超声聚焦探头在固体中辐射声场的动态光弹测量方法

超声聚焦探头在声场聚焦区域具有很高的检测灵敏度和分辨力,是工业超声检测中常用的探头。聚焦探头在固体中的聚焦特性直接影响检测效果,其传统测量方法通过水中聚焦参数间接换算而来,结果存在一定的误差。动态光弹法可以直接观测透明固体中的探头辐射声场,具有直观、无反射体或水听器的浸入影响、全场观测等特征。进一步采用圆偏振光并结合Senarmont补偿法,可精确测量透明固体中探头辐射声场的绝对应力分布,给出聚焦探头在固体中的聚焦参数,包括焦距、焦柱长度和焦斑宽度。实验测量结果与有限元仿真计算及小球反射法测量结果吻合较好,表明了动态光弹法定量测量聚焦探头辐射声场的可行性。     

液电冲击波在液固介质中的传播观测*

冲击波是一种高速瞬态的强烈非线性波动现象,在流体力学和材料力学、国防军工等领域有重要的学术意义和应用价值。冲击波在液体和固体介质中的清晰观测比较困难,但这种研究又不可或缺。该文采用高压电火花放电技术在水中产生厘米级的球形空泡,空泡膨胀后接着收缩崩塌,在极短时间和极小空间内释放出的能量在水中产生冲击波。结合纹影法和动态光弹法,使用高速摄像机和脉冲激光器组成的纹影-动态光弹法冲击波观测系统,可实现冲击波在液固介质中传播过程的高分辨率观测,为进一步研究冲击波的相关理论和应用技术提供了一种实验手段。     

显示固体中声场的光学方法

光弹法是一种观察透明固体中声场的有效方法.本文介绍了我们实际采用的光弹法声场显示的装置、原理及部分拍摄的声场照片.另外,文章对线偏振光系统声应力测量提出了一种简便的方法,解决了光弹法声场定量测量的一些具体问题.     

声弹法测量圆板平面应力分布

利用声弹效应和声双折射效应,通过测量圆板试件在径向加载下平面各点声波沿厚度方向传播的纵波、编振方向正交的两个横波声速来确定各点主应力和主应力差,并导出相应的计算应力公式,测量结果与理论值基本相符,并和光弹法结果作了间接比较——根据计算应力公式绘出了应力差等值线和光弹法测量结果比较,表明二者应力差分布规律基本一致.     

用脉冲光声法测量固体介质中声速

提出了一种利用脉冲光声技术测量固体介质中声速的方法,建立了由YAG激光器和超声探测器组成的实验系统,脉冲激光在固体表面产生脉冲超声波,通过测量脉冲声波在固体内多次反射后的出射信号及固体的厚度,即可算出固体介质中的声速.对黄铜及铝的测量结果表明,这是一种准确性较高的固体介质中声速测量方法.该测量方法可作为综合设计性物理实...     

光弹法测量超声换能器声场

超声换能器声场的测试对于超声检测具有基础性作用,而传统的超声换能器声场测试方法具有一些局限性。本文介绍了搭建的动态激光光弹实验平台,并利用动态光弹法测量了纵波换能器和横波换能器辐射声场的特征,由瞬态声场图像获得了传声介质的声波速度及超声换能器的中心频率;由稳态声场图像获得了声场的近场长度、指向性和扩散角等参数;分析了光弹实验系统和测量方法可能引起测量误差。本文结果表明动态光弹法是一种有效的定量测量超声换能器声场的方法。     

利用激光多普勒测振仪的空气耦合超声声场测量*

进行了空气耦合超声声场测量的实验研究。使用激光多普勒测振仪测量由声波引起的激光路径上的介质折射率变化,进而得到空气和固体材料内部的时域瞬态声压。通过直接测量空耦换能器的辐射声功率,给出对单个空耦换能器灵敏度的直接评价方法。用空耦换能器激励K9玻璃板的漏兰姆波,观测到空气中的直达波和反射波、固体板内和空气中的漏兰姆波,实现了空气和固体中微弱声波的非侵入式实验测量,为空耦换能器的特性评估和空耦检测系统的声场测量提供了实验方法。     

台阶板中兰姆波A0模式传播特性的光弹研究

为了研究变壁厚结构中兰姆波的传播特性，以K9玻璃制成的台阶板为波导，运用动态光弹法实现了兰姆波在阶梯板中传播过程的可视化。使用MATLAB对兰姆波的理论应力分布进行了仿真，将仿真结果与光弹图像相对比以进行模式识别。此外，根据兰姆波的动态光弹图像计算了特定模式的相速度，并与相速度频散曲线相对比，以支持模式识别的结果。对4mm-3mm和4mm-2mm厚度差台阶板进行了对比分析。研究发现在激励目标模式的兰姆波时，可能会出现非目标模式，并且兰姆波的模态转换与频散程度与台阶处的厚度差有关。本文的结果可对具有相同性质类似结构材料的无损检测提供参考。     

残余应力对光弹实验中超声图像的干扰分析

动态光弹成像技术是观测固体内部超声应力场的重要手段,然而样品在制作过程中会产生残余应力,给观测带来一定干扰,特别是缺陷附近的应力集中效应,使得缺陷散射声场的研究更为困难。本文利用线性应力理论分析了超声应力与残余应力的相互关系,并推导出该叠加应力场在光弹系统中的光强表达式,通过实验验证,证明了该理论的可行性。本文结果可为应力集中区域的散射声场分析提供借鉴。     

超声换能器辐射场应力定量测量方法研究

提出了一种基于动态光弹观测系统的超声换能器在透明固体中辐射场应力定量测量新方法。该方法关注到激光束穿过非均匀应力区时的双折射累积效应和Senarmont补偿法均匀应力假设与真实应力非均匀分布之间的差异,利用滤波反投影算法重建出应力场;根据应力与换能器激励电压的线性关系,用4种激励电压动态校准重建后的应力数据。实验定量测量了圆形晶片超声换能器在固体内部辐射的瞬态纵波场的应力分布,结果表明应力幅值与激励电压成正比,符合线性规律。     

Long-gauge length embedded fiber optic ultrasonic sensor for large-scale concrete structures

A fiber optic ultrasonic sensor based on Fizeau interferometer has been developed and demonstrated. A helium–neon laser light source with wavelength 0.6328 μm is used in our experiment. A special feature is its Fizeau configuration, which enables one to eliminate much undesirable noise by combining both the reference arm and the sensing arm within the same length of fiber. The dynamic response model of photo-elastic effect of ultrasonic wave and optical fiber is established. The fiber optic ultrasonic sensor experimental results are obtained and compared with the convenient PZT transducer.     

Leap behavior of ultrasonic standing waves in the liquids

The generation and behavior of ultrasonic standing waves was modeled using the light cut method for transparent fluid. The oscillations of the fluid surface in initial moment of switching on ultrasound and appearance of standing wave channel were observed. The effect of continuous fluid depth decrease and increase on the behavior of ultrasonic standing wave channel was studied. The ultrasonic standing wave channel floated in the liquid between of the crucible bottom and fluid surface and discretely changed its height by half ultrasonic wavelength with the decrease or increase of the liquid level. This channel had the behavior of a “quasi solid state” and damped of convection.     

Fiber optic liquid leak detection technique with an ultrasonic actuator and a fiber Bragg grating

We present a technique for liquid leak detection in which ultrasonic and optical waves are introduced into a fiber simultaneously. The system is based on an ultrasonic technique using an ultrasonic actuator and a fiber Bragg grating receiver. A fiber-guided ultrasonic wave is utilized to stress the fiber Bragg grating, which is remote from the ultrasonic transmitter. When the traveling ultrasonic wave encounters a liquid, part of the wave will leak out from the fiber, which results in an ultrasonic strain decrease in the fiber Bragg grating. The ultrasonic wave and its attenuation are detected by the light variation of a narrowband laser source reflected and transmitted from the fiber Bragg grating, and the amplitude variation of the ultrasound can eventually be correlated with the fiber area coupled with the liquid.     

Influence of ultrasonic surface acoustic waves. on local friction studied by lateral force microscopy

We studied dynamic friction phenomena introduced by ultrasonic surface acoustic waves using a scanning force microscope in the lateral force mode and a scanning acoustic force microscope. An effect of friction reduction was found when applying surface acoustic waves to the micro-mechanical tip-sample contact. Employing standing acoustic wave fields, the wave amplitude dependent friction variation can be visualized within a microscopic area. At higher wave amplitudes, a regime was found where friction vanishes completely. This behavior is explained by the mechanical diode effect, where the tip's rest position is shifted away from the surface in response to ultrasonic waves.     

超声驻波场粒子二维运动控制机理与模型研究*

为了将正交超声驻波技术用于多晶硅陷光结构网格化微加工,以达到均匀加工的目的,本文从理论、模拟和实验等方面研究了粒子由无规则排列到超声作用后形成二维网格状排列的运动过程,网格化控制机理,并建立了二维运动方程。计算机仿真结果与实验结果一致,表明应用超声驻波进行网格化微纳加工设想是可行的。     

驻波法测量声速实验的讨论

根据声波在2个换能器之间多次反射和声波在空气中的衰减,研究了驻波法测量声速实验中接收器输出信号随接收器到发送器间距离的变化.理论推导结果表明:声波在一般情况下不是严格的驻波,但是当反射比接近-1时则是双曲函数形式的驻波,这与实验测量结果一致.只有接收器到发送器的距离比较远,反射比接近-1时,才能得到几乎理想的驻波.     

Viability of yeast cells in well controlled propagating and standing ultrasonic plane waves

Recent studies have shown that there is no loss of cell viability when the cells are subjected to ultrasonic standing wave fields in acoustic cell retention systems. These systems are characterised by waves that spatially vary in pressure amplitude in the direction of sound propagation. In this work an anechoic 'one-dimensional' sonication chamber has been developed that produces propagating waves, which differ from standing waves in that the pressure amplitude remains constant as the wave travels in a medium with negligible attenuation. The viability of yeast cell suspensions as a function of treatment time was investigated during exposure to both standing and propagating wave fields with frequencies slightly above 2 MHz. The influence of 12% (vol/vol) of ethanol in water on the spatial arrangement of the cells in suspension was also studied. Changes in yeast cell morphology caused by the different types of suspension media and the ultrasonic treatment were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The agglomeration of yeast cells within the pressure nodal planes appears to minimise damaging effects due to ultrasonic fields.     

驻波法测量声速实验中的非完全驻波

驻波法测量空气中的声速实验中 ,由于反射波的振幅小于正向波的振幅 ,合成后形成的是非完全驻波 ,实际上 ,这是一个驻波与行波的叠加。     

Investigation on ultrasonic volume effects: Stress superposition,acoustic softening and dynamic impact

Conventional high power ultrasonic vibration has been widely used to improve manufacturing processes like surface treatment and metal forming. Ultrasonic vibration affects material properties, leading to a flow stress reduction, which is called ultrasonic volume effect. The volume effect contains multi-mechanisms such as stress superposition due to oscillatory stress, acoustic softening by easier dislocation motion and dynamic impact leading to extra surface plastic deformation. However, most researches ignored the stress superposition for the convenience of measurement, and few studies considered ultrasonic dynamic impact since the relatively low ultrasonic energy in macro scale. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics and mechanisms of different ultrasonic volume effects in micro-forming. A 60 kHz longitudinal ultrasonic-assisted compression test system was developed and a series of ultrasonic-assisted compression tests at different amplitudes on commercially pure aluminum A1100 in micro-scale were carried out combining the surface analysis by SEM, EDX and micro-hardness test. Three different ultrasonic volume effects, stress superposition, acoustic softening and dynamic impact, were confirmed in the ultrasonic-assisted compression tests. In order to quantitatively predict stress superposition, a hybrid model for stress superposition is developed considering the elastic deformation of experimental apparatus in practice, the evolution of the modeling results fitted well with the experimental results. With low ultrasonic amplitude, stress superposition and acoustic softening occurred because vibrated punch contacted with the specimen all the time during compression. However, with higher amplitude, due to the extra surface plastic deformation by larger ultrasonic energy, forming stress was further reduced by the ultrasonic dynamic impact. A possible method to distinguish the effects of dynamic impact and acoustic softening is to analyze the waveform of the oscillatory stress in the process. In the case of ultrasonic dynamic impact effect, a higher amount of oxidation was observed on the specimen surface, which could be the result of local heating by surface plastic deformation and surface friction when the vibrated punch detached from the specimen. The findings of this study provide an instructive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of volume effects in ultrasonic-assisted micro-forming.