基于热声相控阵列的声聚焦效应

研究基于热声相控阵列的宽频带声聚焦效应.设计新型热声相位控制单元,通过改变单元的空气温度控制声波波速,实现声波透射与反射相位延迟覆盖2π区间.设计四种不同类型的热声相控阵列聚焦透镜,采用8种或2种热声相位控制单元分别实现了透射与反射声聚焦效应.与其他类型的声聚焦透镜相比,热声相控阵列聚焦透镜具有宽频带、高聚焦性能、设计方案简单等优点.     

基于蜷曲空间结构的近零折射率声聚焦透镜

研究基于蜷曲空间结构的近零折射率声聚焦透镜.根据近零折射率材料的声波方向选择机理,采用蜷曲空间结构为基本单元进行排列,设计具有特定入射与出射界面的几何结构,对透射声波的出射方向进行调控,实现了平面声波与柱面声波的聚焦效应,并深入讨论了透镜内部刚性散射体对声聚焦性能的影响.在此基础上,改变近零折射率透镜的出射界面,可以精确调控声波阵面的形状与方向.该类型透镜具有单一的单元结构、高聚焦性能及高鲁棒性等优点.研究结果为设计新型近零折射率声聚焦透镜提供了理论指导与实验参考,同时也为研究声波阵面的调控提供了新思路.     

温度梯度场对电声脉冲法空间电荷测量波形的影响

电力设备运行中的温升现象严重影响绝缘的使用寿命,因此高温下的空间电荷测量引起了许多学者的关注.但温度升高时,聚合物材料的声阻抗、Young模量、密度、声波在其中传播的速度、衰减特性均发生变化,因此无法准确测量出介质中的空间电荷特性.而对于温度梯度场下的绝缘介质(如电缆发热场)的空间电荷测量,温度的梯度分布对介质的声阻抗、弹性模量、密度、声速及声波衰减的影响将更为复杂.本文基于电声脉冲测量方法中声波的传播特性和温度对聚乙烯材料特性的影响,分析了温度梯度场对空间电荷测量结果的影响并进行了波形恢复.     

基于近零折射率材料的声非对称聚焦透镜

研究基于近零折射率声子晶体的声非对称聚焦透镜。声非对称聚焦透镜的两侧分别为竖直平面与圆弧面结构,由于近零折射率材料的声波方向选择性,当声波从竖直平面一侧入射时,可以通过透镜,实现高性能声聚焦效应;而当声波从圆弧面一侧任意方向入射时,声波无法通过透镜,从而实现同时具有聚焦与非对称传输特性的声学透镜。在此基础上,改变透镜圆弧面的曲率半径,可以调控非对称透镜的正向聚焦焦点位置,且声非对称传输性能保持不变.此外,透镜内部的刚性散射体对声非对称聚焦性能的影响较小。研究结果表明所设计的声非对称聚焦透镜具有多功能、单一结构及高鲁棒性等优点,为设计新型近零折射率声学器件提供相应的理论方案与实验参考.      

非均匀波导中的声聚焦

理论研究了声波在非均匀波导中的空间聚焦问题,利用多模态导纳法构建波导内任意位置处声压与入射声压在模态域的映射关系,计算使声波聚焦于空间某位置时的最佳入射波,并画出了相应的聚焦声场.研究了三种非均匀情况:水平变截面波导、含散射体波导以及声速垂直变化波导.结果表明,当输入最佳入射波时,在非均匀波导中可以产生良好的单点或多点声聚焦效果,声波的聚焦过程充分地利用了波导结构及介质非均匀性对声波的散射作用.     

利用波导型声透镜探索声波在空气中的聚焦

声透镜是实现声聚焦的一种重要工具,它通过改变声传播路径上介质的分布和引入适当的相移,从而使波阵面指向性发生变化,作用于声场,实现聚焦。波导型声透镜在空气中能实现低频声波的聚焦,且聚焦效果较好。但由于测量环境的不同,声波遇到墙壁等刚性边界时会被反弹,实际的聚焦区域与理论值会有些许偏差。     

热扩散效应在热声分离中的作用机理

在充满二元混合气体的声波谐振管中,振荡的气体会在径向上建立振荡的温度梯度,径向的温度梯度会引起两种组分的分子沿着不同方向进行扩散,在这种热扩散效应和热声效应的共同作用下,声波能够把混合气体中的两种组分分别带向谐振腔的速度节点和压力节点,使得混合气体在声波传播方向上逐渐分离。为了研究热声分离过程的机理,本文对一个半波长的声波谐振管进行了二维的建模,并基于可压缩的SIMPLE算法,通过求解He-Ar混合气体的速度场、温度场和一种组分的浓度场,对谐振腔内的传热传质过程进行了详细的数值模拟研究。数值模拟结果与文献的理论计算值进行了比较,结果符合良好。随后,通过研究一个周期内径向上的温度、速度和Ar的摩尔分数分布,揭示了径向上的热扩散过程,以及中间气体与边界层内气体之间的热质交换过程,完整地解释了热声分离过程的发生机理。     

热声发动机起振过程系统温度时序特性

针对热声发动机起振过程中复杂的温度变化,在自行研制的"驻波型热声发动机试验平台"上,开展了在不同的工质类型、充气压力等试验工况下,热声发动机起振过程的轴向温度分布规律和变化特征的试验研究,试验结果表明:对于氮气、氩气而言,其系统温度动态特性规律基本一致,且热声核温度梯度和热声板叠温度梯度存在较明显的差别;而对于氦气,其系统温度动态特性不同于前两类气体,且热声核的温度梯度和热声板叠温度梯度的差别十分微弱,可见,不同的工质类型将直接影响到发动机起振过程系统温度的动态变化特性.     

回热器的热声直流模型及其应用研究

由基本的守恒方程出发 ,获得了能描述回热器存在声直流时的非线性动力学模型及由此而导致的非线性时均热力学效应。根据所得到的模型 ,考察了声直流对临界声功产生率温度梯度、回热器温度分布及其性能的影响     

回热器的热声直流模型及其效应研究

本文由基本的守恒方程出发,获得了能描述回热器存在声直流时的非线性动力学模型及由此而导致的非线性时均热力学效应。根据所得到的模型,考察了声直流对临界声功产生率温度梯度、回热器温度分布以及脉冲管制冷性能的影响。     

Thermoacoustic-reflected focusing lens based on acoustic Bessel-like beam with phase manipulation

We report the realization of broadband reflected acoustic focusing lenses based on thermoacoustic phased arrays of Bessel-like beams, in which the units of phase manipulation are composed of three rigid insulated boundaries and a thermal insulation film in air with different temperatures. Based on these units, we realize a reflected focusing lens which can focus reflected acoustic energy on a line, and its fractional bandwidth can reach about 0.29. In addition, we discuss the influences of the base angle of Bessel-like beam, the number of basic unit, and the variation of unit temperature on focusing performances in details. Furthermore, the reflected focusing lens for the cylindrical acoustic wave based on the Bessel-like beam is also demonstrated. The proposed focusing lens has the advantages of a broad working bandwidth, large focus size,and high robustness, which may provide possibilities for the design and application of acoustic lenses.     

TA15钛合金激光沉积温度场数值模拟与检测

在综合考虑热源模型、对流辐射换热、相变潜热、材料非线性因素对激光沉积修复温度场影响前提下,建立了激光沉积修复的数学模型,采用有限元参数化设计语言(APDL)对多道多层激光沉积修复温度场进行了数值模拟。研究了激光沉积修复瞬时温度场及其中心高度上节点温度随时间变化情况,分析了修复件中心高度上温度梯度分布情况。搭建了激光沉积修复温度测量系统,对修复时表面温度进行了测量,并与模拟温度进行了比较,两者吻合较好。为控制激光沉积修复组织、提高修复质量提供有效手段。     

Broadband acoustic focusing by symmetric Airy beams with phased arrays comprised of different numbers of cavity structures

We realize broadband acoustic focusing effect by employing two symmetric Airy beams generated from phased arrays,in which the units of the phased arrays consist of different numbers of cavity structures, each of which is composed of a square cavity and two inclined channels in air. The exotic phenomenon arises from the energy overlapping of the two symmetric Airy beams. Besides, we demonstrate the focusing performance with high self-healing property, and discuss the effects of structure parameters on focusing performance, and present the characteristics of the cavity structure with straight channels. Compared with other acoustic lenses, the proposed acoustic lens has advantages of broad bandwidth(about 1.4 kHz), high self-healing property of focusing performance, and free adjustment of focal length. Our finding should have great potential applications in ultrasound imaging and medical diagnosis.     

Wide bandwidth acoustic transmission via coiled-up metamaterial with impedance matching layers

Many acoustic metamaterials suffer from a narrow bandwidth transmission because of the impedance mismatch at the airmetamaterial interface. In this paper, a two-dimensional impedance-matched metamaterial with broadband transmission performance is investigated. The impedance matching layer is introduced for a gradient variation of effective impedance from the inlet of the unit to the outlet. The effective medium theory and corresponding effective model are used to explain the underlying mechanism. The improved energy transmission of our designs is demonstrated by experiment and numerical simulation within a broad frequency bandwidth over 6 kHz. Our impedance-matched design can be used to enhance sound absorption, which is expected to present improved acoustic performance in the applications of acoustic damper and muffler.     

Influence of dynamic tissue properties on temperature elevation and lesions during HIFU scanning therapy:Numerical simulation

When large tumors are treated,ablation of the entire volume of tumors requires multiple treatment spots formed by high intensity-focused ultrasound(HIFU)scanning therapy.The heating effect of HIFU on biological tissue is mainly reflected in temperature elevation and tissue lesions.Tissue property parameters vary with temperature and,in turn,the distribution of temperature as well as the heating effects change accordingly.In this study,an HIFU scanning therapy model considering dynamic tissue properties is provided.The acoustic fields and temperature fields are solved combining the Helmholtz wave equation with Pennes bio-heat transfer equation based on the finite element method(FEM)to investigate the effects of various tissue properties(i.e.,the attenuation coefficient,acoustic velocity,thermal conductivity,specific heat capacity,density,and blood perfusion rate)on heating performance.Comparisons of the temperature distribution and thermal lesions under static and dynamic properties are made based on the data of tissue property parameters varying with temperature.The results show that the dynamic changes of thermal conductivity,specific heat capacity,and acoustic velocity may account for the decrease of temperature elevation in HIFU treatment,while the dynamic changes of attenuation coefficient,density,and blood perfusion rate aggravate the increase of temperature on treatment spots.Compared with other properties,the dynamic change of attenuation coefficient has a greater impact on tissue temperature elevation.During HIFU scanning therapy,the temperature elevation and tissue lesions of the first treatment spot are smaller than those of the subsequent treatment spots,but the temperature on the last treatment spot drops faster during the cooling period.The ellipsoidal tissue lesion is not symmetrical;specifically,the part facing toward the previous treatment spot tends to be larger.Under the condition of the same doses,the temperature elevation and the size of tissue lesions under dynamic properties present significant growth in comparison to static properties.Besides,the tissue lesion begins to form earlier with a more unsymmetrical shape and is connected to the tissue lesion around the previous treatment spot.As a result,lesions around all the treatment spots are connected with each other to form a closed lesion region.The findings in this study reveal the influence of dynamic tissue properties on temperature elevation and lesions during HIFU scanning therapy,providing useful support for the optimization of treatment programs to guarantee higher efficacy and safety.     

钻井液径向温度梯度与轴向导热对井筒温度分布影响

本文基于井筒与地层间能量平衡原理, 将井筒钻井液划分成不同径向单元网格, 建立了考虑径向温度梯度条件下钻井液层间温度模型; 同时引入钻井液轴向导热项, 建立了钻井液轴向导热温度模型, 将数学模型应用隐式有限差分法离散与求解. 计算结果表明: 钻井液径向温度梯度对井筒径向与轴向温度产生的误差分别为0.15 ℃和0.2 ℃左右; 而钻井液轴向导热对井筒温度分布几乎不产生影响. 因此, 通过建立的数学模型进行系统分析表明, 在建立井筒-地层耦合瞬态传热模型时可忽略两者对井筒温度分布的影响. 基于数学建模方法验证了以前学者模型假设条件的正确性, 为油气井与地热井井下温度分布规律深入研究奠定了可靠的理论基础. 关键词： 径向温度梯度 轴向导热 井筒温度 瞬态传热模型     

Numerical simulation of the transient multiphase field during plasma deposition manufacturing composite materials

A solid/liquid/gas unified model has been developed to investigate the gradient composition formation during the plasma deposition manufacturing (PDM) composite materials process. In this model, an enthalpy porosity model was applied to deal with the melting and solidification of the deposited layer, and a level-set approach was introduced to track the evolution of the free surface of the molten pool and the deposited layer. Moreover, complicated physical phenomena occurring at the liquid/gas interface, including forced convection heat loss, heat emission and plasma heat source, have been incorporated into the governing equations by source terms. In this study, the numerical experiment of nickel base alloy powder deposited on the medium steel substrate by PDM technique was implemented based on the staggered grid and SIMPLEC algorithm. Concentration gradient distribution of the solute material at the composite material interface, fluid flow and temperature distribution in the molten pool and the deposited layer have been investigated in detail. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50474053) and the High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007AA04Z142)     

基于有限元法分析宝石级金刚石的合成腔体温度场

以有限元法为理论分析手段模拟分析了温度梯度法合成宝石级金刚石大单晶的腔体温度场,实现了对宝石级金刚石的合成腔体内各位置温度同时测量.模拟结果表明:在宝石级金刚石合成过程中,其温度分布呈不均匀分布.腔体内高温区分布在样品(碳源+触媒)边缘,低温区分布在籽晶附近.样品腔内热量的传递方式和样品腔内的碳源输运方式相同,均由碳源的两侧向籽晶附近传输.籽晶附近轴向温度梯度大于径向温度梯度,导致单位时间内其轴向生长尺寸大于径向生长尺寸.宝石级金刚石腔体温度场分析的理论模型的成功构建,为新型宝石级金刚石腔体的研制提供了良好的设计基础,对促进优质宝石级金刚石的生长技术具有指导意义.     

高温热管声速极限的实验研究与理论分析

高温热管是公认的被动式高温传热器件,以及明显高于相同几何尺寸金属材料的当量导热率,使其成为研究热点,并具有广泛的应用前景。在高温热管的蒸汽流动中,当喉部流速达到声速后,会出现声速传热极限,主要表现为冷凝段温度持续降低,传热量停滞不增,以及蒸汽的阻塞状态。本文设计、制备了高温热管传热器件,以高频感应方式为热源,盘管式水冷套为冷源,搭建了可以定量测试高温热管声速极限的实验台,并应用理论模型进行了验证。实验测试了高温热管在高热流加热条件下的冷态启动过程,以及稳态传热状态下的温度、热流等基本物理量,并对此进行了理论分析。实验结果表明:长径比、加热热流、工作温度是影响高温热管声速极限的主要因素。