一维氢原子的双波描述

一维氢原子的定态解是二度简并的.由简并解可组合出三种典型解,它们对应三种不同的系综.双波理论描述单个氢原子.对双波理论进行三种不同的系综平均就得出普通量子力学中的三种典型解.各种解都与经典力学结果进行了详细的比较. 关键词：     

氢原子的固有电偶极矩

用经典力学和双波量子力学计算了氢原子的固有电偶极矩。双波量子理论算得的结果在经典极限下与经典力学的结果一致。普通量子力学对氢原子Stark效应中表现出来的电偶极矩难以做出很好的解释，因为一个波函数描述的是系综而不是单个粒子。经典力学和双波量子力学可描述单个粒子的行为，对永久电偶极矩的计算和解释显得自然而合理。     

均匀外电场中带电谐振子运动的双波函数描述

用双波函数量子理论描述电谐振子在均匀外电场中的运动，得到对单个带电谐振子运动状况的完全描述。通常量子力学中的期望值公式为双波函数对某一类系综的平均结果。     

二维氢原子的双波描述

运用双波量子理论,给出了二维氢原子的双波函数描述,并讨论了其经典极限.结果表明,双波函数描述单个粒子的运动状态,并将通常的量子力学描述结果作为系综统计平均值包含在其中. 关键词：     

双波量子理论中的守恒定律

研究了双波量子理论中守恒定律的数学形式,讨论了三维各向同性谐振子的守恒量及其经典极限.结果表明,双波量子理论中的守恒定律适用于单个粒子,而通常量子力学中的守恒定律仅适用于统计系综. 关键词：     

无反射势阱中粒子运动的双波函数描述

应用双波函数量子理论,得到了描述无反射势阱中单粒子运动状态的力学量的时间演化方程,而通常量子力学中的平均值公式可描述为双波函数对某类系综的平均结果。 关键词：     

薛定格猫态佯谬的双波解答

粒子在不可穿透器壁前的入射和反射运动，在动能大时为薛定格猫态，经典力学和双波量子力学对这体系的找述为完全描述，物理上下引起任何问题，普通量子测量假设引出佯谬，因为一个波函数在大能量条件下不描述单个粒子而描述系统，佯谬的根源是量子力学解释中不正确的前提和假设。     

单电子原子模型势中粒子的双波函数描述

运用双波函数量子理论,给出了单电子原子模型势中粒子的双波函数描述.结果表明运用双波函数描述的是单个粒子的运动,并将通常的量子力学描述结果作为系综统计平均值包含在其中.     

Landau规范下均匀磁场中带电粒子圆心相干态计算

在Ｌａｎｄａｕ规范下计算出均匀磁场中带电粒子的圆心相干态。利用这些圆心相干态可方便地描述带电粒子的圆周运动。这些圆周运动与经典力学的结果比较表明，圆心相干态描述系综中的平均运动． 关键词：     

超导量子比特中的量子跳跃方法

量子力学自建立以来很长一段时间被当作是描述系综运动的理论。但是上世纪80年代对囚禁离子和原子的研究观测到了量子跳跃现象,迫使人们发展了一些能够用于单量子系统的方法,其中之一就是量子跳跃方法。本文总结了我们近来把量子跳跃方法应用到以约瑟夫森隧道结为基础的超导量子比特的工作。我们不但实验观测到宏观量子系统中的量子跳跃,还可以利用量子跳跃现象来研究固体中普遍存在的两能级系统及其引起的超导量子比特中的退相干。     

对于“包含在连续谱量子体系中的决定论性”一文的讨论

对于具有连续能谱的单粒子量子体系,“包含在连续谱量子体系中的决定论性”一文用所谓“双波函数”来描述处于能量本征态的粒子系综中各粒子的量子行为,并且在所谓的“等价定理”中称:双波函数描述在经典极限下将化为经典力学描述.然而,此描述所给出的系综力学量观测值统计分布的预言与通常量子力学不相容;并且,该文对其“等价定理”的证明是不正确的,这个“定理”实际上不成立 关键词： 连续能谱量子体系 双波函数 经典极限     

Particle Dynamics of a Phase Space Distribution Function

No Heading A hydrodynamic analogy for quantum mechanics is used to develop a phase-space representation in terms of a quasi-probability distribution function. Averages over phase space using this approach agree with the usual expectation values of quantum mechanics for a certain class of observables. We also derive the equations of motion that particles in an ensemble would have in phase space in order to mimic the time development of this probability distribution, thus giving the position and momentum of particles in the ensemble as a function of time. The equations of motion separate into position and momentum components. The position component reproduces the de Broglie-Bohm equation of motion. As a simple example, we calculate the phase space trajectories and entropy of a free particle wave packet.     

薛定谔方程对单个粒子在均匀场中运动的因果描述

把薛定谔方程当成扩展了的经典力学中的雅科毕-哈密顿方程,对单个粒子在均匀场U(x)～±x中的运动进行因果描述。严格求解薛定谔方程,得到了上述两种情况下具有量子力学能级分立特性的粒子的速度随空间位置变化的曲线u(x),这两条速度曲线u(x)都可以遵循对应原理退化到与经典力学的速度曲线U_cla(x)重合。     

Quantum particles and classical particles

The relation between wave mechanics and classical mechanics is reviewed, and it is stressed that the latter cannot be regarded as the limit of the former as 0. The motion of a classical particle (or ensemble of particles) is described by means of a Schrödinger-like equation that was found previously. A system of a quantum particle and a classical particle is investigated (1) for an interaction that leads to stationary states with discrete energies and (2) for an interaction that enables the classical particle to act as a measuring instrument for determining a physical variable of the quantum particle.     

不确定关系的经典类比

与量子力学不确定关系相类似的关系在经典力学中也存在。利用这关系计算了几个具体实例。从计算中可看出一个波函数经典极限下只能描述系综。 关键词：     

The operator formalism of quantum mechanics from the viewpoint of short disturbances in nonrelativistic classical motion

The effect of short disturbances on nonrelativistic motion is formulated in terms of operators. Analogies with quantum mechanics are developed and some disparities noted. For the one-dimensional particle we obtain analogues of the de Broglie wave commonly associated with particle motion, Heisenberg's commutation relation, Schrödinger's equation, and the statistical interpretation. Whether these results have any bearing on quantum mechanics itself is left an open question.     

Space-time trajectories of quantum particles

The concept of trajectory is extended theoretically from classical mechanics through nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics. Forced motion of the particle as might be caused by an electromagnetic field is included in the equations. A new interpretation of the electromagnetic potential and the gauge transformation is presented. Using this formal structure, the problem of collecting particles into packets using trajectories is studied for both quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. Quantum mechanical trajectories are found to be significantly more restricted than those allowed by classical physics. The uncertainty principle comes from the second-order nature of the field equation without recourse to statistical arguments. The trajectories of particles in a quantum state can be calculated explicitly from the wave function (also see article in Volume 20, Number 6).