基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的土壤泥浆中Pb元素检测

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一种新兴的元素分析技术,具有实时在线、非接触、多元素同时探测等渚多优点.将LIBS技术引入土壤泥浆重金属污染的检测分析,力图发展一种针对泥浆重金属污染监测的原位传感技术.实验选择Pb作为探测元素,Mn为内标元素;采用重复频率10 Hz的Nd:YAG调Q激光器的二倍频(532 nm)输出作为激发光源,OCD收集信号,对实验室配制的不同浓度Pb泥浆样品的LIBS信号进行了探测分析.获得了各种浓度下Pb泥浆样品在Pb 405.78 nm和Mn 403.07 nm处的原子线强度比IPb/IMn及其随浓度变化的规律.结果显示IPb/IMn与样品的含铅浓度有着很好的线性关系,线性拟合相关系数R2达到0.994 9.初步证实了采用内标法对土壤泥浆中重金属Pb进行LIBS检测分析的可行性.文章还对泥浆重金属LIBS检测的影响因素进行了讨论.     

液相基质中微量金属元素Pb的激光诱导击穿光谱研究

通过单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术（LIBS）,测定了Pb（NO3）2水溶液中微量重金属元素Pb的LIBS光谱。实验研究溶液中Pb元素的LIBS光谱信号的时间（300ns-1300ns）演化特性,得到了本实验的优化实验条件,光谱探测相对激光的延时为800ns,单脉冲激光能量35mJ。在最佳实验条件下测定Pb微量元素的LIBS定标曲线,计算得到LIBS用于Pb(NO3)2溶液中痕量金属元素分析的检测限为177ppm。     

液相基质中微量金属元素Pb的激光诱导击穿光谱研究（英文）

通过单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS),测定了Pb(NO_3)_2水溶液中微量重金属元素Pb的LIBS光谱.实验研究溶液中Pb元素的LIBS光谱信号的时间(300 ns-1300 ns)演化特性,得到了本实验的优化实验条件,光谱探测相对激光的延时为800 ns,单脉冲激光能量35 m J.在最佳实验条件下测得Pb微量元素的LIBS定标曲线,计算得到单脉冲LIBS用于Pb(NO_3)_2水溶液中微量金属元素分析的检测限177 ppm.     

合金钢的激光诱导击穿光谱实验条件优化

利用1 064 nm波长Nd∶YAG脉冲激光诱导击穿合金钢产生激光等离子体光谱,采用高分辨率及门宽控制的ICCD探测LIBS信号光谱。选用铁元素原子谱线404.581,414.387,427.176和438.355 nm进行分析,研究了不同实验参数对LIBS光谱信号强度的影响结果。实验结果表明,激光脉冲能量、激光聚焦位置以及ICCD探测器的延时等实验参数对合金钢LIBS信号有较大影响。通过优化这些实验参数,获得高光谱强度和信背比的LIBS信号,确定了LIBS技术用于合金钢微量元素成分分析的最佳实验条件,从而开展合金钢样品成分分析。     

532和1 064 nm激光的水下LIBS探测对比研究

海洋是国家可持续发展的战略要地,迫切需要海洋探测技术的快速发展,光谱类的化学传感器由于具有原位、非接触和长期探测的优势日益成为研究热点。为了将激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术应用于海洋原位探测,采用532和1 064 nm波长激光在能量分别为3和40 mj附近进行烧蚀,对比实验研究了532和1 064 nm激光作用下的LIBS击穿特性,并重点探讨了水下激光传输距离对LIBS信号的影响。结果显示,采用1 064 nm的激光能够获得更高的谱线强度和信背比,以及更长的等离子体寿命,但LIBS信号稳定性较差;受水体对不同波长激光能量衰减不同的影响,在水下传输距离2～5 cm范围内,随着1 064 nm激光能量的衰减LIBS信号衰减也很明显,而位于海水“透射窗口”的532 nm的激光LIBS信号基本保持不变。为今后LIBS海洋原位探测系统的开发提供了有价值的设计依据。     

Na_2SO_4溶液激光拉曼/激光诱导击穿光谱联合探测

光谱技术应用于海底极端环境下多参数、多相态、无接触探测已成为深海化学传感器发展的一个重要方向,尤其是水下激光拉曼光谱技术和水下激光诱导击穿光谱技术正成为目前研究开发的热点。该工作旨在探索一项水下激光诱导击穿光谱与激光拉曼光谱(LIBS-LRS)联合探测技术,以实现LIBS和拉曼两种检测技术在检测系统上的整合,在信息获取上的互补。在实验室搭建了一套LIBS-LRS联合探测装置,该装置对于拉曼和LIBS采用同样的激发光源、光谱仪和探测器,前置光路分为两部分:拉曼光路和LIBS光路,分别收集Na_2SO_4溶液的拉曼信号和LIBS信号。前置光路收集的拉曼和LIBS信号由Y型光纤导入光谱仪,分别在面阵CCD不同区域进行探测。利用该装置对配置的Na_2SO_4溶液进行探测,同时获得了Na元素的LIBS信号和SO~(2-)_4拉曼信号。另外,随着激光能量的提高,在532nm脉冲激光能量超过3.6mJ时,在拉曼光路同时获得了Na元素的LIBS信号和SO~(2-)_4拉曼信号,这样采用同一光路即可实现两种光谱技术的联合,然而实验发现,随着激光能量的增加,激光在溶液中击穿产生的轫致辐射造成了光谱探测基线整体的抬升,对拉曼光谱弱信号的探测是不利的。实验结果初步证明了在拉曼和LIBS在水下联合探测的可行性。     

金属特性对激光诱导击穿光谱最佳实验参数的影响

采用波长为532nm的单脉冲激光诱导两种金属样品铜和锌，产生等离子光谱，固定激光能量40mJ、门宽100ns、光谱仪入射狭缝0.1mm、ICCD增益100等参数，研究金属样品物理化学特性对汇聚透镜焦点到样品表面距离、ICCD采集延迟等最优化实验参数的影响.实验中分别选取铜样品Cu（I）521.82nm和锌样品Zn（I）481.053nm谱线作为LIBS信号，实验测定的透镜焦点在距样品表面不同距离处的LIBS信号强度，结果表明铜和锌样品的聚焦透镜焦点分别在样品表面内距表面的距离为5mm和5.5mm时得到光谱信号强度最大；铜和锌的ICCD探测延时分别为1300ns和1100ns时等离子体光谱信号的信噪比最大并具有可观测的强度，依据铜和锌样品物理化学特性的差异对实验结果进行了合理的分析与讨论，为后续研究金属样品LIBS技术的基底效应、纳米结构增强激光诱导击穿光谱机理提供数据参考.     

共线DP-LIBS定量分析水中Cu含量的试验研究

为研究双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(DP-LIBS)对水体中铜(Cu)元素检测灵敏度的影响,采用共线双脉冲LIBS检测装置对所配置的含Cu水溶液进行激光诱导击穿光谱试验。结果显示：与运用单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(SP-LIBS)检测水体中Cu元素相比,运用DP-LIBS探测到的光谱明显增强,并且其检测结果受光谱仪采集的延迟时间、两脉冲之间的脉冲延迟时间、双脉冲激光能量等因素的影响显著。确定最佳的试验条件为：光谱采集延迟时间为1 380 ns,脉冲延迟时间为25 ns,双脉冲激光能量为100 mJ。分别对铜元素324.7和327.4 nm的特征谱线进行定量分析,两谱线的检测限分别是3.5和4.84 μg·mL-1,且相对标准偏差都在10%以内。用500 μg·mL-1样品对特征谱线为324.7 nm所建立的定标曲线进行验证,反演得出该样品的浓度为446 μg·mL-1,相对误差为10.8%。研究表明DP-LIBS能够提高Cu元素的检测灵敏度,同时具有较高的稳定性。     

金纳米与磁场作用下LIBS检测灵敏度改善研究

针对激光诱导击穿光谱技术（LIBS）中等离子体的发射光谱增强问题,提出一种磁场增强LIBS与纳米颗粒增强LIBS（NELIBS）相结合的方法。采用热蒸发法在样品表面沉积一层直径20 nm的金纳米颗粒。利用波长为1 064 nm,最大能量为200 mJ的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器在室温,一个标准大气压下对纯铜和黄铜进行诱导击穿。调整激光能量为30~110 mJ,分别使用传统LIBS、磁场增强LIBS、NELIBS以及两种方法结合对纯铜进行激光诱导击穿,得到特征谱线(Cu Ⅰ 521.8 nm)的强度增强因子和信噪比,并对其增强机理进行分析。在相同环境下使用四种方式对黄铜和纯铜进行诱导击穿以探测样品中的微量元素。当在样品表面沉淀金纳米颗粒或者将沉淀有金纳米颗粒的样品放在磁场中进行诱导击穿时,发现纯铜样品的光谱中存在Mg元素的特征谱线Mg Ⅱ 279.569 nm,黄铜样品的光谱中存在Si元素的特征谱线 Si Ⅰ 251.611 nm。实验结果表明：单独施加磁场约束或增加纳米金颗粒均可以有效增强等离子体光谱强度,但增强效果弱于两种方法结合,磁场约束对光谱的增强效果弱于NELIBS的增强效果。当结合NELIBS与磁场约束LIBS时,谱线增强因子最高可达14.3(Cu Ⅰ 521.8 nm),相比于磁场增强LIBS和NELIBS,最大增强因子分别提高了28%和59%。四种情况中当激光脉冲能量逐渐增大时,等离子体向外膨胀的强度增大,磁场产生的洛伦兹力束缚等离子的能力相对减弱,同时纳米金颗粒对等离子体发射光谱的增强作用被削弱,谱线强度降低,等离子体的增强因子逐渐减小后趋于稳定。通过NELIBS与磁场约束LIBS结合方式,不仅可以有效提高等离子体的发射谱线强度,改善光谱信号信噪比,而且传统LIBS方法中由于谱线强度低、背景噪声大而无法探测的微量元素可以被探测到,LIBS技术对微量元素的探测能力得到显著提高,微量元素的探测下限变得更低。NELIBS与磁场约束LIBS结合的方法具有更高的灵敏度和准确度,为激光诱导击穿光谱技术的谱线增强方法提供了新的思路,在该领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

激光感生击穿光谱技术（LIBS）的原理及影响因素

激光感生击穿光谱技术（LIBS）具有不需制备样品,快速分析,可进行实时控制的特点显示了巨大实际应用价值,文中介绍了激光感生击穿光谱技术（LIBS）的发展历史、研究现状及其原理。同时通过重复频率为20 Hz,最高单脉冲能量为50　mJ的纳秒激光（10 ns,1　064 nm）研究了在不同激发条件下Cr和Co薄膜产生的光谱信号。得出对于Cr膜当激发能量小于10 mJ时,信号差异不明显。但是当激发能量超过10　mJ时将产生明显的变化。分析了激光特性、延迟时间、实验装置、环境气体的种类及压力、单/双脉冲、以及采用的理论分析方法对LIBS探测结果的影响。     

混合水溶液中多金属元素的激光诱导击穿谱

使用自制的液相射流装置测定了含有多种微量金属元素混合水溶液的激光诱导击穿光谱.研究了激光脉冲能量和ICCD门延时、门宽、增益等对LIBS谱线强度和信噪比的影响,以提高信噪比为标准对实验参数进行了优化.在优化后的实验参数下,确定了金属元素Cr,Cd,Fe,Ca,Al,Mn和Pb的分析谱线,由实验测定定标曲线得到了各元素的检测限,其数值在0.018 ppm(Ca)到41.231 ppm(Cd)区域内.     

混合水溶液中多金属元素的激光诱导击穿谱

使用自制的液相射流装置测定了含有多种微量金属元素混合水溶液的激光诱导击穿光谱．研究了激光脉冲能量和ICCD门延时、门宽、增益等对LIBS谱线强度和信噪比的影响,以提高信噪比为标准对实验参数进行了优化．在最优化的实验参数下,确定了金属元素Cr,Cd,Fe,Ca,Al,Mn和Pb的分析谱线,由实验测定定标曲线得到了各元素的检测限,其数值在0.018ppm（Ca）到41.231 ppm（Cd）区域内．     

液相射流中中Al元素单双脉冲LIBS研究

为了综合比较单双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)在液体中重金属元素的检测效果,利用自建的液相射流单-双脉冲LIBS技术装置,对AlCl₃水溶液中的Al元素LIBS特性进行测量和分析。实验中使用两台532 nm Nd∶YAG激光器作为激发光源,等离子体辐射信号通过光谱仪和ICCD进行采集。实验研究了单脉冲下Al(396.15 nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随激光能量、ICCD门延时、门宽之间的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数激光能量为50 mJ,ICCD门延迟为1 200 ns,门宽为150 ns。在相同的实验条件下,实验考察了Al(369.15 nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随双脉冲之间的延时,激光总能量,ICCD门延时的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数为两双脉冲之间的延时为1 000 ns,激光总能量为50 mJ,ICCD门延时为1 100 ns。单脉冲和双脉冲条件下获得重金属Al的LIBS检测限分别为26.79和10.80 ppm,双脉冲LIBS技术使元素检测限下降2倍多。实验结果表明双脉冲可以提升LIBS技术的探测灵敏度,为LIBS技术应用于水体中重金属快速检测提供了依据。     

用激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术实现铝合金的高灵敏元素分析

报道了采用激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术分析铝合金中痕量元素时的分析行为。用低能量激光脉冲聚焦于样品表面并在放电电极之间产生等离子体来触发高压火花放电以改善火花诱导击穿光谱技术的分析行为。在当前空间几何配置下,研究得到了最佳的放电电压和储能电容等参数并在最佳实验条件下分析了样品中的铜元素,其检出限达到0.7 ppm。激光点火的辅助手段改善了火花诱导击穿光谱技术在元素分析时信号的稳定性、提高了分析精度。同时它还能够有效地降低放电电压,改善其空间分辨本领。研究表明激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术具有灵敏度高、稳定性好以及具有较好的空间分辨本领的特点,非常适合于各种合金中的痕量元素分析。     

High resolution scanning microanalysis on material surfaces using UV femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Femtosecond lasers together with high resolution optics have given us the ability to achieve submicron ablation spots which can play an important role in specific micromachining applications. Light emitted from the plasma at the sample surface created by a focused femtosecond laser pulse can also be used in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and allows us to characterize the chemical composition of the target surface with micron-level lateral resolution. The spatial resolution using LIBS has often been defined by measuring the FWHM of the crater size. In this report, we study the application of femtosecond 266 nm laser pulses with very low energies of 10׳s of nanojoules. We have investigated spatial resolution using the detection of thin strips of chromium on silicon substrates and compared the actual width of the chromium versus the experimentally obtained width using LIBS detection. The variation of signal levels for low pulse energies is investigated on chromium surfaces. A spatial resolution of ~1 μm was obtained for detection of chromium from the emission.     

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A versatile tool for monitoring traces in materials

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging technique for simultaneous multi-elemental analysis of solids, liquids and gases with minute or no sample preparation and thus revolutionized the area of on-line analysis technologies. The foundation for LIBS is a solid state, short-pulsed laser that is focused on a sample to generate a high-temperature plasma, and the emitted radiation from the excited atomic and ionic fragments produced within the plasma is characteristic of the elemental composition of the sample that can be detected and analyzed using a suitable optical spectrograph. In the present paper, the applicability of LIBS for different solid samples having homogeneous (silver ornament, aluminum plate) or heterogeneous composition (soil) using nanosecond laser pulses is discussed. Nanosecond pulse laser makes plasma at the sample surface even at very low pulse energies and also allows for precise ablation of the substrate material with little damage to the surrounding area. We have also studied the penetration of different heavy metals inside the soil surface.      

Improved LIBS limit of detection of Be, Mg, Si, Mn, Fe and Cu in aluminum alloy samples using a portable Echelle spectrometer with ICCD camera

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a laser-based technique that can provide non-intrusive, qualitative and quantitative measurement of metals in various environments. LIBS uses the plasma generated by a high-energy laser beam to prepare and excite the sample in one step. In the present work, LIBS has been applied to perform elemental analysis of six trace elements simultaneously in aluminum alloy targets. The plasma is generated by focusing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser on the target in air at atmospheric pressure. LIBS limit of detection (LOD) is affected by many experimental parameters such as interferences, self-absorption, spectral overlap and matrix effect. We aimed to improve the LIBS LOD by optimizing these experimental parameters as possible. In doing so, a portable Echelle spectrometer with intensified CCD camera was used to detect the LIBS plasma emission. This advanced Echelle spectrometer provides a constant spectral resolution (CSR) of 7500 corresponding to 4 pixels FWHM over a wavelength range 200–1000 nm displayable in a single spectrum. Then, the calibration curves for iron, beryllium, magnesium, silicon, manganese and copper as minor elements were achieved with linear regression coefficients between 98–99% on average in aluminum standard sample alloys. New LOD values were achieved in the ppm range with high precision (RSD 3–8%). From the application view point, improving LIBS LOD is very important in the on-line industrial process control to follow-up multi-elements for the correct alloying in metals.     

Comparative Study of Two Methods of Orthogonal Double-Pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Aluminum

Double-pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (DP-LIBS) of aluminum sample is studied experimentally in orthogonal configuration in air. In this configuration, two schemes of reheating and pre-ablation are examined and the results are compared with single pulse one. The effect of delay time between two laser pulses on emission line intensities of plasma is investigated. Some of the parameters that have been involved in different mechanism of signal enhancement such as plasma temperature, sample heating effects, atmospheric effects, and modification of the ablation dynamics are more discussed. Investigation of the effect of laser pulse energy on emission line intensities in single pulse LIBS experiment demonstrate that because of saturation effects the intensities will not increase necessarily by increasing the laser pulse energy. Moreover, the results show that the electron temperature and rate of mass removal in orthogonal configuration of DP-LIBS is higher than that of single pulse with the same total energy. It is suggested that for correct comparison between single and double pulse results, the optimum pulse energy in single pulse should be considered. Overall, our results demonstrate that under optimized conditions the signal enhancement is much more in pre-ablation configuration than re-heating configuration.     

Double-pulse LIBS of gadolinium oxide ablated by femto- and nano-second laser pulses

Emission characteristics of gadolinium (Gd) oxide are studied, using ns and fs laser pulses for ablation in double-pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). In the current conditions of pulse energy and signal detection timing, emission intensity enhancement in the reheating mode is 25-fold, but little effect can be observed in a pre-pulse mode. It is shown that the optimum focus position of the ablation pulse is about 5 mm apart from the sample surface in the reheating mode. Although little emission can be observed in the single-pulse configuration with fs ablation pulses, the intense emission can be observed in the reheating mode in the double-pulse configuration.