有限远共轭显微镜光镊设计和误差分析

光镊是研究单分子生物物理特性的独特工具, 因而光镊设备的研发是一个极为重要的课题. 本文根据矩阵光学, 对基于有限远共轭显微镜的光镊操控光路进行计算, 得出了阱位径向操控和轴向操控方程, 并分析了光束调控系统、 共焦系统后置透镜和耦合透镜安装位置误差及物镜轴向位置调整对光镊阱位径向及轴向操控精度的影响. 计算结果显示, 当物镜初级像面和耦合透镜像方焦面完全重合, 光束调控系统和耦合透镜的距离误差对阱位径向和轴向操控精度没有影响. 光镊系统元器件定位不准时, 基于无限远共轭显微镜光镊的阱位径向操控误差和轴向操控误差都小于基于有限远共轭显微镜光镊的阱位径向操控误差和轴向操控误差. 当光镊耦合透镜定位误差控制在小于10 mm时, 基于有限远共轭显微镜光镊的径向和轴向操控误差分别小于5.9%和11.4%, 有限远共轭显微镜仍然存在改造为光镊的价值.本文理论为基于有限远共轭显微镜的光镊设计、改造和操控提供理论和实验指导. 关键词： 光镊 光学设计 矩阵 误差     

聚焦透镜的像散对光阱力的影响

根据里查德-沃耳夫矢量积分公式,研究了径向偏振光通过具有像散的大数值孔径物镜后在焦点附近的光阱力。着重研究像散对轴向和横向光阱力的影响。研究结果表明,像散的存在导致了光阱力的势垒减弱,光阱中心的偏移,甚至是改变了有效捕捉区域,这将严重影响了光镊的轴向和横向对粒子的捕捉。通过对改变数值孔径的大小和孔径与光腰的比值,以及对不同大小的粒子捕捉效果的对比,可以改变像散对粒子捕捉影响的程度,从而改善像散对光阱力的影响,这对于光镊等精密仪器的操作是十分必要的。     

轴向多光阱微粒捕获与实时直接观测技术

传统的光镊技术使用单个物镜同时进行光学捕获与显微成像,使得捕获与成像区域被限制在物镜焦平面附近,无法同时观察到沿光轴方向(即Z向)捕获的多个微粒.本文提出一种轴平面(XZ平面)GerchbergSaxton迭代算法来产生沿轴向分布的多光阱阵列,将轴平面成像技术与光镊结合,实现了沿轴向对二氧化硅微球的多光阱同时捕获与实时观测.通过视频分析法测量了多个二氧化硅微球在轴向光镊阵列中的布朗运动,并标定了光阱刚度.本文提出的轴向多光阱微粒捕获与实时观测技术为光学微操纵提供了一个新的观测视角和操纵方法,为生物医学、物理学等相关领域研究提供了一种新的技术手段.     

热驱动法测量光阱刚度的蒙特卡罗模拟

在应用光镊测量微米粒子或生物大分子之间力学特性之前,必须对光镊的光阱刚度进行精确标定,选择精确的标定方法对测量的准确性起着决定作用。采用Monte-Carlo方法,模拟了光阱中的一个粒子在5s时间内其位移随时间变化的信号序列,模拟采样频率为105Hz。基于不同程度噪声和光阱偏移量条件下的模拟实验数据,用三种热驱动力分析法对光阱刚度进行标定。结果表明,三种方法的理想误差均小于2.5%;将粒子位移序列的坐标减去其平均值后得到新的位移序列,然后进行刚度标定,可以消除光阱偏移引入的误差;均方位移法比功率谱法和玻尔兹曼分布法具有更好的抗噪声干扰能力。     

小型化可调光镊设计

光镊利用强会聚激光对微粒产生的梯度力来捕获微粒,可以进行无损、远程操控,同时具有皮牛精度的测力特性,已经成为物理学、生命科学和胶体化学等研究领域中不可缺少的研究工具。光镊效应可以表现微小的光子动量和角动量,是物理学的重要教学工具。本文根据高斯光束传播和变换规律,设计具有稳定捕获性能的最小化光镊,并给出了典型参数。光镊系统由捕获激光、光束耦合系统、倒置生物显微镜和大数值孔径物镜组成,成像系统由物镜、摄影目镜和CCD相机组成。本光镊系统具有紧凑特性,同时通过保持物镜后瞳充满度来实现稳定捕获。在该最小光镊系统上,可以根据用户需求增加光镊阱位操控系统、刚度调节系统和其他辅助设备以满足不同操控要求,可以很好地满足科研和教学需求。     

不同偏振态光镊三维光阱刚度的比较研究

为了研究激光偏振态对光阱刚度的影响,本文比较了四种不同偏振态光场(方位角偏振光、径向偏振光、线偏振光、圆偏振光)捕获不同尺寸SiO_2微粒的三维光阱刚度.研究结果表明:当SiO_2微粒的尺寸和激光波长相近时,圆偏振光和线偏振光的三维光阱刚度大于径向偏振光和方位角偏振光的三维光阱刚度;而随着SiO_2微粒尺寸的增加,方位角偏振光和径向偏振光的三维光阱刚度大于圆偏振光和线偏振光的三维光阱刚度.此外,实验也表明:使用浸油物镜捕获微粒时,物镜匹配油的折射率和水的折射率不一致引起的球差,会降低系统对物镜数值孔径的利用.通过这些研究工作,可以为不同偏振态光场的测力研究提供一定的指导和参考.     

发射光学系统分析

 采用矩阵光学方法导出了发射光学系统的传输变换矩阵和具有两级扩束系统的发射系统的调焦公式,研究了输入激光不是平行光时远场焦点位置的变化和一级扩束系统焦距变化对系统焦距的影响。     

基于低损光学相变和超透镜的可控多阱光镊

为提升光镊在三维空间中对粒子的捕获性能,本文设计和分析了新型的双阱和多阱超透镜光镊方案.首先基于低损耗相变材料Sb₂S₃设计了可控超透镜双阱光镊,并对两个半径为250 mm的SiO₂粒子所受光力进行了矢量横向分析和轴向分析.仿真实验结果表明,当Sb₂S₃在晶态下时,超透镜捕获的两个粒子的横向光阱刚度k_x分别达到了约25.7 pN/(μm·W)和37.4 pN/(μm·W),轴向光阱刚度k_z均约为10.0 pN/(μm·W);而当Sb₂S₃在非晶态下时,k_x和k_z值均降低到其对应晶态下的1/10,且此时粒子在z方向上不能被稳定捕获,从而实现了在三维空间中对粒子的可控捕获.进一步本文给出了阵列式的可控多阱光镊.通过调控相变材料Sb₂S₃的晶态和非晶态,能形成不同组合粒子的三维捕获方案.这些新型可控光镊可实现多...     

时域有限差分法利用聚焦光脉冲模拟介质球微粒所受单频光阱力

用三维时域有限差分法对光镊装置中介质球微粒所受光阱力情况进行模拟。根据Richards-Wolf矢量场衍射积分公式对消球差会聚透镜像空间中电磁场分布的表示,在总场空间中实现了对聚焦光脉冲的模拟。聚焦光脉冲与介质球微粒的相互作用,通过离散傅里叶变换提取出单频成分,利用计算光阱力的麦克斯韦应力张量公式,计算单频激光对介质球的光阱力。聚焦光脉冲的引入可以使一次计算得到多个频率下的计算结果。对相同的聚焦装置下介质球受不同频率入射光的光阱力情况进行了计算。计算结果表明使用线偏振光作光源时,大数值孔径聚焦透镜和短入射波长有利于介质球的横向操纵;沿光轴方向对介质球进行纵向操纵,需要大数值孔径的物镜和与之相适应的入射波长。     

采用超连续谱激光的双光束光纤光阱实验

以超连续谱激光器作为捕获光源,首次提出并搭建了超连续谱双光束光纤光阱实验系统,实现了聚苯乙烯微球的捕获和操控。通过改变光纤端面间隔和调整捕获光功率的方式精确控制微球的位置,采用CCD图像分析方法实现了微球位置的精确测量。对微球受限布朗运动下的位置变化进行傅里叶变换,计算得到功率谱,与理论功率谱函数拟合后求出了其光阱刚度。结果表明,捕获光束的功率为28 mW时,光阱刚度达到1.3×10-6N/m,高于相同实验条件下单波长光纤光阱的刚度。与传统采用单色光作为捕获光源的光镊系统不同,超连续谱双光束光阱系统利用其宽谱优势,通过研究被捕获微粒的散射光谱信息可获取其尺寸、折射率等物理特征参数。     

Electrical manipulation of nanomagnets

We demonstrate that it is possible to manipulate the magnetic coupling between two nanomagnets by means of an ac electric field. In the scheme suggested, the magnetic coupling is mediated by a magnetic particle that is in contact with both nanomagnets via tunnel barriers. The time-dependent electric field is applied so that the height of first one barrier then the other is suppressed in an alternating fashion. We show that the result is a pumping of magnetization from one nanomagnet to the other through the mediating particle. The dynamics of the magnetization of the mediating particle allows the coupling to be switched between being ferromagnetic and being antiferromagnetic.     

Optical manipulation of plasmonic nanoparticles

We investigate numerically the optical forces exerted by an incident light beam on metal nanoparticles (MNP) sustaining the so-called localized surface plasmons (LSP). We first describe how the particle dispersion can be used to tune the respective contribution from extinction and gradient forces. By a suitable adjustment of the illumination conditions, single MNP can be selectively guided, sorted and trapped. The second part of our work investigates the interparticle forces existing within a MNP ensemble. Our results show that MNP located in a conventional optical trap can self-arrange under optical forces according to specific architectures. In particular, at very low distances, they tend to agglomerate into metal clusters leading to very high field concentration in the interstices. PACS 71.45.Gm; 71.36.+c; 87.80.Cc     

Exact spin-orbit qubit manipulation

We consider exactly solvable manipulation of spin-qubits confined in a moving harmonic trap and in the presence of the time dependent Rashba interaction. Non-adiabatic Anandan phase for cyclic time evolution is compared to the Wilczek-Zee adiabatic counterpart. It is shown that the ratio of these two phases can for a chosen system be any real number. Next we demonstrate the possibility of arbitrary qubit transformation in a ring with spin-orbit interaction. Finally, we present an example of exact analysis of spin-orbit dynamics influenced by the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck coloured noise.     

Ultrafast manipulation of antiferromagnetism of NiO

Photoexcitation of antiferromagnetic NiO leads to ultrafast reorientation of Ni2+ spins due to change of the magnetic anisotropy. Recovery of the magnetic ground state occurs as coherent oscillation of the antiferromagnetic order parameter between hard- and easy-axis states manifesting itself as quantum beating. The coherence time is approximately 1 ns with the beating frequency being determined by the anisotropy energy.     

Optical manipulation of group III atoms

We present details for the laser manipulation of group III atoms, specifically aluminum, gallium, and indium. The practical considerations of accomplishing this manipulation are discussed and alternative schemes are presented for each species. The possibility of using such an optical technique for composition modulation during semiconductor growth for the fabrication of quantum wire and quantum dot structures is also discussed. Received: 29 September 1999 / Published online: 5 April 2000     

Polarization manipulation of bright-dark vector bisolitons

We simulate the polarization manipulation of bright-dark vector bisolitons at 1-μm wavelength regime.Through changing the pulse parameters,different kinds of pulse shapes and optical spectra are generated in output orthogonal polarization directions.When the input vector bisoliton is polarization-locked with 1064 nm central wavelength,“1+1”fundamental dark-dark and“2+1”pseudo-high-order bright-dark group-velocity-locked vector solitons can be achieved through changing the projection angle.When the input vector bisoliton is group-velocity-locked with 1063 nm and 1065 nm central wavelengths,“2+1”and“2+2”pseudo-high-order bright-dark group-velocity-locked vector solitons,bright-dark group-velocity-locked vector solitons with chirp-like temporal oscillations are generated.Our simulation results can provide beneficial conduct for polarization manipulation of vector multi-solitons,and have promising applications in quantum information register,optical communications,nanophotonics,and all-optical switching.     

Optical manipulation of microscale fluid flow

A novel optical method is used both to probe and to control dynamics in experiments on the spreading of microscale liquid films over solid substrates. The flow is manipulated by thermally induced surface-tension gradients that are regulated by controlling the absorption of light in the substrate. This approach permits, for the first time, the measurement of the dispersion relation for the well-known contact line instability; the measurements are compared with theoretical predictions from the slip model for spreading films. The experiments also demonstrate the use of feedback control to suppress instability. These results show that optical control can provide dynamically reconfigurable manipulations of fluid flow, thereby suggesting a general approach for constructing reprogrammable microfluidic devices.     

Contrast manipulation in NMR imaging

The past few years have shown rapid growth of NMR imaging in both image quality and diagnostic usefulness. It has become apparent, as the images have been published, that both inter- and intra-group imaging of the same underlying pathology produces images which can have vastly differing appearance. This effect is mainly due to imaging techniques which use different pulse sequence types and timings thus varying the relative contribution of the protpn density, T1, and T2 properties of the tissues. In this paper we investigate the contrast manipulation effects and methods for SNR optimization for the saturation recovery, inversion recovery, spin echo, and inversion recovery spin echo pulse sequences when applied to three clinically relevant imaging tasks.     

霍尔天平材料的多场调控

霍尔天平材料中层间耦合作用易于调控,基于此可以实现多组态磁存储模式,其区别于当前基于自旋阀或者磁性隧道结的传统二组态磁存储原理.与此同时,还可以在存储单元中实现信息的逻辑运算从而提高器件整体的运算效率.这一设计有利于自旋电子学器件的微型化、集成化,有望从物理原理上解决当前基于自旋阀或者磁性隧道结的传统二组态自旋电子学材料器件的技术瓶颈,进一步提高磁存储密度,为推动新型自旋电子学材料的研究开辟了一条新的研究思路.首先,本综述将介绍基于霍尔天平材料的磁存储器件的研究背景;其次,重点介绍霍尔天平存储逻辑器件一体化设计的提出与发展历程;再次,介绍霍尔天平材料关键指标-霍尔电阻比值的界面调控及物理机理探索;随后详细阐述霍尔天平体系中磁性斯格明子的产生与多场调控等动态行为.最后,简单介绍霍尔天平结构在其他相关材料中的扩展、应用,并展望其在未来器件应用中的前景.