,对用驻波法测量声速实验的原理进行探讨.利用该模型拟合实验结果、分析实验数据和现象,揭示了理论的合理性及尚存的局限.     

声速测量实验中界面反射问题的探讨

探讨在声速测量实验中,声波在发射器和接收器两个端面之间反向形成极大值的位置和条件,以及声波强度随距离变化的规律。这有利于学生正确实验和理解声波特性。     

驻波法测量声速实验中的非完全驻波

用驻波法测量声速是大学物理实验中普遍采用的实验.如图所示,超声信号发生器的功率输出电信号加在压电陶瓷换能器A上,使其因逆压电效应成为超声波发生源,发出的一束声波在空气中传播到换能器B.如发射面和接受面相互平行,就使一部分超声波被接受面反射回去.     

微波光学综合实验仪上的驻波探讨

通过对DHMS-1微波光学综合实验仪不同分光板与接收器之间驻波比的测量,定性地讨论了不同材料对电磁波反射的影响,并利用两者之间的行驻波简便地测量了电磁波的自由空间波长,与实际值相比基本吻合.     

声速测量实验原理讨论

对空气中声速测量实验原理进行了讨论,考虑了空气对声波的吸收,分别用平面波和球面波表示发射探头和接收探头之间的声波,导出了接收声压的表达式,分析了声压随探头间距的变化规律.结果表明,尽管声场不是理想驻波,但声压极值随探头间距按半波长周期性的变化规律与驻波共振原理得到的结论相一致,然而3种原理在解释接收声压幅值衰减规律时存在差异,其中球面波原理与实验现象最吻合.     

声速测定中“驻波共振”条件的讨论

对超声声速测定仪发射器与接收器之间合成波进行了分析，由此对驻波共振条件进行解释。     

驻波声场中悬浮临界密度及稳定性研究

本文以声场中物体为研究对象,理论上得到行波和驻波场中的声辐射压力方程.在驻波声场中引入临界悬浮密度概念,可作为物体能否在非线性声场中悬浮的判据,同时给出谐振腔移动速度的最大范围.更进一步,以实验参数作为数值计算的输入来指导实验,并结合实验结果讨论了驻波声场中样品密度和大小、发射面和反射面形状以及两者之间的距离、反射面的尺寸等因素对物体悬浮稳定性的影响,发现当物体尺寸和密度确定时,调控好谐振腔的长度,增加波腹处的声压是提升声悬浮稳定性的有效手段.     

Complex order fractional Fourier transforms and their use in diffraction theory. Application to optical resonators

The electromagnetic field transfer by diffraction from a spherical emitter to a spherical receiver is expressed by a fractional Fourier transform whose order depends on the distance between the emitter and the receiver and their curvature radii. Special attention is paid to complex order transforms: scaled variables and scaled field amplitudes are defined by complying with mathematical consistency. For a given distance of observation, a simple geometrical condition is set up to determine whether the corresponding transform order is a real or a complex number. The result is applied to check the stability of optical resonators.     

Near-field acoustic characteristics of screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard reflecting plate

The standing wave in the near field of the screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard plate works on the jet flow as the forcing wave by the location of a reflecting plate, and then jet flow is considered to be changed. Moreover, the reflector location from the nozzle changes the sound pressure contours of the near field. Intensity maps of the screech tone which indicate the propagation to the jet axial direction or the radial direction of the jet by the presence of the reflector plate have not been explored. In the present paper, acoustic characteristics in the near field of the screech tone with the reflecting plate are studied using an optical wave microphone, which can measure the sound propagating for both vertical and horizontal directions to the jet axis. As a result, the standing wave in the near field of the screech jet with the reflector has two types: One is the standing wave between the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation propagating jet downstream and the sound pressure propagating upstream, and the other is the standing wave by the difference between the wavelength of the sound wave and the wavelength at the place close to the jet.     

On the effect of absorption on multiple wave-scattering in a magnetized turbulent plasma

Multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves by a plane layer of a turbulent magnetized collision plasma is considered. The influence of the distance between both the emitter and the receiver and the layer boundaries is analysed. It is found that the width of the angular spectrum of the received radiation for sufficiently strong absorption in the plasma is greater than in the collisionless plasma; the spectral maximum is substantially displaced with respect to the direction of the source. It is shown that these effects are weakened when the emitter approaches the layer. The relationship between the spectral width and also the displacement of its maximum and the distance from the receiver to the layer boundary may be substantially non-monotonic.     

On the effect of absorption on multiple wave-scattering in a magnetized turbulent plasma

Abstract

Multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves by a plane layer of a turbulent magnetized collision plasma is considered. The influence of the distance between both the emitter and the receiver and the layer boundaries is analysed. It is found that the width of the angular spectrum of the received radiation for sufficiently strong absorption in the plasma is greater than in the collisionless plasma; the spectral maximum is substantially displaced with respect to the direction of the source. It is shown that these effects are weakened when the emitter approaches the layer. The relationship between the spectral width and also the displacement of its maximum and the distance from the receiver to the layer boundary may be substantially non-monotonic.     

Experimental study on the surface stress measurement with Rayleigh wave detection technique

In this paper, experimental study on the surface stress measurement of a metallic material based on the Rayleigh wave acoustoelastic theory is introduced. A Rayleigh wave acoustoelastic formula deduced by Husson is optimized to estimate the surface stress of the material. Two micro Rayleigh wave transducers with 5 MHz frequency one of which is used for acoustic pulse emitter and another for receiver are used to determine the time of flight of Rayleigh wave propagating in a certain distance along the surface of the material. The difference in time of flight between two ultrasonic signals obtained in stressed and unstressed object surface is identified by the digital correlation method. A specimen made of Q235 steel and applied with tensile load is used for calibration to obtain the acoustoelastic coefficients of Q235 steel. Furthermore, some principal factors which may result in errors in the experiment are discussed and some measurements are proposed to prevent these errors. Finally the surface stress of a cantilever beam is detected by the Rayleigh wave acoustoelastic technique and the experimental result is well compared with the theoretical value.     

Single frequency sound propagation in flat waveguides with locally reactive impedance boundaries

A coherent image source method is presented for evaluating single frequency sound propagation from a point source in a flat waveguide with two infinite and parallel locally reactive boundaries. The method starts from formulating reflections of the spherical sound radiation into integrals of plane wave expansion, and the analytical evaluation of the integrals is simplified by introducing a physically plausible assumption that wave front shapes remain the same before and after each reflection on a reflective boundary. The proposed model can determine coherently the sound fields at arbitrary receiver locations in a flat waveguide, even when one boundary is highly sound absorptive. Being compared with the classical wave theory and the existing coherent ray-based methods, it is shown that the proposed method provides considerable accuracy and advantages to predict sound propagation in flat waveguides with a sound absorptive ceiling and a reflective floor over a broad frequency range, particularly at large distances from the source where the existing methods are problematic.