A novel compensation method for the measurement of radius of curvature

A test method for spherical mirrors with super-long radius of curvature that only one compensator is employed to measure the radii of curvature of both concave and convex mirrors is presented. With this testing system, the surface figure and radius of curvature of spherical mirrors can be measured simultaneously. Using the ABCD matrix method, a precise formula for radius of curvature calculation is deduced. Experimental results show that the relative measurement error of this method is less than 4.2×10⁻⁴.     

低相干光源干涉系统在大口径拼接子镜间相位误差检测上的应用

针对大口径望远镜拼接式主镜,提出一种基于迈克耳孙干涉原理的低相干光源干涉检测系统.应用该系统对拼接子镜间相位失调误差进行实时检测.进而对失调子镜进行相应校正,以实现拼接子镜的共面排布.给出了低相干光源干涉检测系统的具体结构,叙述了干涉检测系统的检测原理,提出应用双中心波长组合低相干光源进行拼接子镜间相位误差检测,分析了系统最低信噪比.结果表明,双中心波长组合低相干光源系统,可以提高低相干光源下涉中心条纹的信号分辨能力.借以提高检测精度.使得低相干光源干涉测量系统对拼接子镜间的相位失调误差进行高精度提取.     

非球面检测中衍射光学补偿器的校准定位研究

在非球面检测中,为了消除衍射光学补偿器的位置偏差.在补偿器的外围设计、制作了位相型反射式菲涅耳波带板作为衍射光学校准器.利用微细加工手段,将补偿器和校准器整体集成在同一片基上.通过位相型反射式菲涅耳波带板的自校准功能,使其衍射光波与参考光波干涉,形成校准干涉条纹.测量时,调节校准干涉条纹成为最简单的形式,即可校正补偿器的离焦、偏心和倾斜误差,实现位置的精确校准.实验中,得到了近似零校准干涉条纹,有效地消除了补偿器的装调误差对测量的影响.     

特大非球面度离轴非球面补偿器结构设计与装调

针对快焦比特大非球面度离轴非球面反射镜,设计了3片式Offner补偿器。为应对3片式补偿器对中心偏差及镜间隔严格的公差要求,设计了相应的补偿器镜筒结构。该结构使透镜中心倾斜及平移调整相分离,实现补偿器的高精度装调。根据中心偏差测量仪的测量结果,2片补偿镜之间倾斜误差4.4″,平移误差3.5 μm, 镜间隔误差3.8 μm;补偿镜组与场镜之间倾斜误差5.3″,平移误差4.2 μm, 镜间隔误差7.2 μm,满足检测使用要求。利用该补偿器及4D动态干涉仪对精抛光阶段的离轴非球面进行检测,面形结果PVq值达到0.135λ,RMS值达到0.019 5λ,优于设计要求。     

相位恢复测量长焦距镜面

针对长焦距光学镜面检测中测量光路长,振动干扰较大,不容易用干涉仪进行面形检测的难题,提出了一种基于相位恢复技术的测量方法.该方法用相干点光源照射被测镜,采集一系列焦点附近的衍射光强图像,然后运用相位恢复算法得到镜面面形误差分布.利用衍射光学理论建立了测量模型,并用基于Gerchberg-Saxton算法的迭代算法求解模型.然后仿真验证了光场传播模型的可靠性和测量算法的有效性,并用该方法测量了一块曲率半径8 700 mm,口径145 mm的球面镜.通过对光强图像位置进行优化,并选择适当离焦位置的图像,最终恢复出了镜面面形.相位恢复测量的结果与动态干涉仪测量结果基本一致,并且测量装置简单,对环境要求低.     

相位恢复测量长焦距镜面(英文)

针对长焦距光学镜面检测中测量光路长,振动干扰较大,不容易用干涉仪进行面形检测的难题,提出了一种基于相位恢复技术的测量方法.该方法用相干点光源照射被测镜,采集一系列焦点附近的衍射光强图像,然后运用相位恢复算法得到镜面面形误差分布.利用衍射光学理论建立了测量模型,并用基于Gerchberg-Saxton算法的迭代算法求解模型.然后仿真验证了光场传播模型的可靠性和测量算法的有效性,并用该方法测量了一块曲率半径8700mm,口径145mm的球面镜.通过对光强图像位置进行优化,并选择适当离焦位置的图像,最终恢复出了镜面面形.相位恢复测量的结果与动态干涉仪测量结果基本一致,并且测量装置简单,对环境要求低.     

A new technique to measure the phase characteristics of laser mirrors based on semiconductor heterostructures

A reflection interferometer based on a thin metal film is proposed to measure the phase of the reflection spectrum of laser mirrors. The device is applied to the study of the phase characteristics of the all-semiconductor mirror which combines the functions of the saturable absorber and the dispersion compensator (all-in-one) in the Nd³⁺:KGd(WO₄)₂ laser operating in the ultrashort-pulse regime. The method provides improvement of spectral resolutions and an increase in the accuracy in the measurement of the phase characteristics.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪干涉仪系统的设计

设计了一种基于立体角镜与固定平面镜组合的干涉仪系统,以解决传统傅里叶变换红外光谱仪中干涉仪系统由于动镜的倾斜与横移影响光谱质量的问题。系统包含一对立体角镜,两面相互垂直的固定平面镜,以及分束器。通过对立体角镜的倾斜与横移、立体角镜垂直度误差以及两固定平面镜的倾斜与垂直度误差对干涉信号初相位与调制度的影响进行分析,表明立体角镜的倾斜与横移、固定平面镜的垂直度误差等因素不会影响干涉信号的初相位与调制度;通过对干涉仪进行实际测试表明,仪器具有结构简单紧凑、密封性好、分辨率高以及抗震性强等优点。     

反射镜补偿检验

在光学加工中,反射镜可以很好地补偿待检镜,解决加工中的一些难题。通过三级像差理论求解反射镜补偿检验二次曲面的初始结构参量,令球差系数∑S1=0,补偿镜e21可选择球面或椭球面,推导出补偿镜和待检镜之间关系的表示式e。21=0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4,按公式画出e22/α~β,αr02/r01~β的曲线图,从中确定β∝α,e21,e22,r01,r02,d12的对应关系,解出补偿检验的初始结构参量,分析补偿镜放置待检镜曲率中心前α>0,α>1和后α<0、β≥0,β≤0对应待检镜的e22各种求解。分析看出:这包括了补偿检验的全部功能,对凸和凹的二次曲面都可以进行补偿检验,其中有以前提出的解,也有以前没有发现的解,对补偿检验的全面分析是非常有益的。     

转镜式干涉光谱仪中的误差容限研究

通过分析可知,转镜的晃动不影响干涉图的调制度,但会带来干涉图周期的变化.通过研究晃动带来干涉图的周期变化,可找到晃动的容限.结果表明：转镜式干涉光谱仪对转镜的晃动不敏感.用同样的方法可以确定转镜转速误差的容限,转镜对转速稳定性有着较高的要求.转镜式干涉光谱仪中的反射镜不是动件,安装时的倾斜对干涉图的调制度和相位都有影响,通过计算,这种影响可得到反射镜的倾斜容限.结果表明,转镜式干涉光谱仪对反射镜的安装准确度有很高的要求.     

Zernike phase sensor for phasing of segmented telescopes

We study an adaptive dynamical feedback system for phasing of segmented mirrors. The system, which combines a Zernike wave front sensor with a feedback loop, is shown to be capable of separating (static) misalignment errors of segmented mirrors from (dynamical) atmospheric turbulence. Our numerical simulations establish that it can retrieve multi-wave segment misalignment error in the presence of large-amplitude atmospheric phase distortion.     

共孔径偏振耦合分光的旋转四分之一波片相位补偿技术

 在地平式折轴望远镜中开展自适应光学激光导星实验，研究了共孔径发射接收信标激光束偏振耦合分光效率随望远镜方位角和天顶角变化的补偿技术。提出了一种由四分之一波片和法拉第旋光器构成的相位补偿器，通过旋转四分之一波片以实时补偿由于望远镜旋转导致的光路相位延迟量的变化。数值计算表明，望远镜处于任意方位角和天顶角位置时，通过1°步长旋转四分之一波片，可使补偿后的偏振分光效率理论上达到99.90％以上。实验从原理上定性地验证了该方法的有效性。只要测量出镜面的相位延迟，便可计算得到望远镜处于不同方位角和天顶角情况下有效补偿所需的四分之一波片旋转角度，据此可建立实用的旋转波片偏振补偿装置。     

Carrier-envelope phase shift caused by variation of grating separation

The effects of variation of the grating separation in a stretcher on the carrier-envelope (CE) phase of amplified pulses are investigated. By translating one of the telescope mirrors in the stretcher with a piezoelectric transducer, it is found that a 1 mum change of the distance causes a 3.7+/-1.2 rad shift of the CE phase, which is consistent with theoretical estimations. The results indicate that optical mounts used for gratings and telescope mirrors must be interferometrically stable; otherwise their vibration and thermal drift will cause significant phase error. The CE phase drift was corrected by feedback controlling the grating separation.     

Zone-Plate Interferometer for Measuring the Shape Error of Mirrors with Large Numerical Aperture and Steep Asphericity

A compact zone-plate interferometer is developed to measure the shape error of concave mirrors. A diffracted light of (0, 0) and that of (-1, -1) or (+1, +1) are used in the interferometer. The interferometer enables us to measure the shape error of mirrors with a large numerical aperture and a steep asphericity. The shape errors of a spherical mirror and a parabolic mirror are measured by the interferometer, and that of the former agrees well with that measured by Fizeau interferometer. Methods for adjustments of zone plates and the mirrors being tested are proposed to perform precise measurements of the mirror shapes.Presented at the International Commission for Optics Topical Meeting, Kyoto, 1994.     

利用计算机辅助装调检测矩形大口径离轴非球面的方法研究

通过非球面的零位补偿法,完成了对矩形大口径离轴非球面镜的检测。先用光学设计软件Zemax从理论上分析了在检测中会出现的现象,并结合计算机辅助装调技术,确定在检测过程中相对敏感的自由度,然后控制这些量,使补偿器和非球面的相对关系与理论设计相吻合,在Zygo相位干涉仪上测得最终结果。在λ=632.8nm时,中心圆口径与两个边缘圆口径面形误差RMS分别为0.022λ,0.037λ,0.032λ。检测结果,达到预期目的。     

基于宽光谱干涉系统的拼接主镜共相位检测技术

 针对拼接式大口径望远镜主镜,提出一种基于迈克尔逊干涉原理基础上的宽带光谱（白光）干涉检测方法,对拼接子镜间相位误差进行实时检测,进而对失调子镜进行相应校正,以实现拼接子镜的共面排布。子镜间相位误差通过干涉图形间的不匹配性进行提取。应用双中心波长组合白光源来提高白光中心条纹的可见度,通过理论仿真,对不同中心波长组合的白光中心条纹可见度进行比较,结果表明：该双中心波长组合白光源系统的应用,可以提高白光干涉中心条纹的信号分辨能力,借以提高检测精度,使得该白光干涉检测系统对拼接子镜间的相位失调误差进行高精度提取。     

非零位检测凸非球面反射镜的研究

在简要总结各种检测凸非球面方法优缺点的基础上,提出了利用部分补偿法和子孔径拼接干涉检测凸非球面的新方法。分别研究和分析了这两种非零位检测非球面方法的基本原理和基础理论;设计并制作了部分补偿器件,并对其系统误差进行了标定;开发了综合优化和误差均化的子孔径拼接算法;设计并研制了两种方法都适用的检测装置。并结合实例对一口径为130 mm的碳化硅凸非球面分别进行了部分补偿检测和子孔径拼接测量,这两种方法测量所得的全口径面形分布是一致的,其PV值和RMS值的偏差仅为0.010 和 0.002 (=0.632 8 m)。从而提供了两种非零位补偿测试凸非球面的手段。     

High-speed polarization mode dispersion compensation in a 43-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK transmission system over 1200 km of standard single-mode fibre

This paper reports that the designed optical polarization mode dispersion compensator shows a good performance under the real-time variation of differential group delay, state of polarization and principal state of polarization in a (40 × 43)-Gb/s dense-wavelength-multiplexing, 1200-km enhanced return-to-zero differential-quadrature-phase-shift-keying (RZ-DQPSK) system. The polarization mode dispersion tolerance of the system is improved by 26 ps using the optical polarization mode dispersion compensator. The short and long time stabilities are tested with the bit error ratio recorded.vspace1mm     

校正空间分块镜复位误差所需的最少自由度的确定

可收展式分块镜共相位成像技术是实现光学系统超大口径、超高分辨率成像的关键技术。分块镜复位误差会引起各子镜之间的共相位误差和整个拼接镜面的面形误差。合理确定校正分块镜复位误差所需的自由度具有非常重要的意义。计算机仿真分析了分块镜的复位误差对拼接镜面面形误差的影响。结果表明,所需的校正自由度的个数不仅与展开机构的复位精度有关,而且与分块镜镜面的几何参数有关。     

Dispersion error of a beam splitter cube in white-light spectral interferometry

We revealed that the phase function of a thin-film structure measured by a white-light spectral interferometric technique depends on the path length difference adjusted in a Michelson interferometer. This phenomenon is due to a dispersion error of a beam splitter cube, the effective thickness of which varies with the adjusted path length difference. A technique for eliminating the effect in measurement of the phase function is described. In a first step, the Michelson interferometer with same metallic mirrors is used to measure the effective thickness of the beam splitter cube as a function of the path length difference. In a second step, one of the mirrors of the interferometer is replaced by a thin-film structure and its phase function is measured for the same path length differences as those adjusted in the first step. In both steps, the phase is retrieved from the recorded spectral interferograms by using a windowed Fourier transform applied in the wavelength domain.