空气流场中气泡示踪粒子的跟随性研究

在流场速度场测量中 ,示踪粒子是显示流场运动的媒介和工具 ,示综粒子对流场的跟随性直接影响着流场速度场测量的精度。本文从 Bassat- Boussinesq- Oseen( BBO) [1 ]方程出发给出了粒子跟随性函数和粒子在匀角速旋转流体中的运动公式 ,讨论了影响示踪粒子跟随性的参数     

PIV系统水洞流场测量准确度与误差分析

为了改进粒子图像测速技术,分析限制PIV系统测量准确度的因素.利用PIV系统分析比较了水洞中无模型和圆球模型两种环境下的流场.6 m/s水速下,无模型流场测量PIV系统测量准确度优于1.3%.通过比较标准球模型流场理论值和测量结果,表明,所测量区域内大部分区域的测量准确度均优于2%,在球模型边界与靠近连接杆位置,误差达到6%~8%左右.对造成PIV测量误差的原因进行了探讨,为系统改进提供了参考.     

强梯度复杂流场中的粒子动力学响应试验研究

示踪粒子在(高)超声速流场中的动力学响应是粒子成像测速等粒子示踪测量技术的关键问题之一.现有文献对粒子动力学响应的试验测量往往是通过单个斜激波响应的测量方法.然而,当示踪粒子用于测量高速飞行器发动机内部复杂的激波串流场时,粒子将经历由多道激波导致的速度、压力、黏性等剧烈变化.本文结合目前(高)超声速飞行器的研究热潮,重点关注示踪粒子在应用于发动机内部具有连续激波的复杂流场测量中存在的跟随性评估方面,开展了一系列的相关试验研究.包括测量超声速风洞的喷管出口速度分布以验证测试系统的性能,在马赫4.2和3.0流场中测量了粒子对二维10°和15°单斜劈绕流中的斜激波动力响应,并测量了模拟发动机内部连续梯度的双斜劈粒子斜激波动力响应.结合粒子动力学的理论模型,得到了各状态的粒子弛豫时间、弛豫距离、Stokes数.基于图像方法、统计学规律分析了激波非定常抖动对测量结果的影响,并对测量结果进行了修正.结果显示,相同斜劈角度下,马赫数越高,粒子的弛豫时间、弛豫距离就越大.但是在相同的来流马赫数下,斜劈角度越大,粒子的弛豫时间、弛豫距离反而减小.在强梯度之后由于流场的雷诺数和黏性系数变化剧烈,粒子的跟随性降低了大约5.7%,stokes数增加了约1%.虽然在本文条件下Stokes数仍满足超声速流场对粒子跟随性的要求,但粒子响应的降低无疑是值得关注的,尤其是当其被应用于具有更多连续梯度的复杂流场测量中.     

扩散燃烧流场的PIV测试方法探讨

由于能提供高时空分辨率的瞬时流场信息,二维粒子成像速度仪(PIV)已广泛应用于燃烧流场的测量.本文利用PIV对甲烷同轴射流扩散燃烧的流场进行了测量,针对测量中出现的示踪粒子导入、火焰发光干涉、光强不均、数据处理等问题进行了分析和实验,获得了有效的解决办法和满意的测量结果.     

基于激光片光成像的脉冲防暴水炮粒度测量

根据PIVS方法,搭建了适用于脉冲射流的粒度测量系统,提出了相应的粒度测量算法.利用计算机生成的标准粒子图像,进行了算法验证.分别利用该系统和激光粒度仪对小型喷壶的稳态流场进行了比较测量.结果表明:该系统能够得到瞬时粒度图像,可以实现非稳态流场的粒度测量.     

镜像互换法在PIV近壁测量中的应用

较强的速度梯度大大限制了粒子图像测速技术(PIV)在近壁区域的测量精度。随着图像变形重采样技术的发展与推广,多重网格迭代变形算法(WIDIM)以及Interface-PIV的提出显著改善了这一问题,但其测量精度仍有进一步提高的空间。针对这一问题,本文发展了一种粒子图像预处理方法——镜像互换法,通过构造以壁面为基础的反对称流场,既能满足流场无滑移边界条件,同时又可维持正确的近壁面法向速度梯度,从而可以进一步提高无滑移壁面附近的速度测量精度与空间分辨率。与其他同类方法的对比结果表明,该方法大大降低了近壁速度的测量误差以及该区域的速度不确定度,并在压气机叶栅测量中得到了应用。     

PIV技术在气体界面不稳定性实验研究中的应用

采用粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术,以乙二醇烟雾作为示踪粒子,实验测量了平面激波作用下SF6气柱-空气界面Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性演化图像和二维速度场.测量结果揭示了不稳定性流场的典型特征和细微结构,与高速摄影和数值模拟结果符合,说明建立的PIV技术适...     

一种改进的光场μPIV反卷积重建算法

光场显微粒子图像测速技术(μPIV)利用Lucy-Richardson反卷积算法重建粒子场时需进行多次迭代计算,重建耗时长.为提高重建效率,本文利用光场μPIV流场测量过程中示踪粒子稀疏分布的特点,提出一种改进的反卷积重建算法.该算法以粒子场中非零元素与对应点扩散函数的乘积和代替粒子场与点扩散函数的卷积运算,减少了反卷...     

旋流非预混燃烧火焰流动特性的实验研究

利用粒子图像速度场测量技术(PIV)对不同工况下的旋流非预混燃烧流场进行了测量,考察不同燃空速度比下旋流火焰的流动特性.结果表明,轴向截面上径向平均速度流场以燃烧器轴线呈中心对称,轴向平均速度、轴向脉动速度和径向脉动速度沿燃烧器轴线成对称分布,且轴向平均速度和轴向脉动速度的最大值出现在轴线处.随燃空速度比的增大,轴向平均速度和脉动速度增大,随着与燃烧器表面的距离增加,流场截面上轴向平均速度和脉动速度差异不断减小.     

单相机离焦法测量粒子三维运动轨迹

本文提出一种测量空间粒子三维运动轨迹的新方法。该方法是当利用双孔透镜成像时,单点粒子在离焦光学成像系统中会形成包含粒子空间信息的两点像,根据粒子像在像平面上的位置和间距可以获取空间粒子的三维空间位置。本文用单点发光体模拟单点粒子,用ＣＣＤ摄像机连续摄取粒子的瞬时空间运动图像,用计算机对获得的图像进行处理,可以得到粒子三维运动轨迹。这种方法可以应用于三维流场的流动显示研究     

An experimental investigation of flow-induced acoustic resonance and flow field in a closed side branch system using a high time-resolved PIV technique

Abstract  

Systems with closed side branches are liable to an excitation of sound known as cavity tone. It may occur in pipe branches leading to safety valves or to boiler relief valves. The outbreak mechanism of the cavity tone has been ascertained by phase-averaged pressure measurements in previous research, while the relation between sound propagation and the flow field is still unclear due to the difficulty of detecting the instantaneous velocity field. It is possible to detect the two-dimensional instantaneous velocity field using high time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV). In this study, flow-induced acoustic resonance in a piping system containing closed side branches was investigated experimentally. A high time-resolved PIV technique was used to measure the gas flow in a cavity. Airflow containing oil mist as tracer particles was measured using a high-frequency pulse laser and a high-speed camera. The present investigation on the coaxial closed side branches is the first rudimentary study to visualize the fluid flow two-dimensionally in a cross-section using high time-resolved PIV, and to measure the pressure at the downstream side opening of the cavity by microphone. The fluid flows at different points in the cavity interact, with some phase differences between them, and the relation between the fluid flows was clarified.     

温度敏感型磁流体热磁对流特性研究

建立了描述外磁场作用下温度敏感型磁流体热磁对流特性的数学模型,数值模拟了回路中热磁对流的流动与传热特性.搭建了磁流体热磁对流回路装置,采用粒子示踪测速技术(PIV)测量了磁流体的流速,用热电偶测量了磁流体的温度分布.通过实验值和数值模拟结果,分析了不同磁场大小、不同热负荷,以及不同冷却温度下回路的运行特性.     

水洞流场PIV显示与分析系统离轴测试校正

粒子图像测速技术(PIV)通过测量被测流场截面上每一位置点的速度,获得整个被测流场的信息.在PIV一般应用中所使用的照明激光片光与成像CCD装置的拍摄方向是垂直的,在某些应用场合受测试条件的限制,需要采用离轴方式进行测量,此时CCD成像方向与照明的激光片光不垂直,而是有一定夹角.离轴测试方式将对PIV系统的光学成像系统、示踪粒子选择和粒子图像处理带来影响.实验采用Scheimpflug离轴聚焦的方法对表面镀银高反射率的示踪粒子进行成像,通过调整成像透镜与CCD像面的夹角可获得清晰的粒子成像,并利用网格校正板和软件计算处理等方法有效校正了由于离轴测试带来的影响.     

Optical evaluation methods in particle image velocimetry

Application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques for measurement of fluid velocities typically requires two steps. The first of these is the photography step, in which two exposures of a particle field, displaced between the exposures, are taken. The second step is the evaluation of the double-exposure particle pattern and production of appropriate particle velocities. Each of these steps involves optimization, which is usually specific to the experiment being conducted, and there is significant interaction between photographic parameters and evaluation characteristics. This paper will focus on the latter step, that of evaluation of the double-exposure photograph. In several parts of a PIV system, some performance advantage may be obtained by increasing use of optical processing over conventional digital image processing. Among the processes for which a performance advantage may be obtained are parallel or multiplex image interrogation and the evaluation of the Young's fringe pattern obtained from the scattered pattern from the double-exposure photograph. This paper will discuss parallel image interrogation and compare the performance of optical and numerical Fourier transform analysis of Young's fringes using speckle images.     

Time‐resolved X‐ray PIV technique for diagnosing opaque biofluid flow with insufficient X‐ray fluxes

X‐ray imaging is used to visualize the biofluid flow phenomena in a nondestructive manner. A technique currently used for quantitative visualization is X‐ray particle image velocimetry (PIV). Although this technique provides a high spatial resolution (less than 10 µm), significant hemodynamic parameters are difficult to obtain under actual physiological conditions because of the limited temporal resolution of the technique, which in turn is due to the relatively long exposure time (～10 ms) involved in X‐ray imaging. This study combines an image intensifier with a high‐speed camera to reduce exposure time, thereby improving temporal resolution. The image intensifier amplifies light flux by emitting secondary electrons in the micro‐channel plate. The increased incident light flux greatly reduces the exposure time (below 200 µs). The proposed X‐ray PIV system was applied to high‐speed blood flows in a tube, and the velocity field information was successfully obtained. The time‐resolved X‐ray PIV system can be employed to investigate blood flows at beamlines with insufficient X‐ray fluxes under specific physiological conditions. This method facilitates understanding of the basic hemodynamic characteristics and pathological mechanism of cardiovascular diseases.     

Flow measurement in a transonic centrifugal impeller Using a PIV

Laser velocimetries, such as LDV or laser-2-focus (L2F) velocimetry, have been widely used for a flow measurement in a high-speed rotating impeller. A particle image velocimetry (PIV) is one of the popular velocity measurement techniques for the ability to measure a velocity field. And a PIV offers an extensive velocity field in an extremely shorter measurement time than the laser velocimetries. In the present experiment, a PIV was applied to a flow measurement in a transonic centrifugal impeller. A phase locked measurement technique every 20% blade pitch was performed to obtain a velocity field over one blade pitch of the inducer. The measured velocity field at the inducer of impeller clearly showed a shock wave generated on the suction surface of a blade. The validity of the present technique was also discussed.     

An image-shifting technique based on grey-scale classification for particle image velocimetry

The image-shifting techniques are used to overcome the directional ambiguity of particle image displacement in the measurement of particle image velocimetry (PIV). This paper proposes an image-shifting technique based on grey-scale classification for PIV. By calculating the unified grey-scale statistical frequency of each interrogated unit, the directional ambiguity is resolved without any special requirement of the camera, and the particle image displacement is calculated synchronously. This image-shifting technique can be realized by controlling the difference in the light intensity of two lasers. Using this new technique, a PIV system was developed and used to measure the diesel spray flow. The displacement vector map of fuel particle in the spray flow was obtained, and the structure of the spray flow was investigated. The application confirmed that the image-shifting technique is viable and effective.     

Evaluation of the cross correlation method by using PIV standard images

Effects of various parameters for PIV image acquiring and processing on the final velocity field is studied by using PIV standard images (Okamoto et al., 1997) to evaluate the cross correlation method. The studied parameters include the size of interrogation window, the size of search window, the number of tracer particles, the diameter of tracer particles, out-of-plane velocity and average image velocity or the time interval between two images. In order to improve the PIV sub-pixel accuracy, the validity of the “sub-pixel interpolation” process also is discussed in the paper. Some useful conclusions are suggested for the optimal parameter selection for a final PIV result with high accuracy.     

旗面周期摆动的实验研究

用实验方法研究了旗面周期摆动的运动过程,采用改进的算法优化了粒子图像测速仪测量结果,定量得了水洞中摆动旗面的近壁流场信息.通过选定旗面包络上的一个拐点,将其振幅作为特征长度重新计算旗面运动的Strouhal数.多组实验结果中,新的Strouhal数均为0.21左右,这与相同Reynolds数下圆柱绕的Strouhal数结果相近.     

Particle image velocimetry in aerodynamics: Technology and applications in wind tunnels

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is increasingly used for aerodynamic research and development. The PIV technique allows the recording of a complete flow velocity field in a plane of the flow within a few microseconds. Thus, it provides information about unsteady flow fields, which is difficult to obtain with other experimental techniques. The short acquisition time and fast availability of data reduce the operational time, and hence cost, in large scale test facilities. Technical progress made in the last years allowed DLR to develop a reliable, modular PIV system for use in industrial wind tunnels. The features of this system are summarized and results of recent PIV applications are presented.