临界电流密度的分布对高温超导体中传输交流损耗的影响

基于Norris方程和Bean临界态模型,假定临界电流密度沿高温超导圆柱体半径的非均匀分布方式,从定量的角度研究了临界电流密度沿高温超导圆柱体径向分布方式的不同对传输交流损耗的影响.考虑临界电流密度沿径向的包括阶梯式和逐点变化式等多种分布方式,通过引进表征超导体内临界电流密度非均匀分布的强弱差异程度的无量纲参数λ推导出临界电流密度非均匀分布方式下高温超导体中传输交流损耗的解析表达式.结果表明临界电流密度阶梯式分布对损耗的影响和临界电流密度逐点变化式分布的情况在损耗曲线的变化趋势和量级上有明显的区别并且随着传输电流的增加临界电流密度的非均匀分布方式对传输损耗的影响也越显著.     

不同截面几何形状超导带材的磁化损耗

针对不同截面几何形状带材,基于高温超导体非线性特性,假设超导体处于横向交变磁场作用下,研究其截面上磁化电流密度的分布,以及磁场穿透超导体过程的特征。结果显示同样面积大小时,椭圆矩形较之圆形方形更易穿透,电流密度分布更加不均,交流损耗的值也随之增大。     

金属封装内冷型高温复合超导体电磁特性的有限元分析

基于工程化高温超导带材的内冷型复合超导体电磁特性受磁场各向异性影响较大,采用有限元方法分析了内冷型复合超导体的电磁特性。利用COMSOL Multiphysics建立了基于商品化高温超导带材的金属封装内冷型高温复合导体的有限元计算模型,并对其进行电磁仿真分析,得到了内冷型复合超导体的磁场分布,应用高温超导材料在磁场下的Jc-B曲线关系,获得内冷型复合导体在77K液氮温区下临界电流受磁场影响的变化规律。采用电场强度与电流密度进行面积分的方法,计算得到了不同频率、不同通流下内冷型复合导体的交流损耗情况,计算表明,相同频率下交流损耗随激励电流的增大而增大,相同激励电流条件下交流损耗与通流频率成正比关系。     

外场因素对高温超导堆叠带材交流损耗的影响

REBCO高温超导带材在传输电流时会产生交流损耗,从而影响超导设备的稳定运行。基于麦克斯韦方程组,结合超导体的非线性E-J关系,使用H方法推导求解超导体交流损耗的数值计算公式,利用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件建立二维轴对称模型并进行计算。结果表明,在通入交变电流后,超导带材由于抗磁性会出现部分零磁通区域,随着传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数、频率及环境温度的增大,磁通穿透深度逐渐增大,零磁通区域逐渐减小,传输电流主要分布于带材两端。增大传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数以及环境温度中任一变量,交流损耗随之增大,而交流损耗随频率的增大而减小。合理选取超导带材参数可有效降低交流损耗,保障超导设备安全运行。     

高温超导体指数损耗的有限元数值分析及相关问题讨论

本文从高温超导体的非线性E～J指数关系式出发,分析了热致磁通蠕动模型下其等效电导率的特性,讨论如何建立针对这种非线性电导率的有限元计算模型,然后分别给出计算交流磁化损耗和传输损耗的二维数值仿真模型,模型针对银基Bi-2223带材,施加相应的边界条件可以计算不同物理条件下的交流损耗.分析此数值模型所得到的带材横截面中电流密度分布特点以及交流损耗热功率的值,并与利用相关解析式得到的结果作对比,证明此二维模型完全适用于分析多种复杂物理条件下超导体的交流损耗问题.     

传输交流的Bi2223/Ag高温超导带在不同取向交流外场下的交流损耗

在高温超导的电力应用中，如超导电机、变压器等，多数情况下，高温超导带材在通以交流传输电流的同时还处于交变磁场中。此时，超导体的交流损耗不仅依赖于磁场的大小，还与磁场相对于超导带面的取向有关。本文在77K及工频50Hz情况下，实验研究了单根多芯Bi2223/Ag高温超导带及两带并联时的交流损耗随着外磁场与带面夹角的变化情况；以及交流磁场对临界电流的影响情况；并对单根带及两带并联的实验结果进行了比较与分析。     

CICC导体交流损耗数字模拟研究

C ICC超导体是大型低温超导磁体的首选导体,它运行在大电流和磁场快速变化的环境中,磁通进出超导体以及外界磁场的变化会产生交流损耗,而交流损耗对C ICC超导体稳定性运行有很大的影响,这样开展C ICC超导体交流损耗的研究就显得非常重要。因此,文中针对C ICC导体运行条件和几何结构,提出交流损耗数字模拟的想法,并将数字模拟结果与工程计算值进行了比较和分析,二者基本吻合。     

高温超导薄膜临界电流密度的无损测量研究

临界电流密度Jc是超导薄膜的一个重要参量,它可以衡量超导薄膜的功率承载能力。大面积高温超导薄膜制成后,其Jc需要被无损精确测量。文中提出了一种新的交流磁场下的高温超导薄膜临界态模型:(1)基于此模型对薄膜的临界电流密度进行了精确无损测量;(2)并将实验测量的三次谐波电压曲线进行拟合研究。首先,根据麦克斯韦方程和伦敦方程,计算外加直流磁场超导薄膜Meissner态下电流和磁场在薄膜内的分布;然后分析薄膜进入临界态后内部电流的变化,在考虑顶扎力作用的情况下,提出了临界态电流和磁场非均匀分布模型;最后根据其模型,推导出三次谐波电压的表达式。为了验证该理论,分别对四片超导薄膜在不同频率下进行了三次谐波和临界电流密度测量。实验结果表明:三次谐波电压的理论与实验曲线一致;与四点传输法的测量结果相比较,该方法测量超导薄膜临界电流密度的误差在5%左右,具有高精度、无损伤、方便快捷等优点。     

带阻挡层的Bi2223/Ag高温超导带材的临界电流与磁滞损耗

在Bi2223/Ag多芯导体中引入氧化物阻挡层用来提高基体的横向电阻率,即用具有高温稳定性且不与银基体反应的CaCuCO2和Y2BaCuOx等绝缘材料包覆在单芯丝周围,形成高电阻率的阻挡层,使超导体的交流损耗明显降低,结果表明引入阻挡层后超导体的临界电流密度没有明显退降。另外,我们还回顾了国内外的进展,研究了带阻挡层超导体的磁场牧场生和外加磁场对交流损耗的影响。     

多芯Bi-2223/Ag带材交流损耗的特性研究

Bi-2223/Ag是一种很有前景的高温超导带材,交流损耗是高温超导在大规模电力应用方面的瓶颈,如何降低Bi-2223/Ag中的交流损耗是人们一直关注的问题。带材超导部分的横截面形状对交流损耗有很大的影响,前人曾通过双轴轧制等工艺制造矩形截面的带材,以降低其交流损耗;另有人在单芯带材中得到了环状结构,从中发现可降低交流损耗。本论文尝试利用抽换芯工艺制造多芯环状截面的Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材,以期降低带材的交流损耗。论文中,通过解析方法计算了临界态模型下,临界电流密度在径向上分布不均匀的超导体的交流损耗特性,并得到结论:带材的外围临界电流密度越高,交流损耗性能越好。     

Finite element analysis of AC loss in non-twisted Bi-2223 tape carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC external magnetic field

AC losses in Bi-2223 superconducting tapes carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC magnetic field are calculated with a numerical model based on the finite element method. Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law using equivalent conductivity. First, transport loss and magnetization loss are calculated numerically and compared with measured values. The calculated losses almost agree with the measured losses. Frequency dependencies of calculated and measured transport losses are compared with each other. Next, the influence of DC external magnetic field on the transport loss is studied. DC external magnetic field reduces n that is an exponent in the power law connecting resistivity and current density. The numerically calculated transport loss increases with increasing DC magnetic field. Finally, the total loss of superconducting tape carrying AC transport current in AC magnetic field is calculated. In the perpendicular magnetic field, the calculated total loss is lager than the sum of the transport loss and the magnetization loss, while they almost agree with each other in the parallel magnetic field.     

Distribution of the magnetic field induced by a current passing through slabs in the superconducting and normal states

The magnetic field induced by a current passing through a long slab is calculated. For the uniformly distributed current, simple formulas for the field components inside and outside the slab are derived. For the nonuniformly distributed current, the magnetic field is numerically calculated for a thin wide superconducting film (the thickness of the film is on the order of the magnetic field penetration depth). It is shown that the current-induced field distribution depends on the form of the exponential dependence of the current density. Experimental distributions are compared with results of a theory where a finite-thickness film is considered as two-dimensional (indefinitely thin). Comparison is also made between experimental and calculated values of the magnetic fields. For a number of points on a plane parallel to the slab and on a plane passing through its center, experimental data are compared with the results obtained by mere summation of partial contributions to the field.     

超导体的交流磁化率测量

本文探讨利用交流磁化率研究超导电性.测量了MgB2样品的若干超导电参量,包括临界温度Tc,上临界磁场Hc2,临界电流密度Jc,不可逆场Hirr等与温度的关系,交流损耗与频率和温度的关系等.此外还简要介绍了交流磁化率在磁通动力学和非线性性质方面的研究方法.     

A simple electromagnetic method of cyclic loss measurement for superconducting wires in a combined alternating transverse magnetic field and transport current

We measured cyclic losses in a superconducting wire, carrying alternating transport current, simultaneously exposed to an alternating transverse magnetic field. Samples of Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed tapes have configuration of a double-layer non-inductive coil, which itself is a pickup coil to measure the AC losses. Potential taps were attached to both terminals of the sample coil. The external field was applied along the axis of the sample coil. In this procedure, we can estimate an averaged Poynting's vector on a cylindrical surface between the two layers by means of signals from a pair of the potential taps and from pickup coils for the external magnetic field and the transport current. We can also measure a magnetization and an extended transport-current components of AC losses in addition to a total cyclic loss for a combined alternating external field and transport current. Obtained results are compared with numerical predictions of the critical state model taking into account the magnetic field dependence of critical current density.     

AC response of YBa2Cu3O7 thin film superconductor

Low-field ac measurements of magnetic susceptibility of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ high-temperature superconducting thin film were carried out over a wide range of temperatures and ac magnetic field amplitudes. A strong field dependence of the real χ′ and imaginary χ″ components was observed. The field dependence of the imaginary component is used to extract the temperature dependence of the critical current density in the sample using the critical state model. The exponent β of the power law relation J_c ～ (1 ? T/T_c)^β was determined from ac-susceptibility data and different values were found. Experimental results are compared with predictions of some existing theoretical models describing the ac response of superconducting thin film in perpendicular ac field.     

Vortex-rectification effects in films with periodic asymmetric pinning

We study the transport of vortices excited by an ac current in an Al film with an array of nanoengineered asymmetric antidots. The vortex response to the ac current is investigated by detailed measurements of the voltage output as a function of ac current amplitude, magnetic field, and temperature. The measurements revealed pronounced voltage rectification effects which are mainly characterized by the two critical depinning forces of the asymmetric potential. The shape of the net dc voltage as a function of the excitation amplitude indicates that our vortex ratchet behaves in a way very different from standard overdamped models. Rather, the repinning force, necessary to stop vortex motion, is considerably smaller than the depinning force, resembling the behavior of the so-called inertia ratchets. Calculations based on an underdamped ratchet model provide a very good fit to the experimental data.     

Self-field AC losses of textured Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ thin rods

Self-field AC losses of polycrystalline Bi-2212 thin rods textured by a Laser Floating Zone (LFZ) melting technique have been measured at 77 K. With the optimal processing parameters, these rods, of 1.6–2 mm diameter and 10 cm length, have a transport critical current density of 3 kA/cm² in the self-field which decreases to about 1.5 kA/cm² in fields of 0.02 T applied perpendicular to the rod axis. The self-field AC losses have been measured in DC magnetic fields up to 0.03 T. The measurements in zero field show that for a large current range the losses are dominated by hysteresis losses as described by the Critical State Model for a cylinder. For the measurements in DC fields the losses show an increasingly resistive-like dependence with current, while the hysteretic component expected from the CSM becomes less important. Measurements at different frequencies also indicated that the loss per cycle in fields is strongly frequency dependent.     

Thermal effects and diamagnetic response of a current-carrying YBCO film

The temperature dependence of the dissipative part of the response to an ac magnetic field has been studied for an YBCO high-temperature superconductor film carrying a transport current. The response is found to exhibit a thermal hysteresis, whose magnitude depends on the transport current. The hysteresis is assigned to the current-carrying superconductor having two stable equilibrium states within a certain thermostat temperature interval. The existence of these states governed by specific features of the release and removal of heat.     

垂直磁场中YBCO薄膜的磁通密度和电流密度分布

通过使用扩展后的Mikheenko等人提出的临界态模型,我们用数值计算方法找出了圆盘状超导薄膜在垂直外磁场中的磁通密度分布和电流密度分布.其中考虑到临界电流密度Jc会随外磁场Ha改变而变化,所以我们采用了Kim型表达式Jc(H)=J0/(1+(|H|/H0)n).计算出的初始磁化曲线和磁滞回线与YBCO薄膜的实验曲线（T=51～77K）符合得很好,说明这个方法在这段温区内比较成功.另外我们也得出并讨论了特征参数J0,H0随温度的变化关系.     

Influence of lubricant on the motion of a body in an electromagnetic railgun accelerator. I. Electric current distribution in the accelerated body and the rails

An investigation is made of the influence of a liquid conducting film inserted in the gap between the accelerated metal projectile and the rails in a railgun accelerator on the distribution of the current density and the magnetic induction in the rails and the projectile. The film is assumed to be fairly thin, so that the variation of the magnetic induction across the film can be neglected. The problem is considered in a plane geometry. Approximate expressions are derived for the thickness of the velocity skin layer as a function of the thickness and conductivity of the film. The equations for diffusion of the magnetic field in the rails and in the projectile are integrated numerically. It is shown that the presence of a liquid conducting film can significantly suppress the velocity skin effect. Nevertheless, even when fairly thick films of fairly high resistivity are used, the nonuniformity of the electric current density distribution in the projectile still remains very high for the magnetic Reynolds numbers of practical interest. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 103–111 (July 1999)