一种空间自适应的多光谱遥感影像端元提取方法

针对现行的凸锥体分析方法提取多光谱影像端元数目的有限性,提出了基于空间全局聚类分析的多光谱遥感影像端元自适应提取方法。该方法首先通过主成分分析对多光谱遥感影像进行降维处理,去除波段间的相关性;然后根据空间光谱间相似性,采用经典的空间聚类算法ISODATA对影像全局聚类,合并聚类后小斑块,实现影像自动分块;最后根据分块对象地物类型分布的复杂程度和散点图特征分析,自适应确定端元数目,再通过沙漏算法迅速地提取端元。通过TM影像端元提取实验表明该方法能够有效的提取多光谱影像的端元;同时克服了端元数目限制,提高了端元提取的精度,为多光谱遥感影像端元提取提供了新思路。     

结合空间和光谱信息的高光谱影像端元光谱自动提取

端元光谱提取是高光谱影像混合像元分解的关键。现有的端元提取方法多是仅利用了影像的光谱信息,忽略了像元间的空间相关性。现有研究基础上,提出了一种结合影像空间和光谱信息的高光谱影像端元光谱自动提取方法(integration of spatial-spectral information based endmember extraction,ISEE)。该方法首先进行影像子空间划分以增强影像局部的光谱信息特征,然后通过特征空间投影分析获得影像候选端元,最后依次在影像空间信息约束下和端元光谱信息约束下进行优化,得到最终的影像端元光谱集。仿真高光谱影像和真实高光谱影像的实验结果表明,结合影像空间和光谱信息的ISEE方法是有效的,且比一些常用方法提取的端元光谱更为准确。     

端元提取技术在高光谱图像压缩中的应用

高光谱图像海量数据如何实现大比例有效压缩是限制其应用的主要问题之一,而现有有损压缩方法存在大压缩比与光谱特性信息准确保留的矛盾,即使现有最优有损压缩方法也不能够得到令人满意的结果。文章基于混合像元分解的思想提出基于端元提取技术的数据有损压缩方法来解决该矛盾,首先用顶点成分分析(VCA)方法提取场景中地物的端元光谱,根据各端元与观测像元之间的光谱间余弦角相似性度量方法估计各端元的丰度,接着对端元光谱及丰度数据进行无损压缩,最后利用JPEG2000有损压缩方法对高光谱图像的所有单波段图像进行空间维大比例有损压缩。AVIRIS高光谱图像的仿真结果表明,压缩比得到大幅度提高,光谱信息得到有效恢复。在实现压缩比为50∶1时,大部分像元的光谱角误差在2%左右。     

一种稀疏约束的图正则化非负矩阵光谱解混方法

由于受到高光谱遥感图像传感器平台的限制,图像的空间分辨率受到一定影响,这导致高光谱遥感图像的像元通常是多种地物的混合, 也叫做混合像元。混合像元的存在制约了高光谱遥感图像的准确分析和应用领域。采用高光谱解混技术可将混合像元分解为纯净的物质光谱（Endmember, 端元）和每种物质光谱所对应的混合比例（Abundance, 丰度）,为获取更多更精细的光谱提供了可能。这对高精度的地物分类识别、目标检测和定量遥感分析等研究领域具有重要的意义。因此,解混技术成为高光谱遥感图像领域的一个研究热点。基于线性光谱混合模型(linear spectral mixing model, LMM),提出了一种端元丰度联合稀疏约束的图正则化非负矩阵分解（endmember and abundance sparse constrained graph regularized nonnegative matrix factorization, EAGLNMF）算法。该算法通过研究基于非负矩阵分解(nonnegative matrix factorization, NMF)的方法,结合图正则化理论来考虑高光谱数据内部的几何结构,将端元光谱稀疏约束和丰度稀疏约束应用于其中,从而能够对高光谱数据的内部流形结构进行更为有效的表达。首先,构造了EAGLNMF算法的损失函数,采用VCA-FCLS方法进行初始化,然后,设定相关参数,包括图正则化权重矩阵参数、端元光谱稀疏约束因子和丰度矩阵稀疏约束因子,最后,通过推导得到了端元矩阵与丰度矩阵的迭代公式,并且设置了迭代停止条件。该方法不受图像中是否有纯像元的限制。实际上,在现行高光谱遥感传感器平台情况下,高光谱遥感图像中几乎不存在纯像元,因此,EAGLNMF方法为高光谱遥感图像的实际应用提供了一种思路。采用合成的高光谱数据,构造了4个实验来分析该方法的可行性和有效性,实验将该算法与VCA-FCLS,标准NMF及GLNMF等经典的解混算法进行比较,通过光谱角距离(spectral angle distance, SAD)和丰度角距离(abundance angle distance, AAD)这两个度量标准来进行比较。实验1是总体分析实验。在固定的信噪比和固定端元数目的情况下,用以上三种经典方法与EAGLNMF同时进行解混。实验2是SNR影响分析实验。在固定端元数目和不同信噪比的情况下,用这四种方法进行解混。实验3端元数目分析实验。在固定信噪比和不同端元数目的情况下,用四种方法进行解混,并且将结果进行对比。实验结果发现提出的EAGLNMF方法在提取端元精度和估计丰度精度上都更为准确。同时,实验4是稀疏因子分析实验。对端元稀疏约束和丰度稀疏约束之间的影响因子进行分析,实验结果表明引入的端元稀疏约束对于解混结果也具有较好的影响,并且端元稀疏约束和丰度稀疏约束之间的影响因子也对解混结果具有一定影响。最后,将该算法应用于AVIRIS所采集的真实高光谱图像数据,将其解混结果与美国地质勘探局光谱库中光谱进行匹配对比,其提取的平均端元精度相比于其他三种方法要稍好。     

高光谱图像中纯光谱提取方法

利用线性解混合方法处理高光谱图像数据,需要获取存在于光谱图像中的纯光谱.目前的纯光谱提取方法都需要复杂的运算,并且都没有被证明具有普遍适用的特点,在特征空间对光谱图像中信息存在形式进行有效分析的基础上,提出基于特征空间分析和光谱相关制图法相结合的纯光谱提取方法(FSASCM),具有复杂度低、对大多数高光谱图像数据普遍适用的特点,     

基于线性光谱模型和支撑向量机的软硬分类方法

针对硬分类方法中无法解决的混合像元问题及软分类方法中全图共用一套端元进行混合像元分解所带来的弊端,提出了一种新的软硬分类方法。该方法通过分析目标地物在图像中的分布情况,自动计算判别阈值,将图像分为目标地物纯净区域、目标地物混合区域和非目标地物区域。对于目标地物纯净区域和非目标地物区域采用硬分类方法(支撑向量机)快速提取分类信息;对于目标地物混合区域采用软分类方法(端元可变的线性混合像元分解)提取目标地物丰度信息,最后得到目标地物软硬分类结果。通过对北京地区ALOS图像的应用试验,并将新方法与支撑向量机、线性光谱混合模型进行比较,新方法的RMSE值为0.203,总量精度达到95.48%,高于支撑向量机和线性光谱混合模型。实验结果表明,新方法能够有效解决混合像元问题,提高图像分类精度。     

基于标志点等距映射的高光谱图像端元提取算法

针对Isomap-NFINDR端元提取算法复杂度高、占用内存多、效率低的缺点,提出一种基于标志点选择Isomap的快速端元提取算法。该方法采用最大最小距离法来选取初始的K个聚类中心点,并采用光谱夹角距离SAD代替欧式距离来进行聚类分割;根据图像的空间特性,从去除聚类的边界点后剩余点间隔抽取距离聚类中心距离最小的N个点作为标志点。真实高光谱图像实验结果表明,提出的算法精度接近原始的基于Isomap-NFINDR算法,而效率提高了将近60倍。     

基于光谱信息的空间碎片材料种类数目估计方法仿真研究

在观测空间碎片时,受碎片结构紧凑、组成材料复杂,以及地基观测设备空间分辨率的限制,同一像元中通常会包含多种材料的信息,即产生"混合像元"。目前国内外对混合像元的研究主要集中在获取混合像元的纯物质光谱以及丰度上,往往忽略了高光谱数据中纯物质个数的确定对于没有任何先验信息的混合像元分析是至关重要的。如果估计的材料数目过少,将会导致解混出的材料光谱仍然是混合状态的像元;如果估计的材料数目过多,提取出的端元中将很有可能包含冗余噪声成分。基于光谱线性混合模型,提出一种改进的p范数纯像元辨识算法。主要利用光谱数据具有近似于低维流形的特性,首先采用正交投影的原理,将提取的端元扩充至正交投影算子中,然后分析投影后各个像元向量的p范数值,最终将p范数值高于阈值的向量个数作为材料种类数目。对实测碎片常用材料和美国地质勘测局数据库分别进行仿真实验,实验结果表明:提出的方法在估计材料种类数目的同时,还能提取出目标所包含的材料光谱,这在一定程度上提高混合光谱分解过程的自动化程度;相对于现有的一些主流算法,该方法有较强的鲁棒性,并且在信噪比不高的情况下仍能正确地估计空间碎片材料种类数目。     

地物光谱不确定性及光谱角制图算法适用性研究

地物光谱不确定往往使同种地物光谱之间存在一定程度的差异,影响了地物的识别精度,对光谱角制图算法的地物识别效果也会产生一定的影响。光谱角制图算法(spectral angle mapper,SAM) 是基于光谱曲线整体相似性的一种算法,在高光谱遥感信息分类中应用广泛,但在计算两条地物光谱曲线的相似性时并没有考虑地物光谱不确定性的影响,因此往往会不能正确识别出目标地物。针对地物光谱的不确定性,研究了光谱角制图算法的适用性,并对光谱角制图算法进行了改进。改进的基本思路为：设置测试光谱与参考光谱各波段的光谱差异量为一相同值,并根据同种地物光谱向量之间夹角最小的原则,利用求导的方法求出光谱差异量,以克服地物光谱不确定性的影响。为了验证改进效果,利用USGS的五种高岭石标准光谱,在考虑地物光谱不确定性的情况下,分别选择局部波段和全局波段计算高岭石标准光谱之间的光谱角,并对光谱角计算结果和光谱角制图算法的适用性进行了分析。通过USGS标准矿物光谱数据的实验证明：改进的光谱角度制图算法利用光谱差异量可以有效表征同种地物光谱的差异,能够克服地物光谱不确定性的影响并提高地物识别的精度,对地物光谱不确定性具有更好的适用性,并对基本符合光谱差异向量各维值相等的局部波段组合具有更好的效果。     

空间人造目标混合光谱材料数目确定方法仿真研究

在空间人造目标光谱分析领域,受到观测距离和观测设备空间分辨率的限制,通常在观测空间人造目标光谱信号时,目标某个瞬时视场中的多种纯物质材料的光谱特征信息组合在一个像元中,形成“混合光谱”。因此,将这些混合光谱分解为每个单一材料的光谱并估计出相应的组成比例是空间人造目标光谱分析研究的重点。大多数现有空间目标光谱分解方法都假设空间人造目标混合光谱中包含的纯物质材料种类个数（即“端元数目”）是先验已知的,这对于未知空间人造目标而言是不现实的。因此,纯物质材料数目正确估计对后续光谱数据分析处理的准确性起着至关重要的作用。目前,现有的端元数目确定方法的设计均在高斯白噪声的假设下进行,而对于噪声信号的分布存在频谱相关性的情况下,会提供较差的结果。采用一种基于数据内在维度和似然最大化理论的方法--鲁棒特征值极大似然方法。由于数据内在维数与信号协方差矩阵和信号相关矩阵特征值差异的统计分布特性高度相关,因此通过分析该特征值差异的统计分布特性,构建一个极大似然函数,可以实现空间人造目标混合光谱端元数目的确定。该方法包含两个步骤：首先,采用基于多元回归和改进最小噪声分离方法对原始光谱数据进行预处理完成噪声特性估计和噪声白化过程,从而有效抑制具有频谱相关性的噪声的干扰;接下来,通过求解一个离散对数联合似然函数的极大值问题来实现空间人造目标混合光谱端元数目的确定,该方法完全不需要输入任何参数,并且运行速度比较快。分别利用实验室实测的五种空间人造目标材料的可见/近红外光谱数据和美国地质勘测局光谱数据构建混合光谱仿真数据进行实验。结果表明,该方法能有效抑制相关噪声和白噪声的干扰,空间人造目标纯物质材料数目确定结果具有很好的准确性和稳定性。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.