布朗马达的定向输运模型

将系统利用非平衡涨落能量做功，看作是布朗马达受到内外噪声作用的结果，并建立相应的含阻尼、双噪声的扩散模型．通过解析计算和数值模拟，在一维惯性锯齿势中，阐明了乘性噪声驱动布朗马达定向运动的机理，分析了黏滞阻力对定态流的影响．作为应用，解释了单个马达蛋白梯跳运动的实验现象． 关键词：     

驱动马达与轨道之间纳米摩擦的随机动力学研究

研究了驱动马达与轨道之间纳米摩擦的微观机制.通过基于克拉默斯(Kramers)理论的"键断裂"模型,得到了驱动马达与轨道之间纳米摩擦与马达行走速度之间关系.研究表明我们的理论结果与实验吻合.     

驱动蛋白力产生机制的研究

驱动蛋白颈链对接过程及其力产生机制的研究,是揭示驱动蛋白结构与功能的关系,认识 生物体蛋白质中普遍存在的、高效的能量转化机制和精确的构象变化调控机制的一个基础性课 题。本文中,我们对驱动蛋白颈链对接的过程及其力产生机制进行了系统地分析研究。通过分子 动力学模拟,得到了处于空态的马达头部的合理结构。在此结构的基础上,通过对颈链对接的启 动机制以及具体实现过程、ATP结合引起的马达头部转动到颈链对接过程力传递路径的分析,从 动力学上实现了驱动蛋白颈链对接;澄清了颈链对接的启动机制、颈链向马达头部对接的实现机 制、驱动蛋白向前行走时的力产生机制、以及驱动蛋白双头力学化学循环调控机制。对文中所讨 论的一些关键问题,给出了实验验证的可能方案。本文的研究结果对理解驱动蛋白结构与功能关 系、分子马达的力产生机制、做功原理和高效的能量转换机制有重要的参考价值。     

驱动马达力学化学耦合机制研究进展

驱动蛋白是细胞内重要的输运机器,属于平动分子马达.它有两个主要特征,其一是持续性,马达的两个头部在交替步行时至少有一头保持与微管吸附,因此它能沿微管长距离步进而不脱轨;另一个特征是马达的力学过程和化学过程是紧耦合的,即马达每前进一步消耗一个三磷酸腺苷.上述两个特征要求两个头部的核苷化学态及其与微管的相互作用需通过某个机构来协调统一,其中的核心问题是力学化学耦合机制,这也是所有化学驱动的分子马达的关键问题.得益于单分子实验技术和分子动力学模拟技术的发展,驱动马达力学化学耦合机制的研究在最近十年取得了重大突破.本文重点从运动学、动力学、协同机制和发力机制等方面介绍驱动马达基础研究的进展及面临的问题.     

驱动蛋白单向运动机理

驱动蛋白马达在实验和理论上已被进行了广泛的研究. 然而, 其行进运动的微观机理仍未确定. 在本文中我们基于化学、力学和电学耦合提出了一个交臂模型来描述这种行进运动. 在该模型中，驱动蛋白两个头的ATP水解化学反应速率由作用在其颈上的力（包括内部弹性力和外部负荷）来调控. 在低外部负荷情况下, 驱动蛋白的后头的ATP水解化学反应速率远大于前头的速率, 因而两个头在ATP水解化学反应和力学周期循环中是协调的且马达以每步消耗一个ATP的方式的行走. 在大的前向负荷情况下, 两个头的ATP水解化学反应速率变得可比拟, 因而两个头在ATP水解化学反应和力学周期循环中不再很好地协调. 该模型与驱动蛋白的结构研究结果以及ATP水解化学反应路径一致. 利用此模型所估算的驱动力（约5.8 pN）与实验结果（5~7.5 pN）一致. 所估算的每步中的运动时间（约10）也与实验测量值（0~50）符合. 解释了已观察到的每步（8nm）分为两个半步的现象. 所得到的运动速度-负荷曲线与已有的实验结果一致.     

声表面波驱动的非接触式转动马达

在研究摩擦力驱动的接触式转动马达的基础上,本文研制了一种由声表面波驱动的非接触式转动马达.这种马达的定子选用128°YX-LiNbO3晶体,在晶体表面光刻两对叉指换能器,由叉指换能器在定子表面激发两列平行而反向传播的声表面波.定子表面铺一层流体,转子就浮在流体表面.当定子表面有两列平行而反向的声表面波传播时,流体层中就会产生平行而反向的声流,这种黏性流体的声流运动就会驱动转子运动.实验上测定了马达的角速度随驱动电压,流体层厚度以及流体运动黏性系数变化的结果.同时,我们也发现,在相同工作频率下,非接触式转动马达的阈值电压远小于接触式.     

用弹性模型分析分子马达向前向后运动的概率

通过考虑分子马达kinesin的两个头处于不同的力学化学状态时具有不同的劲度系数,建立了弹性模型并根据玻尔兹曼定律分析了分子马达向前向后的行走概率,得到向前向后运动概率之比与外力的依赖关系,与Carter和Cross的实验结果相吻合.并且还用建立的弹性模型分析了实验上观察到的分子马达单向运动的因为以及在有外力时分子马达...     

微波驱动下超导量子比特与磁振子的相干耦合

实验上展示了钇铁石榴石(YIG)晶体小球中磁振子与超导量子比特的驱动缀饰态之间的相干强耦合,磁振子的加入使得在超导量子比特中形成了双重缀饰态.实验中一个钇铁石榴石晶体小球与一个超导量子比特同时放置在三维谐振腔中,分别通过磁偶极相互作用和电偶极相互作用与谐振腔中的本征场(TE102模式)耦合,并通过腔模作为媒介实现两者之间的有效相干强耦合.给超导量子比特施加一个共振的微波驱动并改变驱动强度,测得耦合系统能级劈裂随驱动强度的变化,并理论上利用粒子-空穴对与玻色场耦合的模型做了计算.在大部分的驱动强度范围内实验结果都与理论计算结果符合得较好,表明驱动下的比特-磁振子耦合系统可以用来模拟粒子-空穴对称对与玻色场的耦合系统.本文使用的混合量子系统为模拟玻色子与费米子的混合系统提供了一个新途径.     

分子马达的三态周期跳跃模型

研究了在一维三态周期跳跃模型下分子马达的定向运动 .对于给定的任意初始分布 ,得出了与时间有关的几率分布的解析表达式 ,包括到达稳态之前的所有的瞬态过程 ,由此可获得马达在各个时刻的漂移速度v、扩散系数D以及描述马达随机性质的随机参数r(randomnessparameter ) .同时还计算了马达到达稳态所需要的特征时间 .并把计算结果同实验进行了比较 .     

声光双稳态系统的周期驱动混沌

利用外周期信号对处于周期态的声光双稳态系统进行驱动,在合适的驱动强度和频率下,系统可能从周期态转换为李雅普诺夫指数意义下的混沌态.提出了这一混沌反控制方法,针对声光双稳态系统进行了计算模拟,并分析了其机理.     

The neck linker of kinesin 1 seems optimally designed to approach the largest stepping velocity: a simulation study of an ideal model

The neck linker is widely believed to play a critical role in the hand-over-hand walking of conventional kinesin 1. Experiments have shown that change of the neck linker length will significantly change the stepping velocity of the motor. In this paper, we studied this length effect based on a highly simplified chemically powered ratchet model. In this model, we assume that the chemical steps (ATP hydrolysis, ADP and P(i) release, ATP binding, neck linker docking) are fast enough under conditions far from equilibrium and the mechanical steps (detachment, diffusional search and re-attachment of the free head) are rate-limiting in kinesin walking. According to this model, and regarding the neck linker as a worm-like-chain polypeptide, we can calculate the steady state stepping velocity of the motor for different neck linker lengths. Our results show, under the actual values of binding energy between kinesin head and microtubule (~15k(B)T) and the persistence length of neck linker (~0.5 nm), that there is an optimal neck linker length (~14-16 a.a.) corresponding to the maximal velocity, which implies that the length of the wild-type neck linker (~15 a.a.) might be optimally designed for kinesin 1 to approach the largest stepping velocity.     

The effects of viscoelastic fluid on kinesin transport

Kinesins are molecular motors which transport various cargoes in the cytoplasm of cells and are involved in cell division. Previous models for kinesins have only targeted their in vitro motion. Thus, their applicability is limited to kinesin moving in a fluid with low viscosity. However, highly viscoelastic fluids have considerable effects on the movement of kinesin. For example, the high viscosity modifies the relation between the load and the speed of kinesin. While the velocity of kinesin has a nonlinear dependence with respect to the load in environments with low viscosity, highly viscous forces change that behavior. Also, the elastic nature of the fluid changes the velocity of kinesin. The new mechanistic model described in this paper considers the viscoelasticity of the fluid using subdiffusion. The approach is based on a generalized Langevin equation and fractional Brownian motion. Results show that a single kinesin has a maximum velocity when the ratio between the viscosity and elasticity is about 0.5. Additionally, the new model is able to capture the transient dynamics, which allows the prediction of the motion of kinesin under time varying loads.     

Dynamics of human walking at steady speeds

Biped locomotion is discussed through a Lagrangian formulation for velocity-dependent, body driving forces. An analysis of level walking in humans is given through the known experimental data on the ground-reaction force and the external work without recourse to inverted-pendulum modeling. At a certain speed, rectilinear motion of the center of mass with its backward rotation along a shortened hypocycloid is ensured by double-frequency nonlinear oscillations, whose energy cost is 1% of the external work. With increasing speed, a peculiarity and an instability of the trajectory indicate, respectively, a slow-to-normal gait crossover and the maximal fast walking speed. Key words: integrative biology, biped locomotion, human gaits, muscles.     

Modeling walking behavior of pedestrian groups with floor field cellular automaton approach

Walking in groups is very common in a realistic walking environment. An extended floor field cellular automaton(CA)model is therefore proposed to describe the walking behavior of pedestrian groups. This model represents the motion of pedestrian groups in a realistic way. The simulation results reveal that the walking behavior of groups has an important but negative influence on pedestrian flow dynamics, especially when the density is at a high level. The presence of pedestrian groups retards the emergence of lane formation and increases the instability of operation of pedestrian flow. Moreover,the average velocity and volume of pedestrian flow are significantly reduced due to the group motion. Meanwhile, the parameter-sensitive analysis suggests that pedestrian groups should make a compromise between efficient movement and staying coherent with a certain spatial structure when walking in a dense crowd.     

A New Cooperation Mechanism of Kinesin Motors when Extracting Membrane Tube

Membrane tubes are important functional elements for riving cells. Experiments have found that membrane tubes can be extracted from giant lipid vesicles by groups of kinesin. How these motors cooperate in extracting the membrane tube is a very important issue but still unclear so far. In this paper, we propose a cooperation mechanism called two-track-dumbbell model, in which kinesin is regarded as a dumbbell with an end （tail domain） tethered on the fluid-like membrane and the other end （head domain） stepping on the microtubule. Taking account of the elasticity of kinesin molecule and the excluded volume effect of both the head domain and the tail domain of kinesin, which are not considered in previous models, we simulate the growth process of the membrane tube pulled by kinesin motors. Our results indicate that in the case of strong or moderate exclusion of motor tails, the average number of motors pulling the tube can be as high as 9 and thus motors moving along a single microtubule protofilament can generate enough force to extract membrane tubes from vesicles. This result is different from previous studies and may be tested by future experiments.     

A New Cooperation Mechanism of Kinesin Motors when Extracting Membrane Tube

Membrane tubes are important functional elements for living cells. Experiments have found that membrane tubes can be extracted from giant lipid vesicles by groups of kinesin. How these motors cooperate in extracting the membrane tube is a very important issue but still unclear so far. In this paper, we propose a cooperation mechanism called two-track-dumbbell model, in which kinesin is regarded as a dumbbell with an end (tail domain) tethered on the fluid-like membrane and the other end (head domain) stepping on the microtubule. Taking account of the elasticity of kinesin molecule and the excluded volume effect of both the head domain and the tail domain of kinesin, which are not considered in previous models, we simulate the growth process of the membrane tube pulled by kinesin motors. Our results indicate that in the case of strong or moderate exclusion of motor tails, the average number of motors pulling the tube can be as high as 9 and thus motors moving along a single microtubule protofilament can generate enough force to extract membrane tubes from vesicles. This result is different from previous studies and may be tested by future experiments.     

Dipole-Dipole Interaction and the Directional Motion of Brownian Motors

The electric field of the microtubule is calculated according to its dipole distribution. The conformationalchange of a molecular motor is described by the rotation ofa dipole which interacts with the microtubulc. The mricalsimulation for the particle current shows that this interaction helps to produce a directional motion along the microtubule.And tte average displacement executes step changes that resemble the experimental result for kinesin motors.     

Dipole—Dipole Interaction and the Directional Motion of Brownian

The electric field of the microtubule is calculated according to its dipole distribution.The conformational change of a molecular motor is described by the rotation of a dipole which interacts with the microtubule.The numerical simulation for the particle currend shows that this interaction helps to produce a directional motion along the microtubule.And the average displacement executes step changes that resemble the experimental result for kinesin motors.     

缓动单站纯方位目标运动分析算法

纯方位目标运动分析对于隐蔽状态下的态势评估具有重要意义。针对缓动单站平台对海上目标的探测问题,基于运动目标的方位历程图,提出一种纯方位目标运动分析（TMA）算法。在探测平台准静止、目标运动状态恒定且探测单目标的条件下,该算法可利用构建的运动模型精确拟合出目标的方位历程变化曲线,进而有效解算出目标的速度初距比、航向角、过正横时间及过正横方位角等目标要素。2020年5月在南海某海区利用搭载于3台低速无人航行器上的单矢量水听器进行了探测试验,将收集到的试验数据对算法进行了验证,结果表明,模型解算结果与参考值的速度初距比均方根误差小于1 h-1,目标航向角均方根误差为6.6°,过正横时间均方根误差为77.4 s。试验数据处理结果验证了算法的适用性。      

基于元胞自动机和复杂网络理论的双向行人流建模

通过设计行人行走倾向性调查实验,分析了行人的行走倾向性特征. 引入前进系数、右倾系数、超越系数以及影响修正系数等对元胞自动机(CA) 基本模型中的转移概率进行修正,建立了考虑行人行走倾向性特征的CA行人仿真模型. 针对该模型中的行人群体,依据k-近邻作用原理,构建行人复杂网络. 通过计算机仿真,揭示了行人流密度、速度和流量的关系以及仿真过程中出现的自组织现象.进一步分析仿真输出的行人流基本参数和行人复杂网络主要特征参数,发现对同一行人流,其平均速度和网络平均路径长度均随着行人流状态的改变而变化.最后, 通过平均路径长度和平均速度的数据拟合,得出两者之间存在着线性负相关关系的结论, 即具有较小网络平均路径长度的行人流具有较高的平均速度.