an Introduction to Mebt For JKJ and Its Upgrade Design

The medium-energy beam-transport line (MEBT) plays an important role in reducing the beam loss in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). A MEBT was designed and constructed,with good beam matching and lower beam loss. A brief introduction to the MEBT and its beam test results are given. To further reduce the beam loss during the transient time of the chopper,a medium-energy beamtransport line with an anti-chopper has been designed. It accomplishes three tasks: matching the beam from the RFQ to the acceptance of the DTL, chopping the beam to produce gaps for injection into the rapid cycling ring which follows the linac, and returning the partially deflected beam back to the acceptance of the DTL. An RF chopper and an anti-chopper have been adopted in the beam line, and the optimization of the design of the chopper cavity is discussed. Details of the beam dynamics analysis are given.     

A Particle-in-cell scheme of the RFQ in the SSC-Linac

A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ)linear accelerator(linac)is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system(injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron).The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u,respectively.The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell(PIC)code BEAMPATH.Simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission efficiency(at least 95%)for both zerocurrent mode and the space charge dominated regime.The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions,and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac(DTL).The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.     

Particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of the low energy beam transport for the SSC-linac injector

A new SSC-linac system (injector into separated sector cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of SSC-Linac, the LEBT (low energy beam transport) consists of seven solenoids, four quadrupoles, a bending magnet and an extra multi-harmonic buncher. The total length of this segment is about 7 meters. The beam dynamics in this LEBT has been studied using three-dimensional PIC (particle-in-cell) code BEAMPATH. The simulation results show that the continuous beam from the ion source is first well analyzed by a charge-to-mass selection system, and the beam of the selected charge-to-mass ratio is then efficiently pre-bunched by a multi-harmonic buncher and optimally matched into the RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) for further acceleration. The principles and effects of the solenoid collimation channel are discussed, and it could limit the beam emittance by changing the aperture size.     

Variations in bonding of iron in porous ferrisilicates

The ISAC post accelerator comprises an RFQ, DTL and SC-linac. The high energy beam lines connect the linear accelerators as well as deliver the accelerated beams to two different experimental areas. The medium energy beam transport (MEBT) line connects the RFQ to the DTL. The high energy beam transport (HEBT) line connects the DTL to the ISAC-I experimental stations (DRAGON, TUDA-I, GPS). The DTL to superconducting beam (DSB) transport line connects the ISAC-I and ISAC-II linacs. The superconducting energy beam transport (SEBT) line connects the SC linac to the ISAC-II experimental station (TUDA-II, HERACLES, TIGRESS, EMMA and GPS). All these lines have the function of transporting and matching the beams to the downstream sections by manipulating the transverse and longitudinal phase space. They also contain diagnostic devices to measure the beam properties.     

Accelerator development in India for ADS programme

At BARC, development of a Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA), as front-end injector of the 1 GeV accelerator for the ADS programme, has been initiated. The major components of LEHIPA (20 MeV, 30 mA) are a 50 keV ECR ion source, a 3 MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and a 20 meV drift tube linac (DTL). The Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) and Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) lines match the beam from the ion source to RFQ and from RFQ to DTL respectively. Design of these systems has been completed and fabrication of their prototypes has started. Physics studies of the 20–1000 MeV part of the Linac are also in progress. In this paper, the present status of this project is presented.      

Study of the design of CSNS MEBT

The design of CSNS MEBT has two objectives：（1） to match the beam both in the transversal direction and the longitudinal direction from RFQ into DTL;（2） to further chop the beam into the required time structure asked by RCS. It is very diffcult and critical to control well the emittance growth and in the meantime to match and chop the beam. Firstly,the optical design is done and optimized,and the multi-particle simulations show that the maximum emittance growth is successfully controlled within 14%. Secondly,based on the different beam envelopes obtained by TRACE-3D and PARMELA,the least deflecting angle of the chopper is determined by TRACE-3D. At last,the field of steering magnet is determined through simulations.     

SSC-LINAC重离子RFQ动力学模拟与研究

采用多粒子跟踪程序BEAMPATH 对SSC-LINAC 重离子RFQ 直线加速器进行动力学模拟,分别对RFQ 的接受度、高频特性、束流稳定性、空间电荷效应等进行了分析。该RFQ具有很大的纵向接受度,有利于束流在RFQ中的传输;高频特性研究表明,翼间电压设定在理论值以上时,该RFQ都能保持较好的束流特性;束流稳定性分析结果表明,该RFQ具有很大的束流失配容忍度;空间电荷效应研究表明,当束流强度低于0.5 mA时,束流传输不受影响。综合研究结果表明,53.667 MHz重离子RFQ具有较好的动力学特性,满足SSC-LINAC直线加速器的设计要求。The RFQ beam dynamics of a heavy ion linac was investigated in this paper and the BEAMPATH code was employed in this study. The main research was focused on the beam performances depending on longitudinal acceptance, RF properties, beam instability and space charge effect. The RFQ has large longitudinal acceptance in design, which brings the beam performances well. In the RF parameter study, the beam can keep good transmission in the acceleration even the vane voltage is larger than the theoretical value. It is also shown that the RFQ has a large robustness for the mismatch of the input beam by the analysis of the beam instability.Furthermore, the beam evolution is independent on the space charge effect when the beam current is less than 0.5 emA. The preliminary analysis of the beam dynamics shows that the 53.667 MHz heavy ion RFQ has a promising performance, which meets the requirements of SSC-LINAC.     

JAERI和KEK联合项目中的中能束流传输线及其升级设计

中能束流传输线(MEBT)在日本质子加速器研究设施(J-PARC)中对控制束流损失起到非常关键的作用. 中能传输线已经成功设计和建造, 并进行了束流实验. 简要介绍了中能传输线及其束流实验的结果. 为进一步减少和消除传输线中的束流切割器的上升和下降过程中产生的不稳定粒子, 以满足更高流强下的束损要求, 给出了一个带有反束流切割器的中能传输线的升级设计, 该设计已被用作该项目的备用方案. 升级设计的中能传输线要完成三个任务：完成从RFQ到DTL的束流相空间匹配; 利用束流切割器把束流切割成注入快循环时所需要的束流结构, 以及利用反束流切割器把束流切割器上升和下降时间段产生的部分偏转的不稳定粒子作用回DTL的相空间接收度内, 以减少和避免粒子丢失. 在该中能传输线中, RF偏转器被用来作为束流切割器和反束流切割器. RF偏转器是中能传输线中最关键的部件, 进一步讨论了RF偏转器作为反束流切割器的优化设计. 也给出了该传输线的动力学分析的结果.     

Study of the design of CSNS MEBT

The design of CSNS MEBT has two objectives: (1) to match the beam both in the transversal direction and the longitudinal direction from RFQ into DTL; (2) to further chop the beam into the required time structure asked by RCS. It is very difficult and critical to control well the emittance growth and in the meantime to match and chop the beam. Firstly, the optical design is done and optimized, and the multi-particle simulations show that the maximum emittance growth is successfully controlled within 14%. Secondly, based on the different beam envelopes obtained by TRACE-3D and PARMELA, the least deflecting angle of the chopper is determined by TRACE-3D. At last, the field of steering magnet is determined through simulations.     

医用质子加速器注入器7 MeV漂移管直线加速器的设计

 针对质子治癌直线加速器功耗少、长度短的要求,设计了一台工作频率为324 MHz的漂移管型质子直线加速器(DTL)。该DTL把粒子从2.5 MeV加速到7 MeV,功耗为265 kW, 总长1.9 m。横向聚焦采用FODO结构,漂移管内放置永磁铁。提出一种新的束流匹配方案,在射频四极场加速器(RFQ)与DTL之间不设束运线,而是以 DTL入口处的4个单元为匹配段,把RFQ出口处相椭圆匹配到DTL周期结构入口处的相椭圆。 用PARMILA程序对该DTL进行了动力学模拟,结果表明该方案的束流发射度增长很小。     

中国加速器驱动系统的中能传输线-2设计

中能传输线-2（MEBT2）在中国加速器驱动次临界系统（CADS）1.5 GeV加速器的前端具有非常重要的作用。介绍了MEBT2设计思路和束流动力学分析。MEBT2的设计和模拟均使用多粒子跟踪程序TraceWin完成。给出了可以完成束流传输和匹配的消色散MEBT2设计方案。模拟结果显示:在经过此方案所设计的MEBT2后，束流横向和纵向的发射度分别有5%和13%的增长，在此系统可接受的发射度增长范围内。     

Particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of the low energy beam transport for the SSC-linac injector

A new SSC-linac system (injector into separated sector cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of SSC-Linac, the LEBT (low energy beam transport) consists of seven solenoids, four quadrupoles, a bending magnet and an extra multi-harmonic buncher. The total length of this segment is about 7 meters. The beam dynamics in this LEBT has been studied using three-dimensional PIC (particle-in-cell) code BEAMPATH. The simulation results show that the continuous beam from the ion source is first well analyzed by a charge-to-mass selection system, and the beam of the selected charge-to-mass ratio is then efficiently pre-bunched by a multi-harmonic buncher and optimally matched into the RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) for further acceleration. The principles and effects of the solenoid collimation channel are discussed, and it could limit the beam emittance by changing the aperture size.     

Preliminary design and simulation of a 162.5 MHz high- intensity proton RFQ for an accelerator driven system

A new procedure for the design and simulation of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator has been developed at the Argonne National Laboratory. This procedure is integrated with the beam dynamics design code DESRFQ and the simulation code TRACK, which are based on three-dimensional field calculations and the particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulations. This procedure has been applied to the development of a 162.5 MHz CW RFQ which is capable of delivering a 10 mA proton beam for the Accelerator Driven System (ADS) of the CAS. The simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by the stable values of the beam acceleration efficiency for both the zero current beam and space charge dominated beam. For an average beam current of 10 mA, there is no transverse rms emittance growth, the longitudinal rms emittance at the exit of RFQ is low enough and there is no halo formation. The beam accelerated in the RFQ could be accepted easily and smoothly by the following super-conducting linear accelerator.     

Design of medium energy beam transport line between the RFQ and the Linac in the radioactive ion beam facility at VECC,Kolkata

The design of a medium energy beam transport (MEBT) line comprising of a re-buncher and four quadrupoles, two upstream and the other two downstream of the re-buncher, has been presented. The design was done to ensure almost 100% transport of heavy-ion beams of about 99 keV/u energy from RFQ having a q/A not less than 1/14 through the re-buncher and then through IH Linac of about 0.6 m length in which beam would be accelerated to about 185 keV/u. The re-buncher has been designed to operate at 37.8 MHz, the resonating frequency of both the RFQ and the IH Linac. The entire beam line has been installed and recently O⁵⁺ beam from RFQ has been transported through the re-buncher and subsequently accelerated in the IH Linac successfully.     

IH型漂移管直线加速器的束流动力学研究（英文）

为了提高兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）的运行效率、改善加速器输出束流品质,并实现几个加速装置分时供束,提高整个重离子加速装置的利用率,特为（HIRFL-CSR）增建一台新的注入器--CSRLINAC。在108.48 MHz的RFQ之后的CSR-LINAC主加速段,主要由一台108.48 MHz和两台216.96 MHz的IH型漂移管直线加速器组成,用于加速荷质比为1/8.5~1/3之间的重离子,其最大的束流流强为3 mA,并将粒子从0.3 MeV/u加速到3.71 MeV/u。运用KONUS动力学原理,在满足设计指标的情况下,首先利用TraceWin程序进行中能束线MEBT设计,后针对高频腔体设计和束流匹配的基本参数的系列讨论,特别是对CSR-LINAC的中能束流匹配线、参数选择和IH型KONUS结构的漂移管直线加速器进行设计模拟优化。最终得出,在保证腔体设计指标和95.3%的传输效率的情况下,该紧凑型直线加速结构经过三个腔体的加速后,束流的纵向归一化均方根发射度增长仅有25%;同时发现,当流强达到3 mA时,存在空间电荷效应,导致其纵向相宽增长约25%,最大横向包络也存在16.5%的涨落。In order to improve the operation efficiency of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR), a heavy ion linac (linear accelerator) was proposed and designed as a new injector for HIRFL-CSR. Following the 108.48 MHz Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), three tanks in total with Interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) structure are installed to boost the beam energy from 0.3 to 3.71 MeV/u, and the beam current of ions with charge-to-mass ratio from 1/8.5 to 1/3 can reach to 3 mA. The first tank operatesat the same frequency as the RFQ, and the rest two operate at 216.96 MHz. The “Combined Zero-Degree Synchronous Particle Structure” (KONUS) beam dynamics was used in the beam dynamics design. The overview of the physics design on the main accelerating components, including RF design and beam dynamics design are introduced in this paper. The optimized structure design, fabrication status and simulation results are presented in this contribution. It shows that under the condition of assurance of 95.3% transmission efficiency, the normalized rms emittance is about 25%. When the beam current is up to 3 mA, owing to the space charge effect, the increase of longitudinal phase spread and transverse envelope are about 25% and 16.3%, respectively.     

Design study of a radio-frequency quadrupole for high-intensity beams

The Rare isotope Accelerator Of Newness(RAON) heavy-ion accelerator has been designed for the Rare Isotope Science Project(RISP) in Korea. The RAON will produce heavy-ion beams from 660-MeV-proton to200-MeV/u-uranium with continuous wave(CW) power of 400 k W to support research in various scientific fields.Its system consists of an ECR ion source, LEBTs with 10 ke V/u, CW RFQ accelerator with 81.25 MHz and 500 ke V/u, a MEBT system, and a SC linac. In detail, the driver linac system consists of a Quarter Wave Resonator(QWR) section with 81.25 MHz and a Half Wave Resonator(HWR) section with 162.5 MHz, Linac-1, and a Spoke Cavity section with 325 MHz, Linac-2. These linacs have been designed to optimize the beam parameters to meet the required design goals. At the same time, a light-heavy ion accelerator with high-intensity beam, such as proton,deuteron, and helium beams, is required for experiments. In this paper, we present the design study of the high intensity RFQ for a deuteron beam with energies from 30 ke V/u to 1.5 MeV/u and currents in the m A range. This system is composed of an Penning Ionization Gauge ion source, short LEBT with a RF deflector, and shared SC Linac. In order to increase acceleration efficiency in a short length with low cost, the 2nd harmonic of 162.5 MHz is applied as the operation frequency in the D~+RFQ design. The D~+RFQ is designed with 4.97 m, 1.52 bravery factor. Since it operates with 2nd harmonic frequency, the beam should be 50% of the duty factor while the cavity should be operated in CW mode, to protect the downstream linac system. We focus on avoiding emittance growth by the space-charge effect and optimizing the RFQ to achieve a high transmission and low emittance growth. Both the RFQ beam dynamics study and RFQ cavity design study for two and three dimensions will be discussed.     

Beam dynamics study of RFQ for CADS with a 3D space-charge-effect

The ADS (accelerator driven subcritical system) project was proposed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The initial proton beams delivered from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source can be effectively accelerated by 162.5 MHz 4.2 m long room temperature radio-frequency-quadrupoles (RFQ) operating in CW mode. To test the feasibility of this physical design, a new Fortran code for RFQ beam dynamics study, which is space charge dominated, was developed. This program is based on Particle-In-Cell (PIC) technique in the time domain. Using the RFQ structure designed for the CADS project, the beam dynamics behavior is performed. The well-known simulation code TRACK is used for benchmarks. The results given by these two codes show good agreements. Numerical techniques as well as the results of beam dynamics studies are presented in this paper.     

DTL cavity design and beam dynamics for a TAC linear proton accelerator

A 30 mA drift tube linac (DTL) accelerator has been designed using SUPERFISH code in the energy range of 3-55 MeV in the framework of the Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC) project. Optimization criteria in cavity design are effective shunt impedance (ZTT), transit-time factor and electrical breakdown limit. In geometrical optimization we have aimed to increase the energy gain in each RF gap of the DTL cells by maximizing the effective shunt impedance (ZTT) and the transit-time factor. Beam dynamics studies of the DTL accelerator have been performed using beam dynamics simulation codes of PATH and PARMILA. The results of both codes have been compared. In the beam dynamical studies, the rms values of beam emittance have been taken into account and a low emittance growth in both x and y directions has been attempted.     

医用质子直线加速器的设计研究

讨论用于治癌的低束流高能量质子直线加速器的初步物理设计.采用短脉冲和高重复频率的S波段的加速结构,类似于医用电子直线加速器.总长26m,由离子源、RFQ、DTL、SCDTL及SCL组成,能量经70—200MeV有八档可调,平均束流强度10—40nA.     

Design and construction of the MEBT1 for CADS injector scheme Ⅱ

A Medium Energy Beam Transport line 1(MEBT1) has been designed for Injector Scheme II of the China ADS project. To match the beam from RFQ to Superconducting(SC) Half Wave Resonator(HWR) sections with emittance preservation, the MEBT1 has been designed to be mechanically compact. Working at 162.5 MHz,the MEBT1 transports a 10 m A, 2.1 Me V proton beam using seven quadrupoles and two bunching cavities within2.7 meters. Three collimators are placed between every two adjacent quadrupoles to collimate the beam halo. Design and construction of the MEBT1 are presented in this paper.